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| who is considered the founder of sociology: An Introduction to Sociology Anthony Giddens, Mitchell Duneier, 2000-04-01 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Scholar Denied Aldon Morris, 2017-01-17 In this groundbreaking book, Aldon D. Morris’s ambition is truly monumental: to help rewrite the history of sociology and to acknowledge the primacy of W. E. B. Du Bois’s work in the founding of the discipline. Calling into question the prevailing narrative of how sociology developed, Morris, a major scholar of social movements, probes the way in which the history of the discipline has traditionally given credit to Robert E. Park at the University of Chicago, who worked with the conservative black leader Booker T. Washington to render Du Bois invisible. Morris uncovers the seminal theoretical work of Du Bois in developing a “scientific” sociology through a variety of methodologies and examines how the leading scholars of the day disparaged and ignored Du Bois’s work. The Scholar Denied is based on extensive, rigorous primary source research; the book is the result of a decade of research, writing, and revision. In exposing the economic and political factors that marginalized the contributions of Du Bois and enabled Park and his colleagues to be recognized as the “fathers” of the discipline, Morris delivers a wholly new narrative of American intellectual and social history that places one of America’s key intellectuals, W. E. B. Du Bois, at its center. The Scholar Denied is a must-read for anyone interested in American history, racial inequality, and the academy. In challenging our understanding of the past, the book promises to engender debate and discussion. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Study of Sociology Herbert Spencer, 1899 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Sociology in America Craig Calhoun, 2008-09-15 Though the word “sociology” was coined in Europe, the field of sociology grew most dramatically in America. Despite that disproportionate influence, American sociology has never been the subject of an extended historical examination. To remedy that situation—and to celebrate the centennial of the American Sociological Association—Craig Calhoun assembled a team of leading sociologists to produce Sociology in America. Rather than a story of great sociologists or departments, Sociology in America is a true history of an often disparate field—and a deeply considered look at the ways sociology developed intellectually and institutionally. It explores the growth of American sociology as it addressed changes and challenges throughout the twentieth century, covering topics ranging from the discipline’s intellectual roots to understandings (and misunderstandings) of race and gender to the impact of the Depression and the 1960s. Sociology in America will stand as the definitive treatment of the contribution of twentieth-century American sociology and will be required reading for all sociologists. Contributors: Andrew Abbott, Daniel Breslau, Craig Calhoun, Charles Camic, Miguel A. Centeno, Patricia Hill Collins, Marjorie L. DeVault, Myra Marx Ferree, Neil Gross, Lorine A. Hughes, Michael D. Kennedy, Shamus Khan, Barbara Laslett, Patricia Lengermann, Doug McAdam, Shauna A. Morimoto, Aldon Morris, Gillian Niebrugge, Alton Phillips, James F. Short Jr., Alan Sica, James T. Sparrow, George Steinmetz, Stephen Turner, Jonathan VanAntwerpen, Immanuel Wallerstein, Pamela Barnhouse Walters, Howard Winant |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Introduction to Sociology 2e Heather Griffiths, Nathan Keirns, Gail Scaramuzzo, Susan Cody-Rydzewski, Eric Strayer, Sally Vyrain, 2017-12-31 Introduction to Sociology adheres to the scope and sequence of a typical introductory sociology course. In addition to comprehensive coverage of core concepts, foundational scholars, and emerging theories, we have incorporated section reviews with engaging questions, discussions that help students apply the sociological imagination, and features that draw learners into the discipline in meaningful ways. Although this text can be modified and reorganized to suit your needs, the standard version is organized so that topics are introduced conceptually, with relevant, everyday experiences. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Principles of Sociology Herbert Spencer, 1886 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Illustrations of Political Economy Harriet Martineau, 1833 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Introduction to the Science of Sociology Robert Ezra Park, E. W. Burgess, 2022-09-04 In 'Introduction to the Science of Sociology', co-authors Robert Ezra Park and E. W. Burgess achieve a comprehensive exposition of sociological thought and its applications. Crafted with scrupulous detail and academic rigor, the text is a cornerstone in the landscape of social science literature. Through its systematic approach, it delineates the then-nascent principles of human interactions and societal structures, serving as an indispensable guide for scholars and students alike. The literary style is methodical and didactic, reflecting the authors' aspiration to both inform and educate their audience about the systematic study of society in the context of early 20th century scholastic inquiry.nAuthor Robert Ezra Park's distinguished academic and professional career profoundly shaped his contributions to sociology and the crafting of this seminal work. A key figure in the Chicago School of Sociology, Park's experience as a journalist and his subsequent collaboration with sociologist Ernest Watson Burgess brought a unique and insightful perspective to the discipline. Their collective expertise distilled into this volume reflects social theories and ethnographic methods that were groundbreaking at the time of its original publishing.n'Recommendation to the reader' is notably absent in the provided information. However, 'Introduction to the Science of Sociology' is highly recommended for those interested in the historical foundations of sociological study and its evolution. This meticulously edited DigiCat Publishing edition ensures that Park and Burgess's seminal work continues to reach contemporary audiences, preserving its relevance and scholarly value. The book is a testament to sociological scholarship and an essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the complexities of social structures and the enduring influence of foundational sociological analyses. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Sociological Imagination , 2022 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Classical Sociological Theory Craig Calhoun, Joseph Gerteis, James Moody, Steven Pfaff, Indermohan Virk, 2012-01-17 This comprehensive collection of classical sociological theory is a definitive guide to the roots of sociology from its undisciplined beginnings to its current influence on contemporary sociological debate. Explores influential works of Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Mead, Simmel, Freud, Du Bois, Adorno, Marcuse, Parsons, and Merton Editorial introductions lend historical and intellectual perspective to the substantial readings Includes a new section with new readings on the immediate pre-history of sociological theory, including the Enlightenment and de Tocqueville Individual reading selections are updated throughout |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Social Statics; Or The Conditions Essential to Human Happiness Specified, and the First of Them Developed Herbert Spencer, 1877 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology Richard Swedberg, 2018-06-05 While most people are familiar with The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, few know that during the last decade of his life Max Weber (1864-1920) also tried to develop a new way of analyzing economic phenomena, which he termed economic sociology. Indeed, this effort occupies the central place in Weber's thought during the years just before his death. Richard Swedberg here offers a critical presentation and the first major study of this fascinating part of Weber's work. This book shows how Weber laid a solid theoretical foundation for economic sociology and developed a series of new and highly evocative concepts. He not only investigated economic phenomena but also linked them clearly with political, legal, and religious phenomena. Swedberg also demonstrates that Weber's approach to economic sociology addresses a major problem that has haunted economic analysis since the nineteenth century: how to effectively unite an interest-driven type of analysis (popular with economists) with a social one (of course preferred by sociologists). Exploring Weber's views of the economy and how he viewed its relationship to politics, law, and religion, Swedberg furthermore discusses similarities and differences between Weber's economic sociology and present-day thinking on the same topic. In addition, the author shows how economic sociology has recently gained greater credibility as economists and sociologists have begun to collaborate in studying problems of organizations, political structures, social problems, and economic culture more generally. Swedberg's book will be sure to further this new cooperation. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The First American School of Sociology Earl Wright II, 2017-05-15 This book offers an original and rounded examination of the origin and sociological contributions of one of the most significant, yet continuously ignored, programs of social science research ever established in the United States: the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory. Under the leadership of W.E.B. Du Bois, this unit at Atlanta University made extensive contributions to the discipline which, as the author demonstrates, extend beyond 'race studies' to include founding the first American school of sociology, establishing the first program of urban sociological research, conducting the first sociological study on religion in the United States, and developing methodological advances that remain in use today. However, all of these accomplishments have subsequently been attributed, erroneously, to White sociologists at predominately White institutions, while the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory remains sociologically ignored and marginalized. Placing the achievements of the Du Bois led Atlanta Sociological Laboratory in context, the author contends that American Jim Crow racism and segregation caused the school to become marginalized and ignored instead of becoming recognized as one the most significant early departments of sociology in the United States. Illuminating the sociological activities - and marginalization - of a group of African American scholars from a small African American institution of higher learning in the Deep South - whose works deserve to be canonized alongside those of their late nineteenth and early twentieth century peers - this book will appeal to all scholars with interests in the history of sociology and its development as a discipline, race and ethnicity, research methodology, the sociology of the south, and urban sociology. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: On the Practice of Sociology Pitirim A. Sorokin, 1998-08-15 Pitirim Sorokin (1889-1968) rose from a peasant childhood in Russia to become one of the most insightful figures in the history of sociology. At the Harvard Research Center for Creative Altruism, he developed a blueprint for social reconstruction. This collection includes essays that range from his early Russian years to his final works in the '60s. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois José Itzigsohn, Karida L. Brown, 2020-03-24 The first comprehensive understanding of Du Bois for social scientists The Sociology of W. E. B. Du Bois provides a comprehensive introduction to the founding father of American sociological thought. Du Bois is now recognized as a pioneer of American scientific sociology and as someone who made foundational contributions to the sociology of race and to urban and community sociology. However, in this authoritative volume, noted scholars José Itzigsohn and Karida L. Brown provide a groundbreaking account of Du Bois’s theoretical contribution to sociology, or what they call the analysis of “racialized modernity.” Further, they examine the implications of developing a Du Boisian sociology for the practice of the discipline today. The full canon of Du Bois’s sociological works spans a lifetime of over ninety years in which his ideas evolved over much of the twentieth century. This broader and more systematic account of Du Bois’s contribution to sociology explores how his theories changed, evolved, and even developed to contradict earlier ideas. Careful parsing of seminal works provides a much needed overview for students and scholars looking to gain a better grasp of the ideas of Du Bois, in particular his understanding of racialized subjectivity, racialized social systems, and his scientific sociology. Further, the authors show that a Du Boisian sociology provides a robust analytical framework for the multilevel examination of individual-level processes—such as the formation of the self—and macro processes—such as group formation and mobilization or the structures of modernity—key concepts for a basic understanding of sociology. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Psychology of Money Morgan Housel, 2020-09-08 Doing well with money isn’t necessarily about what you know. It’s about how you behave. And behavior is hard to teach, even to really smart people. Money—investing, personal finance, and business decisions—is typically taught as a math-based field, where data and formulas tell us exactly what to do. But in the real world people don’t make financial decisions on a spreadsheet. They make them at the dinner table, or in a meeting room, where personal history, your own unique view of the world, ego, pride, marketing, and odd incentives are scrambled together. In The Psychology of Money, award-winning author Morgan Housel shares 19 short stories exploring the strange ways people think about money and teaches you how to make better sense of one of life’s most important topics. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Perspective of Historical Sociology Jiří Šubrt, 2017-11-09 This book provides a comprehensive overview of the themes that make up the field of Historical Sociology. At its centre is the human individual as related to social and historical development. The key question it raises is who or what is responsible for the process of human history: society or the individual? |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Max Weber Marianne Weber, 2017-07-12 A founder of contemporary social science, Max Weber was born in Germany in 1864. At his death 56 years later, he was nationally known for his scholarly and political writings, but it was the international reception of his oeuvre over the last forty years that has made him world-famous. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, The Economic Ethics of the World Religions and his magnum opus, Economy and Society, with its treatment of the relations of economics, politics, law and religion, belong to the great achievements of 20th-century social science. The groundwork for the posthumous Weber reception was laid by Weber's widow Marianne, a well-known feminist writer, who followed up her edition of his collected works with one of the greatest biographies in a generation that produced many important accounts of itself. Although unavailable in English until a decade ago, the importance of Marianne Weber's 1926 work had been widely understood. Sociologist Robert A. Nisbet called it a moving and deeply felt biographical memoir. Historian Gerhard Masur cited the book as the foundation of all further inquiries into Max Weber's life and influence. Beginning with Max's ancestry and early years, Marianne Weber guides us through his life as student, young lawyer, scholar and political writer, quoting liberally from his voluminous correspondence. Her account of his nervous breakdown after 1897, which curtailed his academic career but ultimately strengthened his creative energies, provides deep insight into some of the personal tensions that troubled him to the end. In addition to her perceptive personal and intellectual life before the First World War, describing many scholars, social reformers, politicians and literary figures within and beyond the famous Heidelberg circle of the Webers. The new introduction by Guenther Roth situates Marianne Weber's own role in the contemporary setting and discusses the current state of Weber research and of the international Weber reception. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Sociology in Germany Stephan Moebius, 2021-07-02 This open access book traces the development of sociology in Germany from the late 19th century to the present day, providing a concise overview of the main actors, institutional processes, theories, methods, topics and controversies. Throughout the book, the author relates the discipline’s history to its historical, economic, political and cultural contexts. The book begins with sociology in the German Reich, the Weimar Republic, National Socialism and exile, before exploring sociology after 1945 as a ‘key discipline’ of the young Federal Republic of Germany, and reconstructing the periods from 1945 to 1968 and from 1968 to 1990. The final chapters are devoted to sociology in the German Democratic Republic and the period from 1990 to the present day. This work will appeal to students and scholars of sociology, and to a general readership interested in the history of Germany. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Sociology for Nursing & Health Sciences GS Purushothama, 2015-05-20 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism M. Weber, 2012 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The Sociology of Food Jean-Pierre Poulain, 2017-02-09 A classic text about the social study of food, this is the first English language edition of Jean-Pierre Poulain's seminal work. Tracing the history of food scholarship, The Sociology of Food provides an overview of sociological theory and its relevance to the field of food. Divided into two parts, Poulain begins by exploring the continuities and changes in the modern diet. From the effect of globalization on food production and supply, to evolving cultural responses to food – including cooking and eating practices, the management of consumer anxieties, and concerns over obesity and the medicalization of food – the first part examines how changing food practices have shaped and are shaped by wider social trends. The second part provides an overview of the emergence of food as an academic focus for sociologists and anthropologists. Revealing the obstacles that lay in the way of this new field of study, Poulain shows how the discipline was first established and explains its development over the last forty years. Destined to become a key text for students and scholars, The Sociology of Food makes a major contribution to food studies and sociology. This edition features a brand new chapter focusing on the development of food studies in the English-speaking world and a preface, specifically written for the edition. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: The New Pragmatist Sociology Neil L. Gross, Isaac Ariail Reed, Christopher Winship, 2022-07-05 Pragmatist thought is central to sociology. However, sociologists typically encounter pragmatism indirectly, as a philosophy of science or as an influence on canonical social scientists, rather than as a vital source of theory, research questions, and methodological reflection in sociology today. In The New Pragmatist Sociology, Neil Gross, Isaac Ariail Reed, and Christopher Winship assemble a range of sociologists to address essential ideas in the field and their historical and theoretical connection to classical pragmatism. The book examines questions of methodology, social interaction, and politics across the broad themes of inquiry, agency, and democracy. Essays engage widely and deeply with topics that motivate both pragmatist philosophy and sociology, including rationality, speech, truth, expertise, and methodological pluralism. Contributors include Natalie Aviles, Karida Brown, Daniel Cefaï, Mazen Elfakhani, Luis Flores, Daniel Huebner, Cayce C. Hughes, Paul Lichterman, John Levi Martin, Ann Mische, Vontrese D. Pamphile, Jeffrey N. Parker, Susan Sibley, Daniel Silver, Mario Small, Iddo Tavory, Stefan Timmermans, Luna White, and Joshua Whitford. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: A Short History of Sociology Heinz Maus, 2021-09-09 This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Auguste Comte and Positivism John Stuart Mill, 1865 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: On Individuality and Social Forms Georg Simmel, 1971 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Ideology and Utopia Karl Mannheim, 2013-07-04 Ideology and Utopia argues that ideologies are mental fictions whose function is to veil the true nature of a given society. They originate unconsciously in the minds of those who seek to stabilise a social order. Utopias are wish dreams that inspire the collective action of opposition groups which aim at the entire transformation of society. Mannheim shows these two opposing elements to dominate not only our social thought but even unexpectedly to penetrate into the most scientific theories in philosophy, history and the social sciences. This new edition contains a new preface by Bryan S. Turner which describes Mannheim's work and critically assesses its relevance to modern sociology. The book is published with a comprehensive bibliography of Mannheim's major works. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Radical Sociology J. David Colfax, Jack L. Roach, 1971-09-08 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Encyclopaedia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, 1910 This eleventh edition was developed during the encyclopaedia's transition from a British to an American publication. Some of its articles were written by the best-known scholars of the time and it is considered to be a landmark encyclopaedia for scholarship and literary style. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Historical Inevitability Isaiah Berlin, 1959 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Everyday Sociology Reader Karen Sternheimer, 2020-04-15 Innovative readings and blog posts show how sociology can help us understand everyday life. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Pedagogy of the Oppressed Paulo Freire, 1972 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association , 2013 With millions of copies sold, the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association is the style manual of choice for writers, editors, students, educators, and professionals in psychology, sociology, business, economics, nursing, social work, and justice administration, and other disciplines in which effective communication with words and data is fundamental. In addition to providing clear guidance on grammar, the mechanics of writing, and APA style, the Publication Manual offers an authoritative and easy-to-use reference and citation system and comprehensive coverage of the treatment of numbers, metrication, statistical and mathematical data, tables, and figures for use in writing, reports, or presentations. The new edition has been revised and updated to include: The latest guidelines and examples for referencing electronic and online sources; New and revised guidelines for submitting papers electronically; Improved guidelines for avoiding plagiarism; Simplified formatting guidelines for writers using up-to-date word-processing software; All new guidelines for presenting case studies; Improved guidelines for the construction of tables; Updates on copyright and permissions issues for writers. New reference examples for audiovisual media and patents; An expanded and improved index for quick and easy access; Writers, scholars, and professionals will also find: New guidelines on how to choose text, tables, or figures to present data; Guidelines for writing cover letters for submitting articles for publication, plus a sample letter; Expanded guidelines on the retention of raw data; New advice on establishing written agreements for the use of shared data; New information on the responsibilities of co-authors.--From the publisher. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Theoretical Sociology Collins Randall, 2004 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Introduction to Sociology 3e Tonja R. Conerly, Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang, 2023-05-19 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Origins of Sociology Albion Woodbury Small, 1924 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: System of positive polity Auguste Comte, 1973 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Social Sciences Adams Media, 2012-09-01 Does studying Freud leave you crying for your mother? Have you had a laissez-faire approach to learning economics? Fear not! The Very Lazy Intellectual: Social Science details the most popular social sciences, including psychology, economics, anthropology, and more. With information on everyone Binet to Boas, and subjects from psychology to archeology, you'll be Renaissance man in no time. |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: Wilhelm Dilthey, Pioneer of the Human Studies Hans Peter Rickman, 1979-01-01 |
| who is considered the founder of sociology: History of Humanity UNESCO, 2008-12-31 This is the seventh and final volume in this comprehensive guide to the history of world cultures throughout historical times. |
phrase meaning - is considered / is considered to be / is …
Aug 11, 2021 · French is considered the language of love. French is considered to be the language of love. French is considered as the language of love. P.S. From my online course I …
subjunctives - Is "considered" always followed by "as"? - English ...
"is considered a " is more correct. Your sentence means the following: "The reconstruction of object models is performed using a graph matching approach. This approach is considered a …
word choice - "considered as" vs "considered to be" - English …
Over the past several years, I have noticed both “considered to be” and “considered as” becoming quite commonly used in writing of all types. Although there may be instances where they could …
grammaticality - 'Considered' vs 'Considered as' - English …
Mar 4, 2016 · Considered + object. Used when the subject should be just another name for something. Literally, that the object is the subject. He should be considered our leader since he …
grammar - "considered to be" and "considered as" - English …
Those who are considered gorgeous / Those who are considered as gorgeous people "Considered as" is less common than "considered to be" and they may have different …
word usage - Should I write "considered" or "considered as" in the ...
Nov 18, 2016 · Consider in this sense takes three sorts of complements:. BARE {Noun/Adjective}: I consider him {honest/an honest man}.
vocabulary - Is "bullshit" still considered offensive when used in a ...
Aug 5, 2024 · According to this resource, "shit" is considered to be 'mild' by the BBFC, which would restrict it from being used in a 'U'-rated filim (universal, or suitable for all). However it …
Can 'in front of' be considered as: noun preceded and followed by ...
Apr 3, 2025 · 'in front of' is generally classified as a preposition or adverb, meaning 'before', 'outside' , 'facing' etc. But according to what I read in the Oxford dict. it seems to have a 'noun' …
grammar - "to be considered " vs "should be considered" - English ...
Feb 21, 2019 · (that) his son should be considered for the post. Formally, both " his son be considered " and " his son should be considered " are fine, though they may convey subtle …
Is "Negro" an offensive word, or do some people just take offense …
Negro is currently considered somewhat offensive in the United States, and it's not advisable to use it if you are first learning the language. I say "somewhat" because there are circumstances …
phrase meaning - is considered / is considered to be / is …
Aug 11, 2021 · French is considered the language of love. French is considered to be the language of love. French is considered as the language of love. P.S. From my online course I …
subjunctives - Is "considered" always followed by "as"? - English ...
"is considered a " is more correct. Your sentence means the following: "The reconstruction of object models is performed using a graph matching approach. This approach is considered a …
word choice - "considered as" vs "considered to be" - English …
Over the past several years, I have noticed both “considered to be” and “considered as” becoming quite commonly used in writing of all types. Although there may be instances where they could …
grammaticality - 'Considered' vs 'Considered as' - English …
Mar 4, 2016 · Considered + object. Used when the subject should be just another name for something. Literally, that the object is the subject. He should be considered our leader since he …
grammar - "considered to be" and "considered as" - English …
Those who are considered gorgeous / Those who are considered as gorgeous people "Considered as" is less common than "considered to be" and they may have different …
word usage - Should I write "considered" or "considered as" in the ...
Nov 18, 2016 · Consider in this sense takes three sorts of complements:. BARE {Noun/Adjective}: I consider him {honest/an honest man}.
vocabulary - Is "bullshit" still considered offensive when used in a ...
Aug 5, 2024 · According to this resource, "shit" is considered to be 'mild' by the BBFC, which would restrict it from being used in a 'U'-rated filim (universal, or suitable for all). However it …
Can 'in front of' be considered as: noun preceded and followed by ...
Apr 3, 2025 · 'in front of' is generally classified as a preposition or adverb, meaning 'before', 'outside' , 'facing' etc. But according to what I read in the Oxford dict. it seems to have a 'noun' …
grammar - "to be considered " vs "should be considered" - English ...
Feb 21, 2019 · (that) his son should be considered for the post. Formally, both " his son be considered " and " his son should be considered " are fine, though they may convey subtle …
Is "Negro" an offensive word, or do some people just take offense …
Negro is currently considered somewhat offensive in the United States, and it's not advisable to use it if you are first learning the language. I say "somewhat" because there are circumstances …
