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| what was the ruf: A Dirty War in West Africa Lansana Gberie, 2005-12 Since 1991, this West African nation has been brought to its knees by a series of coups, violent conflicts, and finally, outright war. The war has ended today, but it is clear that things are hardly settled. Focusing on the group spearheading the violence, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), journalist Lansana Gberie exposes the corruption and appalling use of rape and mutilation as tactics to overthrow the former government. Gberie looks closely at the rise of the RUF and its ruthless leader, Foday Sankoh, as he seeks to understand the personalities and parties involved in the war. |
| what was the ruf: Between Democracy and Terror Ibrahim Abdullah, 2004 This is the most authoritative study of the Sierra Leone civil war to emanate from Africa, or indeed any publications' programme on Africa. It explores the genesis of the crisis, the contradictory roles of different internal and external actors, civil society and the media; the regional intervention force and the demise of the second republic. It analyses the numerous peace initiatives designed to end a war, which continued nonetheless to defy and outlast them; and asks why the war became so prolonged. The study articulates how internal actors trod the multiple and conflicting pathways to power. It considers how non-conventional actors were able to inaugurate and sustain an insurgency that called forth the largest concentration of UN peacekeepers the world has ever seen. |
| what was the ruf: A Long Way Gone Ishmael Beah, 2007-02-13 My new friends have begun to suspect I haven’t told them the full story of my life. “Why did you leave Sierra Leone?” “Because there is a war.” “You mean, you saw people running around with guns and shooting each other?” “Yes, all the time.” “Cool.” I smile a little. “You should tell us about it sometime.” “Yes, sometime.” This is how wars are fought now: by children, hopped-up on drugs and wielding AK-47s. Children have become soldiers of choice. In the more than fifty conflicts going on worldwide, it is estimated that there are some 300,000 child soldiers. Ishmael Beah used to be one of them. What is war like through the eyes of a child soldier? How does one become a killer? How does one stop? Child soldiers have been profiled by journalists, and novelists have struggled to imagine their lives. But until now, there has not been a first-person account from someone who came through this hell and survived. In A Long Way Gone, Beah, now twenty-five years old, tells a riveting story: how at the age of twelve, he fled attacking rebels and wandered a land rendered unrecognizable by violence. By thirteen, he’d been picked up by the government army, and Beah, at heart a gentle boy, found that he was capable of truly terrible acts. This is a rare and mesmerizing account, told with real literary force and heartbreaking honesty. |
| what was the ruf: How de Body? Teun Voeten, 2011-04-01 In 1998, acclaimed photojournalist Teun Voeten headed to Sierra Leone for what he thought would be a standard assignment on the child soldiers there. But the cease-fire ended just as he arrived, and the clash between the military junta and the West African peace-keeping troops forced him to hide in the bush from rebels who were intent on killing him. How de Body? (how are you? in Sierra Leone's Creole English) is a dramatic account of the conflict that has been raging in the country for nearly a decade-and how Voeten nearly became a casualty of it. Accessible and conversational, it's a look into the dangerous diamond trade that fuels the conflict, the legacy of war practices such as forced amputations, the tragic use of child soldiers, and more. The book is also a tribute to the people who never make the headlines: Eddy Smith, a BBC correspondent who eventually helps Voeten escape; Alfred Kanu, a school principal who risks his life to keep his students and teachers going amidst the bullets and raids; and Padre Victor, who runs a safe haven for ex-child soldiers; among others. Featuring Voeten's stunning black-and-white photos from his multiple trips to the conflict area, How de Body? is a crucial testament to a relatively unknown tragedy. |
| what was the ruf: Military Interventions in Sierra Leone: Lessons From a Failed State Larry J. Woods, Timothy R. Reese, 2011-03-31 This study by Larry J. Woods and Colonel Timothy R. Reese analyzes the massive turmoil afflicting the nation of Sierra Leone, 1995-2002, and the efforts by a variety of outside forces to bring lasting stability to that small country. The taxonomy of intervention ranged from private mercenary armies, through the Economic Community of West African States, to the United Nations and the United Kingdom. In every case, those who intervened encountered a common set of difficulties that had to be overcome. Unsurprisingly, they also discovered challenges unique to their own organizations and political circumstances. This cogent analysis of recent interventions in Sierra Leone represents a cautionary tale that political leaders and military planners contemplating intervention in Africa ignore at their peril. (Originally published by the Combat Studies Institute) |
| what was the ruf: When the State Fails Tunde Zack-Williams, 2012-01-15 Compared with Kosovo and Iraq, the recent Western intervention in Sierra Leone has been largely forgotten. When the State Fails rectifies this, providing a comprehensive and critical analysis of the intervention. The civil war in Sierra Leone began in 1991 and was declared officially over in 2002 after UK, UN, and regional African military intervention. Some claimed it as a case of successful humanitarian intervention. The authors in this collection provide an informed analysis of the impact of the intervention on democracy, development, and society in Sierra Leone. The authors take a particularly critical view of the imposition of neo-liberalism after the conflict. As NATO intervention in Libya shows the continued use of external force in internal conflicts, When the State Fails is a timely book for all students and scholars interested in Africa and the question of humanitarian intervention. |
| what was the ruf: The Legal Legacy of the Special Court for Sierra Leone Charles Jalloh, 2020-07-16 Explores how the first treaty-based UN international tribunal's judges innovatively applied the law to perpetrators of international crimes in one of the worst conflicts in recent history. |
| what was the ruf: Crafting Peace Sasha Lezhnev, 2005-01-01 Crafting Peace analyzes warlords in depth, including their organizational structure and the context in which they operate, ultimately exploring the effectiveness of various short and long-term strategies to deal with warlords. Instead of focusing strictly on economic causes, the focus here is on the extremely frail politial/security environment that allows warlords to rise up, seize power, and profit in the midst of chaos. This deeper political context, under-analyzed in other texts in terms of its effect on warlordism, is crucial to understanding both why warlords arise and how they should be dealt with. This book suggests a two-pronged strategic approach to help craft peace: unseating certain intransigent warlords through immediate, coercive measures; and taking away the anarchic environment in which these actors thrive by implementing several policies aimed at rebuilding law and order over the long-term. Sasha Lezhnev discusses this approach by looking at real-world cases in Sierra Leone and Tajikistan. Crafting Peace presents a new way of looking at eliminating warlords and restoring peace in war-torn states that will prove essential to both scholars and practitioners in international relations and political science. |
| what was the ruf: Rebels in a Rotten State Kieran Mitton, 2015 Uses Sierra Leone as a case study in our understanding of the brutal nature of modern conflict |
| what was the ruf: Religion, Tradition, and Restorative Justice in Sierra Leone Lyn S. Graybill, 2017-06-15 In this groundbreaking study of post-conflict Sierra Leone, Lyn Graybill examines the ways in which both religion and local tradition supported restorative justice initiatives such as the national Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and village-level Fambul Tok ceremonies. Through her interviews with Christian and Muslim leaders of the Inter-Religious Council, Graybill uncovers a rich trove of perspectives about the meaning of reconciliation, the role of acknowledgment, and the significance of forgiveness. Through an abundance of polling data and her review of traditional practices among the various ethnic groups, Graybill also shows that these perspectives of religious leaders did not at all conflict with the opinions of the local population, whose preferences for restorative justice over retributive justice were compatible with traditional values that prioritized reconciliation over punishment. These local sentiments, however, were at odds with the international community's preference for retributive justice, as embodied in the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which ran concurrently with the TRC. Graybill warns that with the dominance of the International Criminal Court in Africa—there are currently eighteen pending cases in eight countries—local preferences may continue to be sidelined in favor of prosecutions. She argues that the international community is risking the loss of its most valuable assets in post-conflict peacebuilding by pushing aside religious and traditional values of reconciliation in favor of Western legal norms. |
| what was the ruf: War and the Crisis of Youth in Sierra Leone Krijn Peters, 2011-03-28 The armed conflict in Sierra Leone and the extreme violence of the main rebel faction - the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) - have challenged scholars and members of the international community to come up with explanations. Up to this point, though, conclusions about the nature of the war and the RUF are mainly drawn from accounts of civilian victims or based on interpretations and rationalizations offered by commentators who had access to only one side of the war. The present study addresses this currently incomplete understanding of the conflict by focusing on the direct experiences and interpretations of protagonists, paying special attention to the hitherto neglected, and often underage, cadres of the RUF. The data presented challenges the widely canvassed notion of the Sierra Leone conflict as a war motivated by greed, not grievance. Rather, it points to a rural crisis expressed in terms of unresolved tensions between landowners and marginalized rural youth - an unaddressed crisis of youth that currently manifests itself in many African countries - further reinforced and triggered by a collapsing patrimonial state. |
| what was the ruf: Bewildered Travel Frederick J. Ruf, 2007 This book illustrates the truth of that statement. |
| what was the ruf: I Did It to Save My Life Catherine E. Bolten, 2012-10-01 “Ethnographically rich, these accounts come to life in beautiful prose. These are inspiring and at times heartbreaking stories of how people living in such difficult and dangerous circumstances find ways to survive, love and take care of each other. This will be a valuable contribution as well as a welcome counter to the more popular images of warzones as places of total immorality.”—Catherine Besteman, author of Transforming Cape Town |
| what was the ruf: My Friend the Mercenary James Brabazon, 2011-03-01 “Intensely vivid story of war and the peculiar breed of warriors who fight in 21st-century Africa . . . and tribute to an extraordinary comrade-at-arms.” —Kirkus Reviews In February 2002, British journalist James Brabazon set out to travel with guerrilla forces into Liberia to show the world what was happening in that war-torn country. To protect him, he hired Nick du Toit, a former South African Defence Force soldier who had fought in conflicts across Africa for over three decades. What follows is an incredible behind-the-scenes account of the Liberian rebels—known as the LURD—as they attempt to seize control of the country from government troops led by President Charles Taylor. In this gripping narrative, James Brabazon paints a brilliant portrait of the chaos that tore West Africa apart: nations run by warlords and kleptocrats, rebels fighting to displace them, ordinary people caught in the crossfire—and everywhere adventurers and mercenaries operating in war’s dark shadows. It is a brutally honest book about what it takes to be a journalist, survivor, and friend in this morally corrosive crucible. “A classic story of intrigue, greed, and violence in one of the most dysfunctional countries in the world. It is a gripping story that I couldn’t read fast enough.” —Sebastian Junger, New York Times–bestselling author |
| what was the ruf: The War Machines Danny Hoffman, 2011-09-16 In The War Machines, Danny Hoffman considers how young men are made available for violent labor both on the battlefields and in the diamond mines, rubber plantations, and other unregulated industries of West Africa. Based on his ethnographic research with militia groups in Sierra Leone and Liberia during those countries’ recent civil wars, Hoffman traces the path of young fighters who moved from grassroots community-defense organizations in Sierra Leone during the mid-1990s into a large pool of mercenary labor. Hoffman argues that in contemporary West Africa, space, sociality, and life itself are organized around making young men available for all manner of dangerous work. Drawing on his ethnographic research over the past nine years, as well as the anthropology of violence, interdisciplinary security studies, and contemporary critical theory, he maintains that the mobilization of West African men exemplifies a global trend in the outsourcing of warfare and security operations. A similar dynamic underlies the political economy of violence in Iraq, Afghanistan, and a growing number of postcolonial spaces. An experienced photojournalist, Hoffman integrates more than fifty of his photographs of young West Africans into The War Machines. |
| what was the ruf: Illegal Peace in Africa Jeremy I. Levitt, 2012-01-30 This volume examines the legal and political efficacy of transitional political power-sharing between democratically constituted governments and the African warlords, rebels, or junta that seek to violently unseat them. This book addresses this issue and others through the prism of three West African case studies: Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea-Bissau. |
| what was the ruf: Blood Diamonds Jon Land, 2003-04-14 A novel about an Israeli and a Palestinian who try to prevent an African warlord's terrorist plot against the United States. |
| what was the ruf: Small Arms Mia Bloom, 2019-05-15 Why do terrorist organizations use children to support their cause and carry out their activities? Small Arms uncovers the brutal truth behind the mobilization of children by terrorist groups. Mia Bloom and John Horgan show us the grim underbelly of society that allows and even encourages the use of children to conduct terrorist activities. They provide readers with the who, what, when, why, and how of this increasingly concerning situation, illuminating a phenomenon that to most of us seems abhorrent. And yet, they argue, for terrorist groups the use of children carries many benefits. Children possess skills that adults lack. They often bring innovation and creativity. Children are, in fact, a superb demographic from which to recruit if you are a terrorist. Small Arms answers questions about recruitment strategies and tactics, determines what makes a child terrorist and what makes him or her different from an adult one, and charts the ways in which organizations use them. The unconventional focus on child and youth militants allows the authors to, in essence, give us a biography of the child terrorist and the organizations that use them. We are taken inside the mind of the adult and the child to witness that which perhaps most scares us. |
| what was the ruf: Certain Death in Sierra Leone Will Fowler, 2012-06-20 In September 2000 the notorious militia gang, 'West Side Boys' kidnapped eleven British soldiers in Sierra Leone and Operation Barras was launched as the rescue operation. Fast roping in from helicopters, the SAS soldiers engaged in a heavy firefight with the militia, killing several, and capturing their leader. Meanwhile the Paras advanced on foot, fighting their way through a village to recover the Land Rovers abandoned by the kidnapped soldiers. The operation was a complete success, with all the soldiers being rescued. This daring raid is brought to life with specially commissioned artwork, detailed maps and overhead shots to recreate one of the greatest hostage-rescue success stories. |
| what was the ruf: The Sierra Leonean Tragedy John-Peter Pham, 2006 The road to the future runs through the past -- Drift, decline, and the establishment of a patrimonial state -- Diamonds aren't forever, are they? -- The coming of the terror -- Child soldiers, hunters, and mercenaries : the widening conflagration -- The perils of peacekeeping and peacemaking -- Dealing with the aftermath : the quest for justice -- The global dimensions of an African civil conflict -- Appendix 1. Chronology of select events in the history of Sierra Leone -- Appendix 2. The Abidjan Peace Agreement (1996) -- Appendix 3. The Lomé Peace Agreement (1999) -- Appendix 4. Agreement between the United Nations and the government of Sierra Leone on the establishment of a special court for Sierra Leone (2002) -- Appendix 5. The statute of the special court for Sierra Leone (2002) -- Appendix 6. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act (2000). |
| what was the ruf: Blood from Stones Douglas Farah, 2004 Veteran investigative reporter Douglas Farah was the Washington Post's Africa bureau chief focusing on the diamond and illegal arms trade when, in the wake of 9/11, he made an explosive discovery: indisputable evidence that al Qaeda and other terrorist groups were laundering their cash by trading it for diamonds mined in Sierra Leone and Liberia. Probing the shadowy world where corrupt officials, diamond and arms merchants, vicious rebels, drugged child soldiers, and the informal Arab network of money changers known as hawalas intersect, Farah uncovered a crucial piece of the terrorism puzzle Western intelligence missed: the interlocking web of commodities, underground transfer systems, charities, and sympathetic bankers supporting terrorist activities throughout the world. Farah's journey into the dangerous and uncharted world of terrorist financing took him across four continents. The information he gathered was far ahead of what U.S. intelligence agencies knew as they scrambled to understand the 9/11 attacks. In detail, Farah traces the movement of money from the traffickers of blood diamonds in West Africa to the world diamond exchange in Belgium and homegrown money merchants in Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Karachi, and Lahore who turn cash into commodities and commodities into cash. He probes charities that siphon off money to pay for such essentials as false identification cards and safe passage for operatives. And he reveals how the funding of terrorist activities is integrated into the age-old hawala network, a trust-based system that has operated for generations across Arabia and Southeastern Asia. Focusing on this critical aspect of the war on terrorism, Blood from Stones not only shows how terrorists are able to orchestrate complex and expensive attacks but also makes it clear why the war will be so difficult to win.--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
| what was the ruf: Rebel Governance in Civil War Ana Arjona, Nelson Kasfir, Zachariah Cherian Mampilly, 2015-10-22 The topic of this book is how rebels govern civilians during civil war. It takes a worldwide comparative approach. Its theoretical analyses involve issues in the characteristics, emergence, evolution, decline, and consequences of rebel governance. Its empirical accounts discuss insurgent groups around the globe, including Latin American, African, Asian, and European cases. |
| what was the ruf: DDR and SSR in War-to-Peace Transition Christopher Von Dyck, 2020-10-09 While disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) and security sector reform (SSR) have become integral statebuilding tools in post-conflict states, the existing empirical literature examining their relationship has focused on supply-side considerations related to the programming of both processes. In practice, though, DDR and SSR are implemented in the wider context of war-to-peace transitions where the state is attempting to establish a monopoly over the use of force and legitimize itself in the eyes of domestic and international communities. This paper therefore assumes that to identify opportunities and constraints for establishing closer practical linkages between DDR and SSR it is important to take the local politics into consideration. It examines two past externally driven peacebuilding interventions in West Africa, namely Liberia and Sierra Leone, featuring cases in which the central state had essentially fragmented or collapsed. Through this comparative analysis, the paper aims to provide a stepping-stone for future studies examining demand-side considerations of DDR and SSR in post-conflict contexts. This work was published by Saint Philip Street Press pursuant to a Creative Commons license permitting commercial use. All rights not granted by the work's license are retained by the author or authors. |
| what was the ruf: What Rebels Want Jennifer M. Hazen, 2013-03-15 How easy is it for rebel groups to purchase weapons and ammunition in the middle of a war? How quickly can commodities such as diamonds and cocoa be converted into cash to buy war supplies? And why does answering these questions matter for understanding civil wars? In What Rebels Want, Jennifer M. Hazen challenges the commonly held view that rebel groups can get what they want, when they want it, and when they most need it. Hazen's assessments of resource availability in the wars in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Côte d'Ivoire lead to a better understanding of rebel group capacity and options for war and war termination.Resources entail more than just cash; they include various other economic, military, and political goods, including natural resources, arms and ammunition, safe haven, and diplomatic support. However, rebel groups rarely enjoy continuous access to resources throughout a conflict. Understanding fluctuations in fortune is central to identifying the options available to rebel groups and the reasons why a rebel group chooses to pursue war or peace. The stronger the group's capacity, the more options it possesses with respect to fighting a war. The chances for successful negotiations and the implementation of a peace agreement increase as the options of the rebel group narrow. Sustainable negotiated solutions are most likely, Hazen finds, when a rebel group views negotiations not as one of the solutions for obtaining what it wants, but as the only solution. |
| what was the ruf: THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ATHENS OF WEST AFRICA Akibo Robinson, 2023-07-17 The country owed its name to the Portuguese explorer, Petro da Cintra, who was the first European to sight and map the Freetown Habour. The original Portuguese name, Sierra Lyoa (Lion Mountains) describes the range of hills that surrounds the habour. The capital Freetown commands one of the world’s largest natural habours. The country is located on the coast of West Africa, bounded on the North and East by Guinea, on the East by Liberia, and on the West by the Atlantic Ocean. It has many miles of beautiful sandy beaches. The backbone of the economy is agriculture, but it is rich in minerals – diamonds, gold, bauxite, and rutile. The book traces the rich pre-colonial history of a people whose main occupations then were agriculture and trade. Communal life was highly regulated by chiefs, who presided over their subjects. These societies were governed by what is now called “customary laws”. The book also debunks the thinking that Pedro da Cintra discovered Sierra Leone; he was not even the first European to set foot in Sierra Leone. It traces exhaustively the exploitative rule of the British Colonial Administration until its independence on 27th April 1961. Sierra Leone is credited as being, the “Athens of West Africa”. How this came about is explained at length. How can a small country so far removed from Athens be credited as such? The primary reason was for its learning. The first University in sub-Saharan Africa was established in Sierra Leone, and it attracted students from all over the continent. Woven into this academic fabric, is the politico-socio-economic development from the founding of the state up to the present. It traces the turbulent times the country has been through: coups and countercoups, declaration of a one party state, a brutal 11-year civil war, and the bastardisation of the constitution by various regimes, since independence up to the present. |
| what was the ruf: The Comparative Study of Conscription in the Armed Forces Lars Mjoset, Stephen Van Holde, 2002-01-18 This study considers the various aspects of conscription, its ideology and role in various countries. It also examines issues of gender, children as soldiers, globalization, citizenship, dissent and democracy. |
| what was the ruf: Bite of the Mango Perfection Learning Corporation, 2021-02 |
| what was the ruf: War, Politics and Justice in West Africa Gberie, Lansana, 2015-08-06 This book collects articles and reviews the author wrote for various publications, academic and journalistic, over the past 10 to 14 years. They are not arranged in chronological order, but there is a consistent underlying theme: the author’s reaction to war, politics and transitional justice in Africa, with a particular focus on Sierra Leone and Liberia. He has studied these two countries more intimately than all others; but this book includes articles on Ivory Coast, Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of Congo. |
| what was the ruf: Religious Violence Today Michael Jerryson, 2020-07-15 Through sections containing overview essays and reference entries related to particular religions, this resource explores the rise of religious violence, hate crime, and persecution around the world. Religious violence and persecution have been growing steadily both within the United States and around the world. Drawing on the expertise of a wide range of scholars, this current and comprehensive reference helps readers understand the persecution of members of particular faiths as well as violence committed by members of those faiths. In doing so, it promotes a greater understanding of the role of religion in global politics, domestic and international terrorism, and religious bigotry. The book contains sections on particular religious traditions from around the world. Each section begins with an overview essay surveying violence related to that particular religion, whether committed by or against members of that faith. Reference entries in each section then provide objective, fundamental information about particular topics related to violence and the religion discussed. The entries provide cross-references and suggestions for further reading, and the work closes with a bibliography of resources for further study. |
| what was the ruf: Sierra Leone Investment and Business Guide Volume 1 Strategic and Practical Information IBP USA, 2013-08 Sierra Leone Investment and Business Guide - Strategic and Practical Information |
| what was the ruf: From SAS to Blood Diamond Wars Fred Marafono, Hamish Ross, 2011-07-12 Alcibiades is one of the most famous (or infamous) characters of Classical Greece. A young Athenian aristocrat, he came to prominence during the Peloponnesian War (429-404 BC) between Sparta and Athens. Flamboyant, charismatic (and wealthy), this close associate of Socrates persuaded the Athenians to attempt to stand up to the Spartans on land as part of an alliance he was instrumental in bringing together. Although this led to defeat at the Battle of Mantinea in 418 BC, his prestige remained high. He was also a prime mover in Athens' next big strategic gambit, the Sicilian Expedition of 415 BC, for which he was elected as one of the leaders. Shortly after arrival in Sicily, however, he was recalled to face charges of sacrilege allegedly committed during his pre-expedition reveling. Jumping ship on the return journey, he defected to the Spartans.Alcibiades soon ingratiated himself with the Spartans, encouraging them to aid the Sicilians (ultimately resulting in the utter destruction of the Athenian expedition) and to keep year-round pressure on the Athenians. He then seems to have overstepped the bounds of hospitality by sleeping with the Spartan queen and was soon on the run again. He then played a devious and dangerous game of shifting loyalties between Sparta, Athens and Persia. He had a hand in engineering the overthrow of democracy at Athens in favor of an oligarchy, which allowed him to return from exile, though he then opposed the increasingly-extreme excesses of that regime. For a time he looked to have restored Athens' fortunes in the war, but went into exile again after being held responsible for the defeat of one of his subordinates in a naval battle. This time he took refuge with the Persians, but as they were now allied to the Spartans, the cuckolded King Agis of Sparta was able to arrange his assassination by Persian agents.There has been no full length biography of this colorful and important character for twenty years. Professor Rhodes brings the authority of an internationally recognized expert in the field, ensuring that this will be a truly significant addition to the literature on Classical Greece. |
| what was the ruf: The Heart of the Matter Ian Smillie, Lansana Gberie, Ralph Hazleton, 2000 How diamonds have been the cause of widespread death, misery, & destruction for almost a decade in the West African country of Sierra Leone. Through the 1990s, Sierra Leone's rebel war became a tragedy of major humanitarian, political & historic proportions, but the story goes back 60 years, to the discovery of the diamonds. The diamond mining sector has become influenced by organized crime & by the smuggling not just of diamonds, but of guns & drugs, & by vast sums of money in search of a laundry. No peace agree. would be sustainable until the problems of mining & selling diamonds had been addressed, both inside Sierra Leone & internationally. Tables. |
| what was the ruf: Against All Odds Phil Ashby, 2003-08-18 The astounding true story of Major Phil Ashby, who in 2000 was assigned to spearhead a UN Peacekeeping mission in civil war-ravaged Sierra Leone. Ashby was taken hostage, but along with three of his men managed to escape from the hostile jungle. photos. |
| what was the ruf: The Institutional Dynamics of Culture, Volumes I and II Perri Six, 2018-12-20 These two volumes present the most important recent developments in the institutional theory of culture and demonstrate their practical applications. Sometimes called 'grid-group analysis' or 'cultural theory', they derive from the work of Durkheim in the 1880s and 1900s and develop the insights of the anthropologist Mary Douglas and her followers from the 1960s on. First redefined within social and cultural anthropology, the theory's influence is shown in recent years to have permeated all the main disciplines of social science with substantial implications for politics, history, business, work and organizations, the environment, technology and risk, and crime and consumption. Today, the institutional theory of culture now rivals the rational choice, Weberian and postmodern outlooks in influence across the social sciences. |
| what was the ruf: Charles Taylor and Liberia Colin M. Waugh, 2011-10-13 Campaigner, insurgent, fugitive, rebel commander, commodity kingpin, elected president, exile and finally prisoner, Charles Taylor sought to lead his country to change but instead ignited a conflict which destroyed Liberia in over a decade of violence, greed and personal ambition. Taylor's takeover threw much of the neigbouring region into turmoil, until he was finally brought to face justice in The Hague for his role in Sierra Leone's civil war. In this remarkable and eye-opening book, Colin Waugh draws on a variety of sources, testimonies and original interviews - including with Taylor himself - to recount the story of what really happened during these turbulent years. In doing so, he examines both the life of Charles Taylor, as well as the often self-interested efforts of the international community to first save Liberia from disaster, then, having failed to do so, to bring to justice the man it deems most to blame for its disintegration. |
| what was the ruf: America's Covert Warriors Shawn Engbrecht, 2010-12-31 Private military contractors, especially those in Iraq, have taken on far more than their original mandates required. Initially intended for combat support, they have become full-fledged warriors, many with little experience, scant oversight, and no accountability to the rules of engagement that constrain the U.S. military and coalition forces. When the occupation of Iraq turned into a fight against an insurgency, overwhelming U.S. and coalition military forces, the demand for private military contractors skyrocketed in 2003 and 2004. The explosive growth of such firms as Blackwater, Crescent, and others resulted in a relaxation of recruitment standards at precisely the same time that the U.S. military's own standards of recruitment began to falter, but the standards for private military contractors fell much further and faster. The predictable result included excessive civilian casualties, a human tragedy whose full dimensions have yet to be seen by the American public. Shawn Engbrecht has been training and recruiting private military contractors for more than a decade. Acknowledging that some private military contractors are out of control, he argues that the oft-made suggestion to fire them all is not the solution. Instead, Engbrecht contends that with proper training and development of recruits, along with enforceable regulation and oversight, private security companies can be successfully integrated into a total force package with a professional operational staff. |
| what was the ruf: Operation Relentless Damien Lewis, 2017-05-18 'The Night Manager meets Narcos' Saul David 'To catch this criminal took incredible courage and skill. This is James Bond meets Jason Bourne' Bear Grylls 'This is the book that warned us years before the Ukraine invasion about the power and reach of Moscow's Merchants of Death... Should be on the bookshelf of every Western anti-narcotics officer and not a few spies. No cliché this time - this is truth which really does trump fiction' Euan Grant, UK former intelligence analyst for ex-Soviet states. Russian billionaire Viktor Bout was the world's foremost arms dealer. Known as the 'Merchant of Death' he was both Public Enemy No. 1 to the global intelligence agencies who hunted him and a ruthless criminal worth a fortune. He was also a former KGB officer and a tool of the Kremlin. For decades Bout had eluded capture, building up a labyrinthine network of airlines rushing weapons to dictators, rebels, despots and terror groups worldwide. An enemy of the free nations of the world and a top global sanctions buster, Bout was hunted by MI6, INTERPOL, the CIA, the NSA and more. Holed up in Moscow - from where he masterminded the sale of anything from AK47s to state-of-the-art helicopter gunships and anti-aircraft missiles - he was shielded by a Russian state that was a partner in his dark dealings. In short, Bout appeared utterly invulnerable and beyond hope of capture. Step forward former SAS man Mike Snow, AKA 'The Bear'. After serving in the world's most famous special forces unit, Snow had worked as a bush pilot in war-torn Africa, where he'd got to know Bout well. Via a secretive, shadow network, Snow was approached by the US Drugs Enforcement Agency. The DEA agents had one question for him: was Snow able to get Bout - the Lord of War? This is the incredible tale of OPERATION RELENTLESS, the top-secret mission masterminded by Snow and a handful of DEA operatives - a manhunt that ranges from the steamy jungles of Colombia to the ice-bound streets of Moscow, and from horrific bloodshed and tyranny in Afghanistan to a snatch operation like no other. Based upon the first hand testimonies of those who were there, award-winning author Damien Lewis reveals a story that reads like an impossible thriller, but every word is true |
| what was the ruf: Political Handbook of the World 2022-2023 Tom Lansford, Jorge Brown, 2023 With more in-depth coverage of current political controversies than any other reference guide, Political Handbook of the World 2022-2023 is the most authoritative source for finding complete facts and analysis on each countrys governmental and political makeup. |
| what was the ruf: A New Perspective on Governance, Leadership, Conflict and Nation Building in Sierra Leone Solomon E. Berewa, 2011 Sierra Leone is in her final phase of a Post-civil War rebuilding after twelve years of what has been dubbed one of the most devastating civil conflicts in Modern African History. Since the advent and end of the conflict a lot has been written in the forms of documentaries, reportages, commentaries, satires and academic textbooks by journalists, academics, politicians, former heads of state and political analysts. However, this book- `A New Perspective On Governance, Leadership, Conflict and Nation Building in Sierra Leone.', is different. It presents a new outlook in the sense that it is incisive, analytical, honest, educative and thought-provoking at the same time. The key message that runs through the veins of the theme is state renewal informed by new thinking spectacles that efficiently configure the manner in which the management of state leadership and governance is articulated for the benefits of the common good. The author, Solomon E. Berewa was one of the key actors- Chief Government Negotiator and stakeholder of the peace deals in his capacity as Minister of Justice and Attorney General and Vice President of the Republic of Sierra Leone. He has written this masterpiece authoritatively by throwing fresh lights on the serious political issues and questions which have blurred the significance of the past and the present. Like any sincere agent of nation building, after a traumatic experience such as the one Sierra Leone went through, the rationale of the author is to build bridges across the board, political spectrums. In his estimation, it is only by looking into the past with open mind and sincerity, learn tangible lessons and act on them meticulously, that nations can be in position to surmount current challenges for the good and durability of a better tomorrow. Post-war Sierra Leone needs to have faith in this philosophy and crown it as the cornerstone in this crucial period of political and socio-economic renewal. |
| what was the ruf: Violent Environments Nancy Lee Peluso, Michael Watts, 2001 Do environmental problems and processes produce violence? Current U.S. policy about environmental conflict and scholarly work on environmental security assume direct causal links between population growth, resource scarcity, and violence. This belief, a staple of governmental decision-making during both Clinton administrations and widely held in the environmental security field, depends on particular assumptions about the nature of the state, the role of population growth, and the causes of environmental degradation.The conventional understanding of environmental security, and its assumptions about the relation between violence and the environment, are challenged and refuted in Violent Environments. Chapters by geographers, historians, anthropologists, and sociologists include accounts of ethnic war in Indonesia, petro-violence in Nigeria and Ecuador, wildlife conservation in Tanzania, and friendly fire at Russia's nuclear weapons sites. Violent Environments portrays violence as a site-specific phenomenon rooted in local histories and societies, yet connected to larger processes of material transformation and power relations. The authors argue that specific resource environments, including tropical forests and oil reserves, and environmental processes (such as deforestation, conservation, or resource abundance) are constituted by and in part constitute the political economy of access to and control over resources. Violent Environments demands new approaches to an international set of complex problems, powerfully arguing for deeper, more ethnographically informed analyses of the circumstances and processes that cause violence. |
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