Windscale 1957

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  windscale 1957: Atoms and Ashes: A Global History of Nuclear Disasters Serhii Plokhy, 2022-05-17 A chilling account of more than half a century of nuclear catastrophes, by the author of the “definitive” (Economist) Cold War history, Nuclear Folly. Almost 145,000 Americans fled their homes in and around Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in late March 1979, hoping to save themselves from an invisible enemy: radiation. The reactor at the nearby Three Mile Island nuclear power plant had gone into partial meltdown, and scientists feared an explosion that could spread radiation throughout the eastern United States. Thankfully, the explosion never took place—but the accident left deep scars in the American psyche, all but ending the nation’s love affair with nuclear power. In Atoms and Ashes, Serhii Plokhy recounts the dramatic history of Three Mile Island and five more accidents that that have dogged the nuclear industry in its military and civil incarnations: the disastrous fallout caused by the testing of the hydrogen bomb in the Bikini Atoll in 1954; the Kyshtym nuclear disaster in the USSR, which polluted a good part of the Urals; the Windscale fire, the worst nuclear accident in the UK’s history; back to the USSR with Chernobyl, the result of a flawed reactor design leading to the exodus of 350,000 people; and, most recently, Fukushima in Japan, triggered by an earthquake and a tsunami, a disaster on a par with Chernobyl and whose clean-up will not take place in our lifetime. Through the stories of these six terrifying incidents, Plokhy explores the risks of nuclear power, both for military and peaceful purposes, while offering a vivid account of how individuals and governments make decisions under extraordinary circumstances. Today, there are 440 nuclear reactors operating throughout the world, with nuclear power providing 10 percent of global electricity. Yet as the world seeks to reduce carbon emissions to combat climate change, the question arises: Just how safe is nuclear energy?
  windscale 1957: Windscale 1957 L. Arnold, 2007-09-12 In 1957 one of the two reactors built at Windscale was destroyed by fire, in the world's first major nuclear accident. This book describes the fire and what followed, and considers its causes, effects and political importance. It throws a revealing new light on an important event of fifty years ago and on questions of secrecy and responsibility.
  windscale 1957: Science and Spectacle Jon Agar, 1998 This book relates the construction of the telescope to the politics and culture of post-war Britain.
  windscale 1957: Unmaking the Bomb Harold A. Feiveson, Alexander Glaser, Zia Mian, Frank N. Von Hippel, 2016-09-02 A new approach to nuclear disarmament, nonproliferation, and the prevention of nuclear terrorism that focuses on controlling the production and stockpiling of nuclear materials. Achieving nuclear disarmament, stopping nuclear proliferation, and preventing nuclear terrorism are among the most critical challenges facing the world today. Unmaking the Bomb proposes a new approach to reaching these long-held goals. Rather than considering them as separate issues, the authors—physicists and experts on nuclear security—argue that all three of these goals can be understood and realized together if we focus on the production, stockpiling, and disposal of plutonium and highly enriched uranium—the fissile materials that are the key ingredients used to make nuclear weapons. The authors describe the history, production, national stockpiles, and current military and civilian uses of plutonium and highly enriched uranium, and propose policies aimed at reducing and eventually eliminating these fissile materials worldwide. These include an end to the production of highly enriched uranium and plutonium for weapons, an end to their use as reactor fuels, and the verified elimination of all national stockpiles.
  windscale 1957: Handbook on Radiation Environment, Volume 1 Dinesh Kumar Aswal, 2024-05-18 This handbook provides a comprehensive review of radiation present in the environment, its sources, dose measurement techniques, exposures in natural and man-made radiation environments, policies governing radiation safety, societal applications of radiation technology, radiological and nuclear events, preparedness, response, and mitigation of radiation emergencies. It covers natural and man-made radiation environment with an emphasis on renewed interest in nuclear energy as a clean and green source of power generation. Additionally, it reviews various approaches to understand the fate and behaviour of radionuclides in the terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. It also presents nuclear technology's diverse applications, from diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine to materials modifications and sustainable waste management strategies and the role of ionizing radiation in ensuring food security and safety. The handbook also highlights the existing (internationally adopted) radiation protection policies, which are originated from linear-no-threshold (LNT) model of dose-response characteristics. The scientific basis of LNT-model and its limitations at low doses prompts a revision of the exiting radiation protection policies for better utilization of the benefits of ionizing radiation. The handbook serves as a comprehensive resource for students, academicians, scientists, engineers, and policymakers interested in seeking an in-depth knowledge of radiation and the multifaceted applications of radiation technology while protecting human health and the environment.
  windscale 1957: Atomic Empire, An: A Technical History Of The Rise And Fall Of The British Atomic Energy Programme Charles N Hill, 2013-07-31 Britain was the first country to exploit atomic energy on a large scale, and at its peak in the mid-1960s, it had generated more electricity from nuclear power than the rest of the world combined.The civil atomic energy programme grew out of the military programme which produced plutonium for atomic weapons. In 1956, Calder Hall power station was opened by the Queen. The very next year, one of the early Windscale reactors caught fire and the world's first major nuclear accident occurred.The civil programme ran into further difficulty in the mid-1960s and as a consequence of procrastination in the decision-making process, the programme lost momentum and effectively died. No nuclear power stations have been built since Sizewell B in the late 1980s.This book presents a study of Government papers that have recently become available in the public domain. For the first time in history, the research reactor programme is presented in detail, along with a study of the decision-making by the Government, the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), and the Central Electricity Board (CEGB). This book is aimed at both specialists in nuclear power and the interested public as a technical history on the development and ultimate failure of the British atomic energy programme.
  windscale 1957: The British Nuclear Weapons Programme, 1952-2002 Dr Frank Barnaby, Dr Douglas Holdstock, 2004-11-23 The first British nuclear weapon test took place in Australia in October 1952. British nuclear weapons have been a source of controversy ever since. In this book, scientists, doctors, researchers and others assess the military value, political impact, health effects and legality of the programme.
  windscale 1957: Nuclear Power Roger G. Steed, 2006 This book tells us how nuclear power works, what it looks like, and why it is safe. It explains how nuclear fission works, how nuclear reactors are controlled, and how their safety systems reliably protect us. For those of us who have never visited a nuclear power station, the author provides detailed descriptions, drawings, and photographs. He addresses our concerns about radiation protection, the economy of CANDU reactors, the lifespan of nuclear plants, and plant decommissioning. This book provides an understanding of the use of nuclear power, with its potential to protect our environment and decrease global warming.-- Publisher.
  windscale 1957: Three Mile Island Grace Halden, 2017-06-27 Three Mile Island explains the far-reaching consequences of the partial meltdown of Pennsylvania’s Three Mile Island power plant on March 28, 1979. Though the disaster was ultimately contained, the fears it triggered had an immediate and lasting impact on public attitudes towards nuclear energy in the United States. In this volume, Grace Halden contextualizes the events at Three Mile Island and the ensuing media coverage, offering a gripping portrait of a nation coming to terms with technological advances that inspired both awe and terror. Including a selection of key primary documents, this book offers a fascinating resource for students of the history of science, technology, the environment, and Cold War culture.
  windscale 1957: 原子與灰燼:核災的全球史 謝爾希•浦洛基Serhii Plokhy, 2024-07-04 核能宛如普羅米修斯之火,帶來文明,也帶來試煉 不論支持或反對核能,你都應該瞭解「為何核災一再發生」? ◎不到百年震驚世人的六場核災,你我都該了解 ◎巴美列.捷福獎得主、哈佛大學頂尖學者對核子時代最富啟發性的探索 ◎入選《星期天泰晤士報》《今日歷史》年度選書、「亞馬遜年度科普書」 「核子時代已過了近八十年,本書提醒你我意外就是意外,意外註定會再發生。」——凱.柏德(普立茲得獎巨著《奧本海默》共同作者) 核能在今日成為環保和核災恐懼之間拉扯的議題,每年到了民生用電量最高的夏天往往一再被提起,但遇到核食與核汙水排放問題,又讓我們對核能有著切身的恐懼。面對這些難以解決的衝突與疑慮,本書作者試圖透過「六場重大的核災事故」呈現「核能」已成為地緣政治下各國政治角力的工具。為何核災一再發生?不可忽視的正是在一場場災難背後的政治、社會、文化因素。 □從戰爭到和平 1953年美國總統艾森豪曾向世人宣告,要把「原子」從軍隊手中奪走轉為和平用途,期許「和平核能」將提供一種「便宜到不行」的電力並能促進經濟發展。時至今日,全球運轉中的反應爐共計443座,供應全球10%的電力,要價數百億美元的反應爐不但一點都不便宜,也因為過去的核災,使得他們很難被當成一種安全的動力來源。 □人類從歷史中學到的教訓就是「永遠學不會教訓」 細數過去的幾次核災,雖然每次發生災難都會檢討與改善,卻依舊難以避免。恐怕是因為造成事故發生的因素持續存在: 1. 國際競爭下的悲劇:在冷戰時代,除了核武,核能也是彰顯國力的象徵,往往為了比對手早一步達成目標,倉促成事造成核子事故發生。而今日的核能也依然是國際競爭中的要角。有些國家將核電當成取得核武的工具,例如印度利用加拿大提供的反應爐鍊出「鈽」,宣稱該國首次核試驗為「和平核試爆」。而伊朗也被美國警戒著,擔心他們追隨印度的腳步。核武伴隨的軍事衝突陰影顯然並未因為冷戰結束而改變。 2. 對科學的過度信心,對危險的過度輕忽:1954年美國在馬紹爾群島的比基尼裙礁試驗核爆意外,部分源於專業人員或官員對於技術的過度自信和對災害發生率的低估,1979年美國三哩島事件和2011年日本福島事件也有類似問題。 3. 經費問題:核子反應爐要價高昂,英國溫斯喬大火發生的原因之一,便是政府缺乏經費選擇便宜反應爐的結果。今日開發中國家為了盡快加入核能家族,往往因經費短缺選擇更便宜而非更安全的設備技術。 □核能是普羅米修斯之火 在氣候問題日益嚴重的時代,核能成為一種重要的替代性能源。今日法國有75%的電力由核能提供,車諾比核災的受害國烏克蘭也有一半電力仰賴核能,日本也打算重啟世界最大核電廠。雖然有些人認為核能只是其他綠能被廣泛使用前的替代選項,但投入核能的經費高昂也會因此犧牲其他替代能源的研發。核能的出現宛如普羅米修斯偷來的火,帶來了文明發展,卻也伴隨著試煉。在你我有生之年,過往核災造成的問題都無法處理完。本書作者透過探索六場核災背後的政治文化因素,提醒我們核災雖然是偶發事件,但背後卻有許多看似必然的因素促成。因此,不論對核能的未來是否有信心,我們都該在科技與恐懼的拉扯之外,明白這些促成核災發生的原因。 ◎專業推薦 本書所探討的六次核災史,特別能闡釋核能發展的體制性瘋狂。作者透過個案研究、當事人訪談與歷史分析將六大核災事件的前因後果詳細剖析,其中的過程峰迴路轉,特別引人入勝。本書先擔任了核能科普書的角色,解釋了核裂變、核融合(聚變)、各式反應爐(PWR、RBMK、BWR)、核子動力潛艇等核子物理與工程的知識,增強讀者的KQ(知識商數),往知核的道路邁進,無關擁核與反核,那是讀者們的獨立選擇。──王俊秀/清華大學人文社會學士班榮譽教授 這本《原子與灰燼:核災的全球史》提供宏觀的視野:在核災風險、氣候變遷和戰爭危機中,人類該如何對面對核工業的未來?也讓我們反思:地狹人稠的臺灣,又位於地緣衝突前緣,處境更為艱難,什麼樣的能源選擇才是我們可以負荷的?──江櫻梅/金山人,金山高中退休教師 二○一四年臺灣發布封存核四決議。然而這樣的決議,並未讓擁核與反核兩方在臺灣社會獲得共識,尤其當全球氣候持續惡化下,核能是否可列為綠色能源的選項之一,已是各國政府的討論焦點時,近年來又因中美貿易對抗下讓海外臺商回流臺灣,加上AI相關產業的進展凸顯臺灣半導體科技的重要性,這些都引導臺灣朝野雙方需要考量當前臺灣經濟顯著成長背後所隱含的用電壓力。上述的新變化,讓擁核又再度成為促進經濟持續發展的選項之一……本書所揭露核電使用的風險不啻成為暮鼓晨鐘,從歷史教訓的角度,提醒臺灣民眾不要輕易忘記依然應該一直懷抱的危機意識。──莊德仁/北市建國中學歷史教師,臺灣師範大學歷史所博士 ◎國際好評 關於原子時代及其危險性的迷人研究……一部精心研究的歷史著作。——拉倫斯·弗里德曼,《金融時報》 絕對驚豔,了不起的成就。浦洛基寫出六齣歷史驚悚單元劇,不論政治人物或市井小民都必須一讀。我們已然度過核子時代的四分之三個世紀,但這本書冷靜提醒你我意外就是意外,意外註定會再發生。作者筆下的核災故事令人心驚膽顫,卻也欲罷不能。——凱.柏德,紐約市立大學萊昂利維傳記中心主任,普立茲得獎巨著《奧本海默》共同作者 在考慮核能的可能未來時,浦洛基……回顧了自二戰結束以來最嚴重的核子災難所帶來的教訓……(他)問了核能是否是一條可行之路,並考慮了所有風險。——《書目》(Booklist)星級評論 令人震驚……浦洛基清晰地解釋了複雜的科學和技術程序,並對每個事件中的主要人物進行了鮮明的描述。這部知識豐富的研究對核能的未來發出了警告。——《出版人週刊》(Publishers Weekly
  windscale 1957: Privatisation and Financial Collapse in the Nuclear Industry Simon Taylor, 2007-07-05 In this volume Simon Taylor has combined interviews with former executives, regulators and analysts with his own unique insight into the nuclear industry to provide an analysis of the origins of the crisis and the financial and corporate strategies used by British Energy plc.
  windscale 1957: Innovation in Music: Innovation Pathways Jan-Olof Gullö, Russ Hepworth-Sawyer, Dave Hook, Mark Marrington, Justin Paterson, Rob Toulson, 2024-12-30 Innovation in Music: Innovation Pathways brings together cutting-edge research on new innovations in the field of music production, technology, performance, and business. With contributions from a host of well-respected researchers and practitioners, this volume provides crucial coverage on the relationship between innovation and rebellion. Including chapters on mixing desks, digital ethics, soundscapes, immersive audio, and computer-assisted music, this book is recommended reading for music industry researchers working in a range of fields, as well as professionals interested in industry innovations.
  windscale 1957: My Short Century Lorna Arnold, 2012-04-01 Lorna Arnold, OBE, is a noted British nuclear historian who worked for the UK Atomic Energy Authority for nearly 40 years. She has written seminal books on the Windscale accident, nuclear weapons tests in Australia, and Britain's H-Bomb programme. After a childhood of rural poverty in the south of England, she studied at the University of London and at Cambridge. Her work at the War Office and the Foreign Office during World War II led to postings to Berlin and Washington. A decade later, a chance encounter resulted in her joining the UKAEA, where she worked with many of the scientists and leaders who established Britain's nuclear agenda.
  windscale 1957: Quantitative Methods for Current Environmental Issues Clive W. Anderson, Vic Barnett, Philip C. Chatwin, Abdel H. El-Shaarawi, 2012-12-06 It is increasingly clear that good quantitative work in the environmental sciences must be genuinely interdisciplinary. This volume, the proceedings of the first combined TIES/SPRUCE conference held at the University of Sheffield in September 2000, well demonstrates the truth of this assertion, highlighting the successful use of both statistics and mathematics in important practical problems. It brings together distinguished scientists and engineers to present the most up-to-date and practical methods for quantitative measurement and prediction and is organised around four themes: - spatial and temporal models and methods; - environmental sampling and standards; - atmosphere and ocean; - risk and uncertainty. Quantitative Methods for Current Environmental Issues is an invaluable resource for statisticians, applied mathematicians and researchers working on environmental problems, and for those in government agencies and research institutes involved in the analysis of environmental issues.
  windscale 1957: Energy Research Abstracts , 1994-04
  windscale 1957: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Public Works United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Public Works, 1970
  windscale 1957: Underground Uses of Nuclear Energy United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Public Works. Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution, 1970
  windscale 1957: Taming the Rays Geoff Meggitt, 2008 A history of ionising radiation, our understanding of it and of the harm it can cause. How the ways we have measured it and managed it have changed during the twentieth century.
  windscale 1957: Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia Thomas B. Kingery, 2011-08-10 The A-to-Z reference resource for nuclear energy information A significant milestone in the history of nuclear technology, Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia: Science, Technology, and Applications is a comprehensive and authoritative reference guide written by a committee of the world's leading energy experts. The encyclopedia is packed with cutting-edge information about where nuclear energy science and technology came from, where they are today, and what the future may hold for this vital technology. Filled with figures, graphs, diagrams, formulas, and photographs, which accompany the short, easily digestible entries, the book is an accessible reference work for anyone with an interest in nuclear energy, and includes coverage of safety and environmental issues that are particularly topical in light of the Fukushima Daiichi incident. A definitive work on all aspects of the world's energy supply, the Nuclear Energy Encyclopedia brings together decades of knowledge about energy sources and technologies ranging from coal and oil, to biofuels and wind, and ultimately nuclear power.
  windscale 1957: Radionuclides in the Food Chain John H. Harley, Gail D. Schmidt, Giovanni Silini, 2012-12-06 The Symposium on Radionuclides in the Food Chain, sponsored by the Interna tional Life Sciences Institute in association with the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, was intended to bring together policymakers and other representatives of the food industry with radiation experts involved in measuring and assessing radioactivity in foodstuffs. The symposium was made timely by the problems arising from the nuclear reactor accident at Chernobyl, in the USSR, which brought out the lack of international agreement on guidance for responding to such radionuclide contamination of food and foodstuffs. The presentations by the radiation experts covered the sources of radionu clides-natural radioactivity, fallout from nuclear weapons tests, routine releases from nuclear facilities, and various nuclear accidents. The speakers represented a broad distribution in both scientific disciplines and international geographic origin. They summarized the available data on measurements and indicated the current procedures for assessing radiation exposure. It was hoped that the food industry representatives would bring out the problems posed to industry and governments by the presence of radioactivity in food.
  windscale 1957: Meltdown Joel Levy, 2024-06-01 Meltdown investigates and recreates the dramatic events behind the most notorious nuclear accidents in history, as well as those shrouded in secrecy. Combining human tragedy with intriguing science, each account reveals new aspects of humanity's complex relationship with nuclear power and the ongoing struggle to harness and control it. From the pioneers of Los Alamos who got up close and personal with the cores of atomic bombs, to the hapless engineers in Soviet fuel-processing plants who unwittingly mixed up a disaster in a bucket, and from the terrifying impact of a tsunami at Fukushima to the mystery of the recent Russian incident, Meltdown explores the past and future of this extraordinary and potentially lethal source of infinite power.
  windscale 1957: Britain and Disarmament John R. Walker, 2016-04-15 Since the use of poison gas during the First World War and the dropping of atomic bombs on Japan at the end of the Second World War, nuclear, biological or chemical (NBC) weapons have registered high on the fears of governments and individuals alike. Recognising both the particular horror of these weapons, and their potential for inflicting mass death and destruction, much effort has been expended in finding ways to eliminate such weapons on a multi-lateral level. Based on extensive official archives, this book looks at how successive British governments approached the subject of control and disarmament between 1956 and 1975. This period reflects the UK's landmark decision in 1956 to abandon its offensive chemical weapons programme (a decision that was reversed in 1963, but never fully implemented), and ends with the internal travails over the possible use of CR (tear gas) in Northern Ireland. Whilst the issue of nuclear arms control has been much debated, the integration of biological and chemical weapons into the wider disarmament picture is much less well understood, there being no clear statement by the UK authorities for much of the period under review in this book as to whether the country even possessed such weapons or had an active research and development programme. Through a thorough exploration of government records the book addresses fundamental questions relating to the history of NBC weapons programmes, including the military, economic and political pressures that influenced policy; the degree to which the UK was a reluctant or enthusiastic player on the international arms control stage; and the effect of international agreements on Britain's weapons programmes. In exploring these issues, the study provides the first attempt to assess UK NBC arms control policy and practice during the Cold War.
  windscale 1957: The Legacy of Nuclear Power Andrew Blowers, 2016-09-13 Nuclear energy leaves behind an infinitely dangerous legacy of radioactive wastes in places that are remote and polluted landscapes of risk. Four of these places - Hanford (USA) where the plutonium for the first atomic bombs was made, Sellafield, where the UK’s nuclear legacy is concentrated and controversial, La Hague the heart of the French nuclear industry, and Gorleben, the focal point of nuclear resistance in Germany - provide the narratives for this unique account of the legacy of nuclear power. The Legacy of Nuclear Power takes a historical and geographical perspective going back to the origins of these places and the ever changing relationship between local communities and the nuclear industry. The case studies are based on a variety of academic and policy sources and on conversations with a vast array of people over many years. Each story is mediated through an original theoretical framework focused on the concept of ‘peripheral communities’ developing through changing discourses of nuclear energy. This interdisciplinary book brings together social, political and ethical themes to produce a work that tells not just a story but also provides profound insights into how the nuclear legacy should be managed in the future. The book is designed to be enjoyed by academics, policy-makers and professionals interested in energy, environmental planning and politics and by a wider group of stakeholders and the public concerned about our nuclear legacy.
  windscale 1957: The Neutron's Children Sean Johnston, 2012-04-26 This account tracks the Allied atomic energy experts who emerged from the Manhattan Project to explore optimistic but distinct paths in the USA, UK and Canada. Characterized successively as admired atomic scientists, mistrusted spies and heroic engineers, their identities were ultimately shaped by nuclear accidents.
  windscale 1957: Risk on the Table Angela N. H. Creager, Jean-Paul Gaudillière, 2021-01-15 Over the last century, the industrialization of agriculture and processing technologies have made food abundant and relatively inexpensive for much of the world’s population. Simultaneously, pesticides, nitrates, and other technological innovations intended to improve the food supply’s productivity and safety have generated new, often poorly understood risks for consumers and the environment. From the proliferation of synthetic additives to the threat posed by antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the chapters in Risk on the Table zero in on key historical cases in North America and Europe that illuminate the history of food safety, highlighting the powerful tensions that exists among scientific understandings of risk, policymakers’ decisions, and cultural notions of “pure” food.
  windscale 1957: Radiation Safety and Regulation United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 1961 Includes examination of fatal nuclear accident at the experimental reactor SL-1 in Idaho.
  windscale 1957: Hearings and Reports on Atomic Energy United States. Congress. Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, 1961
  windscale 1957: Nuclear Accident and Recovery at Three Mile Island , 1980
  windscale 1957: Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies T.D. Burchell, 1999-07-22 The inspiration for this book came from an American Carbon Society Workshop entitled Carbon Materials for Advanced Technologies which was hosted by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1994. Chapter 1 contains a review of carbon materials, and emphasizes the structure and chemical bonding in the various forms of carbon, including the four allotropes diamond, graphite, carbynes, and the fullerenes. In addition, amorphous carbon and diamond films, carbon nanoparticles, and engineered carbons are discussed. The most recently discovered allotrope of carbon, i.e., the fullerenes, along with carbon nanotubes, are more fully discussed in Chapter 2, where their structure-property relations are reviewed in the context of advanced technologies for carbon based materials. The synthesis, structure, and properties of the fullerenes and nanotubes, and modification of the structure and properties through doping, are also reviewed. Potential applications of this new family of carbon materials are considered.The manufacture and applications of adsorbent carbon fibers are discussed in Chapter 3. The manufacture, structure and properties of high performance fibers are reviewed in Chapter 4, and the manufacture and properties of vapor grown fibers and their composites are reported in Chapter 5. The properties and applications of novel low density composites developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are reported in Chapter 6.Coal is an important source of energy and an abundant source of carbon. The production of engineering carbons and graphite from coal via a solvent extraction route is described in Chapter 7. Applications of activated carbons are discussed in Chapters 8-10, including their use in the automotive arena as evaporative loss emission traps (Chapter 8), and in vehicle natural gas storage tanks (Chapter 9). The application of activated carbons in adsorption heat pumps and refrigerators is discussed in Chapter 10. Chapter 11 reports the use of carbon materials in the fast growing consumer electronics application of lithium-ion batteries. The role of carbon materials in nuclear systems is discussed in Chapters 12 and 13, where fusion device and fission reactor applications, respectively, are reviewed. In Chapter 12 the major technological issues for the utilization of carbon as a plasma facing material are discussed in the context of current and future fusion tokamak devices.The essential design features of graphite moderated reactors, (including gas-, water- and molten salt-cooled systems) are reviewed in Chapter 13, and reactor environmental effects such as radiation damage and radiolytic corrosion are discussed. The fracture behaviour of graphite is discussed in qualitative and quantitative terms in Chapter 14. The applications of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Elastic-Plastic Fracture Mechanics to graphite are reviewed and a study of the role of small flaws in nuclear graphites is reported.
  windscale 1957: Health Impacts of Large Releases of Radionuclides John V. Lake, Gregory R. Bock, Gail Cardew, 2008-04-30 This up-to-the-minute account examines how radionuclides affect human health. It explores how radionuclides travel through various food chains and how they are transported throughout the terrestrial and aquatic environments.
  windscale 1957: Writing otherwise Jackie Stacey, Janet Wolff, 2016-05-16 Writing otherwise is a collection of essays by established feminist and cultural critics interested in experimenting with new styles of expression. Leading figures in their field, such as Marianne Hirsch, Lynne Pearce, Griselda Pollock, Carol Smart, Jackie Stacey and Janet Wolff, all risk new ways of writing about themselves and their subjects. Aimed at both general and academic readers interested in how scholarly writing might be more innovative and creative, this collection introduces the personal, the poetic and the experimental into the frame of cultural criticism. This collection of essays is highly interdisciplinary and contributes to debates in sociology, history, anthropology, art history, cultural and media studies and gender studies.
  windscale 1957: Global Atmospheric Chemical Change C.N. Hewitt, W.T. Sturges, 2013-11-11 Air pollution has historically been viewed as a local or regional scale problem with attention focused on acute episodes such as the sulphur dioxide and smoke smogs of London in the 1950s and 1960s and the photochemical smogs of southern California first recognized by Haagen Smit in the early 1950s. In recent years, however, it has become apparent that human activity has, and still is, changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere on a global scale. The composition of the atmosphere has seen enormous changes due to natural processes since the formation of the planet. Data obtained from air bubbles trapped in polar ice are beginning to reveal information about these changes over the last tens of thousands of years and geochemical models of the evolution of the Earth give us insights into the changes over much longer periods of time. Perhaps the crucial differences between these natural changes and those now being induced by man are their rel ative rates of change. The magnitude of present day fluxes of some com pounds released as air pollutants is in some cases much larger than those arising naturally. In other cases, for example carbon dioxide, the an thropogenic emission rates are small compared with that of the natural cycle, but the kinetics of the system are such that the steady state concent rations of the compounds in the atmosphere are now being perturbed.
  windscale 1957: Nuclear Law Stephen Tromans, 2010-03-12 This book is a practical guide to the international, EC and UK law applying to the various uses of nuclear energy and radioactive substances. The first edition was produced in 1997, and given the renaissance of interest in nuclear power in the UK and worldwide, this new, updated and much expanded edition is timely. It will cover the law relating to the permitting and operation of nuclear power stations, the decommissioning and clean-up of former nuclear facilities, radiological protection, the management of radioactive waste and spent fuel, liability and insurance, and the security and transport of radioactive materials. Readers will find a clear framework explaining the development and application of nuclear law, and how domestic law is based on and influenced by international and European requirements and by its historical context. In the commercial context, the chapters dealing specifically with new build and with decommissioning will be vital reading.
  windscale 1957: Nuclear Emergencies Georg Steinhauser, Akio Koizumi, Katsumi Shozugawa, 2019-08-20 This book discusses nuclear events that may become imminent threats to the fabric of our society, and elucidates strategies for preventing these threats or mitigating their adverse effects. It addresses multidisciplinary aspects of various nuclear emergencies, including nuclear accidents, terror attacks involving nuclear materials, illicit trafficking of nuclear materials, and problems related to nuclear forensics and strikes with nuclear weapons/warheads. Very often, nuclear emergencies are only discussed within certain, specific communities. However, this volume brings together experts from various fields to provide a more holistic approach to the problem. Physical, chemical, environmental, social, and medical scientists, together with representatives from the media and authorities, present their views on and strategies for events that cause fear and anxiety among the public – an aspect that can be even more threatening than the direct health effects. The book offers a valuable guide for nuclear scientists, such as radioecologists, health physicists, radioanalytical scientists and nuclear engineers, as well as decision-makers and national/international authorities.
  windscale 1957: Comprehensive Nuclear Materials , 2020-07-22 Materials in a nuclear environment are exposed to extreme conditions of radiation, temperature and/or corrosion, and in many cases the combination of these makes the material behavior very different from conventional materials. This is evident for the four major technological challenges the nuclear technology domain is facing currently: (i) long-term operation of existing Generation II nuclear power plants, (ii) the design of the next generation reactors (Generation IV), (iii) the construction of the ITER fusion reactor in Cadarache (France), (iv) and the intermediate and final disposal of nuclear waste. In order to address these challenges, engineers and designers need to know the properties of a wide variety of materials under these conditions and to understand the underlying processes affecting changes in their behavior, in order to assess their performance and to determine the limits of operation. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials, Second Edition, Seven Volume Set provides broad ranging, validated summaries of all the major topics in the field of nuclear material research for fission as well as fusion reactor systems. Attention is given to the fundamental scientific aspects of nuclear materials: fuel and structural materials for fission reactors, waste materials, and materials for fusion reactors. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with a ready reference resource of information. Most of the chapters from the first Edition have been revised and updated and a significant number of new topics are covered in completely new material. During the ten years between the two editions, the challenge for applications of nuclear materials has been significantly impacted by world events, public awareness, and technological innovation. Materials play a key role as enablers of new technologies, and we trust that this new edition of Comprehensive Nuclear Materials has captured the key recent developments. Critically reviews the major classes and functions of materials, supporting the selection, assessment, validation and engineering of materials in extreme nuclear environments Comprehensive resource for up-to-date and authoritative information which is not always available elsewhere, even in journals Provides an in-depth treatment of materials modeling and simulation, with a specific focus on nuclear issues Serves as an excellent entry point for students and researchers new to the field
  windscale 1957: Corruption and the Management of Public Safety Simon Ashley Bennett, 2024-03-05 Graft is a common and persistent social pathogen that afflicts the developed and developing world in equal measure. This book describes, through the medium of international case studies, how graft undermines public safety and how, following a near-miss, incident or accident, investigators can use actor-network theory (ANT) to ascertain to what degree and through what mechanisms graft contributed to the event. The book introduces the reader to graft through a variety of case studies and explains how graft works against the public interest. The relatable case studies include the 1989 Hillsborough football stadium disaster, 2007 Adam Air crash, 2015-ongoing Volkswagen diesel emissions scandal and 2020 Beirut ammonium nitrate explosion (Lebanon). It demonstrates the threat graft poses to public safety, economic success and corporate and national reputation. By the end of the book the reader will understand the nature and extent of the problem of graft, how graft undermines safety, confidence and reputation, and how ANT can be used to identify and quantify graft in respect of the governance of technological systems and to ascertain to what degree and through what mechanisms graft contributed to a near-miss, incident or accident. Primarily aimed at an academic audience, this book will offer essential insights to students, researchers and faculty within the fields of risk, crisis and disaster management, as well as corporate governance and safety. The accessible nature of the book will also appeal to safety practitioners, risk managers and accident investigators.
  windscale 1957: Experience in the Management of Radioactive Waste After Nuclear Accidents: A Basis for Preplanning IAEA, 2022-11-22 Major accidents at a nuclear power plant or fuel cycle facility are rare but can produce large quantities of radioactive waste with widely varying characteristics that can be difficult to manage. Large volumes of radioactive waste can also be generated by accidents at military installations or by the mishandling high-activity-sealed radiation sources. In the case of a major accident, radioactive waste volumes may quickly overwhelm existing national management and disposal infrastructure. Appropriate disposal facilities might not be available to match the amounts or characteristics of the wastes. This publication is developed to support Member States efforts towards improved preparedness related to the management of radioactive waste in the event of a nuclear or radiological accident. It builds on experiences gained following historic accidents to develop lessons learned, which planners in governmental agencies and nuclear facilities are encouraged to consider in preplanning activities.
  windscale 1957: A Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century Robert Kupp, 2005 How does a chemical engineer, discharged from the Navy, drafted into the Army and assigned to the Medics, get on the Manhattan Atom Bomb Project and become a Nuclear Engineer in the Twentieth Century? With a great deal of luck and a little talent. In addition to telling this story, the book is written for a lay audience, but for someone having technical and scientific interests, and wanting to better understand the development of nuclear technology in the US. Radiation safety, power economics, risk/benefit analyses, and the societal issues of nuclear waste disposal, including such politically non-touchable areas as -How many dollars to save a life? and relatedly - How safe is safe enough? - are all discussed. Mr. Kupp's anecdotes of his youth, his home life, and his 30-year sailing history, all contribute to the realism of the book and round out the story of his life to more than just a technical career.
  windscale 1957: Smoking Kills Conrad Keating, 2016-07-05 At the end of the Second World War, Britain had the highest incidence of lung cancer in the world. For the first time lung cancer deaths exceeded those from tuberculosis - and no one knew why. On 30 September 1950, a young physician named Richard Doll concluded in a research paper that smoking cigarettes was 'a cause and an important cause' of the rapidly increasing epidemic of lung cancer. His historic and contentious finding marked the beginning of a life-long crusade against premature death and the forces of 'Big Tobacco'. Born in 1912, Doll, a natural patrician, jettisoned his Establishment background and joined the Communist Party as a reaction to the 'anarchy and waste' of capitalism in the 1930s. He treated the blistered feet of the Jarrow Marchers, served as a medical officer at the retreat to Dunkirk, and became a true hero of the NHS. A political revolutionary and an epidemiologist with a Darwinian heart-of-stone, Doll fulfilled his early ambition to be 'a valuable member of society'. Doll steered a course through a minefield of medical and political controversy. Opponents from the tobacco industry questioned his science, while later critics from the environmental lobby attacked his alleged connections to the chemical industry. An enigmatic individual, Doll was feared and respected throughout a long and wide-ranging scientific career which ended only with his death in 2005. In this authorised and groundbreaking biography, Conrad Keating reveals a man whose life and work encapsulates much of the twentieth century. Described by the British Medical Journal as 'perhaps Britain s most eminent doctor', Doll ushered in a new era in medicine: the intellectual ascendancy of medical statistics. According to the Nobel laureate Sir Paul Nurse, his work, which may have prevented tens of millions of deaths, 'transcends the boundaries of professional medicine into the global community of mankind.' 'A well-crafted biography of Doll, [who] single-handedly saved millions of lives with his findings.' - New Scientist 'As this fascinating and fair-minded biography makes clear, while Doll's political instincts were radical, he was nevertheless a conservative scientist, always cautious in causal inference. . . Impressive and engaging.' - International Journal of Epidemiology
  windscale 1957: A Bibliography of the History and Topography of Cumberland & Westmorland , 1968
Windscale fire - Wikipedia
The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in the United Kingdom's history, and one of the worst in the world, ranked in severity at level 5 out of 7 on the …

Windscale fire | Nuclear Disaster, Cumbrian Village | Britannica
Apr 17, 2025 · Windscale fire, accident in 1957 at the Windscale nuclear reactor facility and plutonium-production plant in the county of Cumberland (now part of Cumbria), in northwestern …

The Windscale Fire: Britain's worst nuclear disaster in history
In October 1957, a fire began in a plutonium-producing reactor in Cumbria. This would become known as the Windscale Fire, a Level Five nuclear accident. In 1957, the UK suffered the worst …

Atomfall's Windscale Disaster | What Really Happened In The Fire ...
Apr 3, 2025 · On 10 October 1957, a fire raged out of control for three days in one of the reactors of the Windscale power station, in northwestern England. The result was the worst nuclear …

The Windscale Fire: A Disaster and its Consequences in Great Britain
In the mid 1940s, the United Kingdom government designed a policy that authorized Great Britain to independently develop nuclear weapons. [1] Between 1947 and 1951, two nuclear reactors, …

Windscale Accident - radioactivity.eu.com
The fire which occurred the 10th of October 1957 on the Windscale site along the Irish Sea in England is an accident of the British military nuclear program at its beginnings. This accident …

When Windscale burned - Nuclear Engineering International
Sep 14, 2007 · When Windscale burned 50 years ago the UK experienced the first of three major reactor accidents that were to have global influence on the industry’s development. By David …

The Windscale Nuclear Disaster - Today I Found Out
Dec 18, 2013 · On the morning of Friday, October 11, 1957, workers at the nuclear reactor Windscale Pile 1 near Seascale, Cumberland, England, faced a terrible choice: allow a raging …

Sellafield - Wikipedia
Sellafield, formerly known as Windscale, is a large multi-function nuclear site close to Seascale on the coast of Cumbria, England. As of August 2022, primary activities are nuclear waste …

Science/Nature | Windscale: A nuclear disaster - BBC News
Oct 5, 2007 · Windscale: Britain's biggest nuclear disaster was broadcast on Monday, 8 October, 2007, at 2100 BST on BBC Two. BBC Radio 4 broadcast a two-part drama about Windscale on …

Windscale fire - Wikipedia
The Windscale fire of 10 October 1957 was the worst nuclear accident in the United Kingdom's history, and one of the worst in the world, ranked in …

Windscale fire | Nuclear Disaster, Cumbrian Village
Apr 17, 2025 · Windscale fire, accident in 1957 at the Windscale nuclear reactor facility and plutonium-production plant in the county of …

The Windscale Fire: Britain's worst nuclear disaster in hist…
In October 1957, a fire began in a plutonium-producing reactor in Cumbria. This would become known as the Windscale Fire, a Level Five …

Atomfall's Windscale Disaster | What Really Happened In Th…
Apr 3, 2025 · On 10 October 1957, a fire raged out of control for three days in one of the reactors of the Windscale power station, in northwestern …

The Windscale Fire: A Disaster and its Consequences in Gr…
In the mid 1940s, the United Kingdom government designed a policy that authorized Great Britain to independently develop nuclear …