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| what is relative fitness: Principles of Biology Lisa Bartee, Walter Shiner, Catherine Creech, 2017 The Principles of Biology sequence (BI 211, 212 and 213) introduces biology as a scientific discipline for students planning to major in biology and other science disciplines. Laboratories and classroom activities introduce techniques used to study biological processes and provide opportunities for students to develop their ability to conduct research. |
| what is relative fitness: Recent Advances and Trends in Nonparametric Statistics M.G. Akritas, D.N. Politis, 2003-10-31 The advent of high-speed, affordable computers in the last two decades has given a new boost to the nonparametric way of thinking. Classical nonparametric procedures, such as function smoothing, suddenly lost their abstract flavour as they became practically implementable. In addition, many previously unthinkable possibilities became mainstream; prime examples include the bootstrap and resampling methods, wavelets and nonlinear smoothers, graphical methods, data mining, bioinformatics, as well as the more recent algorithmic approaches such as bagging and boosting. This volume is a collection of short articles - most of which having a review component - describing the state-of-the art of Nonparametric Statistics at the beginning of a new millennium.Key features:• algorithic approaches • wavelets and nonlinear smoothers • graphical methods and data mining • biostatistics and bioinformatics • bagging and boosting • support vector machines • resampling methods |
| what is relative fitness: Ecotoxicology Michael C. Newman, William H. Clements, 2007-12-13 A unique presentation that unifies the field, this book brings together concepts and information about contaminant effects at all levels of the biological hierarchy. Beginning at the biomolecular level, this book builds progressively toward a discussion of effects to the global biosphere. Emphasizing ecological components and fundamental paradigms, the authors strike a balance between the presentation of details relevant at each level and the integration of phenomena and processes among levels. A milestone in the field, the book is suitable for graduate courses, as well as a reference for professionals in the field. |
| what is relative fitness: Introduction to Population Biology Dick Neal, 2004 Provides a quantitative and Darwinian perspective on population biology, with problem sets, simulations and worked examples to aid the student. |
| what is relative fitness: Evolution in Action: Past, Present and Future Wolfgang Banzhaf, Betty H.C. Cheng, Kalyanmoy Deb, Kay E. Holekamp, Richard E. Lenski, Charles Ofria, Robert T. Pennock, William F. Punch, Danielle J. Whittaker, 2020-08-19 This edited research monograph brings together contributions from computer scientists, biologists, and engineers who are engaged with the study of evolution and how it may be applied to solve real-world problems. It also serves as a Festschrift dedicated to Erik D. Goodman, the founding director of the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action, a pioneering NSF Science and Technology Center headquartered at Michigan State University. The contributing authors are leading experts associated with the center, and they serve in top research and industrial establishments across the US and worldwide. Part I summarizes the history of the BEACON Center, with refreshingly personal chapters that describe Erik's working and leadership style, and others that discuss the development and successes of the center in the context of research funding, projects, and careers. The chapters in Part II deal with the evolution of genomes and evolvability. The contributions in Part III discuss the evolution of behavior and intelligence. Those in Part IV concentrate on the evolution of communities and collective dynamics. The chapters in Part V discuss selected evolutionary computing applications in domains such as arts and science, automated program repair, cybersecurity, mechatronics, and genomic prediction. Part VI deals with evolution in the classroom, using creativity in research, and responsible conduct in research training. The book concludes with a special chapter from Erik Goodman, a short biography that concentrates on his personal positive influences and experiences throughout his long career in academia and industry. |
| what is relative fitness: The Selfish Gene Richard Dawkins, 1989 Science need not be dull and bogged down by jargon, as Richard Dawkins proves in this entertaining look at evolution. The themes he takes up are the concepts of altruistic and selfish behaviour; the genetical definition of selfish interest; the evolution of aggressive behaviour; kinshiptheory; sex ratio theory; reciprocal altruism; deceit; and the natural selection of sex differences. 'Should be read, can be read by almost anyone. It describes with great skill a new face of the theory of evolution.' W.D. Hamilton, Science |
| what is relative fitness: Human Population Genetics John H. Relethford, 2012-03-27 Introductory guide to human population genetics and microevolutionary theory Providing an introduction to mathematical population genetics, Human Population Genetics gives basic background on the mechanisms of human microevolution. This text combines mathematics, biology, and anthropology and is best suited for advanced undergraduate and graduate study. Thorough and accessible, Human Population Genetics presents concepts and methods of population genetics specific to human population study, utilizing uncomplicated mathematics like high school algebra and basic concepts of probability to explain theories central to the field. By describing changes in the frequency of genetic variants from one generation to the next, this book hones in on the mathematical basis of evolutionary theory. Human Population Genetics includes: Helpful formulae for learning ease Graphs and analogies that make basic points and relate the evolutionary process to mathematical ideas Glossary terms marked in boldface within the book the first time they appear In-text citations that act as reference points for further research Exemplary case studies Topics such as Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, inbreeding, mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, and gene flow Human Population Genetics solidifies knowledge learned in introductory biological anthropology or biology courses and makes it applicable to genetic study. NOTE: errata for the first edition can be found at the author's website: http://employees.oneonta.edu/relethjh/HPG/errata.pdf |
| what is relative fitness: Darwinian Dynamics Richard E. Michod, 2021-01-12 The concept of fitness has long been a topic of intense debate among evolutionary biologists and their critics, with its definition and explanatory power coming under attack. In this book, Richard Michod offers a fresh, dynamical interpretation of evolution and fitness concepts. He argues that evolution has no enduring products; what matters is the process of genetic change. Whereas many biologists have focused on competition and aggression as determining factors in survival, Michod, by concentrating on the emergence of individuality at new and more complex levels, finds that cooperation plays even a greater role. Michod first considers the principles behind the hierarchically nested levels of organization that constitute life: genes, chromosomes, genomes, cells, multicellular organisms, and societies. By examining the evolutionary transitions from the molecular level up to the whole organism, the author explains how cooperation and conflict in a multilevel setting leads to new levels of fitness. He builds a model of fitness drawing on recent developments in ecology and multilevel selection theory and on new explanations of the origin of life. Michod concludes with a discussion of the philosophical implications of his theory of fitness, a theory that addresses the most fundamental and unique concept in all of biology. |
| what is relative fitness: Does Altruism Exist? David Sloan Wilson, 2015-03-01 David Sloan Wilson, one of the world’s leading evolutionists, addresses a question that has puzzled philosophers, psychologists, and evolutionary biologists for centuries: Does altruism exist naturally among the Earth’s creatures? The key to understanding the existence of altruism, Wilson argues, is by understanding the role it plays in the social organization of groups. Groups that function like organisms indubitably exist, and organisms evolved from groups. Evolutionists largely agree on how functionally organized groups evolve, ending decades of controversy, but the resolution casts altruism in a new light: altruism exists but shouldn’t necessarily occupy center stage in our understanding of social behavior. After laying a general theoretical foundation, Wilson surveys altruism and group-level functional organization in our own species—in religion, in economics, and in the rest of everyday life. He shows that altruism is not categorically good and can have pathological consequences. Finally, he shows how a social theory that goes beyond altruism by focusing on group function can help to improve the human condition in a practical sense. Does Altruism Exist? puts old controversies to rest and will become the center of debate for decades to come. |
| what is relative fitness: Fitness & Health Brian J. Sharkey, Steven E. Gaskill, 2013-02-25 The completely revised seventh edition of Fitness & Health offers a comprehensive understanding of the exercise–health relationship and provides a framework for attaining health and fitness goals. This one-stop handbook for students and fitness professionals explores the physiology and benefits of fitness while also providing information and tools for improving health and wellness. Authors Brian J. Sharkey and Steven E. Gaskill have 60 years of combined experience in the field, as evidenced in the depth of content and accessible style of writing. The book aims not only to educate but also to inspire the audience to put the suggested methods into practice and have a positive effect on their quality of life. Fitness & Health, Seventh Edition, includes fresh, new content and has been restructured to enhance the educational experience: • An entirely new chapter detailing behavior change, helping readers better understand the psychology of activity and how to modify individual behaviors using documented strategies · A revised chapter on the physiology of fitness to help readers grasp the science behind aerobic and muscular fitness • Proven methods for achieving aerobic and muscular fitness, plus strategies for exercising in high heat and humidity, extreme cold, high altitude, and environments with low air quality • New information on physical activity and brain health that shows how an active life improves learning, higher-order brain processes, and academic achievement • A detailed explanation of the Exercise is Medicine movement that highlights the benefits of regular physical activity in terms of improving quality of life and reducing health risks Students will excel with chapter summaries of content for easier review and tables and figures that organize information for quick reference. The seventh edition also includes special elements to highlight interesting content on health and fitness, including important health behaviors, testing procedures, and proven fitness programs. In addition, instructors benefit from the inclusion of new ancillaries containing an instructor guide complete with lab activities, a test package, and a presentation package plus image bank. With Fitness & Health, students learn the body’s response to exercise and acquire strategies for motivating themselves or others to commit to an active and healthy life. The book explains how the body responds to physical activity; why physical activity is beneficial to health; and how physical activity can help people increase aerobic and muscular fitness, achieve and maintain a healthy weight, enhance performance in work and sport, and improve vitality. |
| what is relative fitness: The Principles of Biology Herbert Spencer, 1898 |
| what is relative fitness: Natural Selection in the Wild. (MPB-21), Volume 21 John A. Endler, 2020-03-31 Natural selection is an immense and important subject, yet there have been few attempts to summarize its effects on natural populations, and fewer still which discuss the problems of working with natural selection in the wild. These are the purposes of John Endler's book. In it, he discusses the methods and problems involved in the demonstration and measurement of natural selection, presents the critical evidence for its existence, and places it in an evolutionary perspective. Professor Endler finds that there are a remarkable number of direct demonstrations of selection in a wide variety of animals and plants. The distribution of observed magnitudes of selection in natural populations is surprisingly broad, and it overlaps extensively the range of values found in artificial selection. He argues that the common assumption that selection is usually weak in natural populations is no longer tenable, but that natural selection is only one component of the process of evolution; natural selection can explain the change of frequencies of variants, but not their origins. |
| what is relative fitness: Genetic Programming Maarten Keijzer, Andrea Tettamanzi, Pierre Collet, Jano van Hemert, Marco Tomassini, 2005-03-21 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 8th European Conference on Genetic Programming, EuroGP 2005, held in Lausanne, Switzerland in March/April 2005. The 20 revised plenary papers and 14 revised poster papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 64 submissions. Some of the papers deal with foundational, theoretical, or methodological aspects of genetic programming; others focus on applications in various areas, such as computer science, engineering, language processing, biology, and computational design, demonstrating that genetic programming is a powerful and practical problem solving tool. |
| what is relative fitness: Fungicide Resistance and Relative Fitness of Penicillium Species Pathogenic to Citrus Fruit Gerald John Holmes, 1994 |
| what is relative fitness: Fundamentals of Evolutionary Genetics Masroor Elahi Babar, Muhammad Ashraf, 2025-05-06 This book very carefully explains the fundamental processes of evolutionary genetics such as mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation. It discusses the role of these concepts in evolution and what the consequences are of their overacting and depressive behavior. It gives an up-to-date overview of the studies on Evolutionary Genetics and the fundamentals of the relationships between genetics and evolution irrespective of the environment organisms inhabit. Further discussion can be found on the structure of genetics, theories of Darwin and Mendel, evolutionary mechanisms, and genetics and species formation, gene flow, phenotypic evolution, behavioral genetics, genetics and developmental evolution, genetic manipulation, and control of convergent evolution, theory of adaptation in animals and transmission of adaptive changes to the next generation, possible variations in natural populations and their causes, and finally the origin of new genes and their impacts on evolutionary process and phenotypic expressions. |
| what is relative fitness: Keywords in Evolutionary Biology Evelyn Fox Keller, Elisabeth Anne Lloyd, 1992 In science, more than elsewhere, a word is expected to mean what it says, nothing more, nothing less. But scientific discourse is neither different nor separable from ordinary language--meanings are multiple, ambiguities ubiquitous. Keywords in Evolutionary Biology grapples with this problem in a field especially prone to the confusion engendered by semantic imprecision. Written by historians, philosophers, and biologists--including, among others, Stephen Jay Gould, Diane Paul, John Beatty, Robert Richards, Richard Lewontin, David Sloan Wilson, Peter Bowler, and Richard Dawkins--these essays identify and explicate those terms in evolutionary biology which, though commonly used, are plagues by multiple concurrent and historically varying meanings. By clarifying these terms in their many guises, the editors Evelyn Fox Keller and Elisabeth Lloyd hope to focus attention on major scholarly problems in the field--problems sometimes obscured, sometimes reveals, and sometimes even created by the use of such equivocal words. Competition, adaptation, and fitness, for instance, are among the terms whose multiple meaning have led to more than merely semantic debates in evolutionary biology. Exploring the complexity of keywords and clarifying their role in prominent issues in the field, this book will prove invaluable to scientists and philosophers trying to come to terms with evolutionary theory; it will also serve as a useful guide to future research into the way in which scientific language works. |
| what is relative fitness: Genetic Programming John R. Koza, 1992 In this ground-breaking book, John Koza shows how this remarkable paradigm works and provides substantial empirical evidence that solutions to a great variety of problems from many different fields can be found by genetically breeding populations of computer programs. Genetic programming may be more powerful than neural networks and other machine learning techniques, able to solve problems in a wider range of disciplines. In this ground-breaking book, John Koza shows how this remarkable paradigm works and provides substantial empirical evidence that solutions to a great variety of problems from many different fields can be found by genetically breeding populations of computer programs. Genetic Programming contains a great many worked examples and includes a sample computer code that will allow readers to run their own programs.In getting computers to solve problems without being explicitly programmed, Koza stresses two points: that seemingly different problems from a variety of fields can be reformulated as problems of program induction, and that the recently developed genetic programming paradigm provides a way to search the space of possible computer programs for a highly fit individual computer program to solve the problems of program induction. Good programs are found by evolving them in a computer against a fitness measure instead of by sitting down and writing them. |
| what is relative fitness: Genetics Fundamentals Notes Debasish Kar, Sagartirtha Sarkar, 2022-10-06 This up-to-date and comprehensive textbook is essential reading material for advanced undergraduate and graduate students with a course module in genetics and developmental biology. The book provides clear, concise, and rigorous foundational concepts of genetics. It opens with an introductory chapter that provides an overview of genetics. The book includes separate and detailed sections on classical genetics, molecular genetics, and population genetics. It covers basic and foundational principles such as Mendelian genetics, chromosomal theory, transcription, translation, mutation, and gene regulation. It further includes chapters on advanced topics such as molecular genetic techniques, genomics, and applied molecular genetics. The concluding section includes chapters on population genetics, developmental genetics, and evolutionary genetics. The chapters are written by authors with in-depth knowledge of the field. The book is replete with interesting examples, case studies, questions and suggested reading. It is useful to students and course instructors in the field of human genetics, developmental biology, life sciences, and biotechnology. It is also meant for researchers who wish to further their understanding about the fundamental concepts of genetics. |
| what is relative fitness: Human Population Genetics and Genomics Alan R. Templeton, 2018-11-08 Human Population Genetics and Genomics provides researchers/students with knowledge on population genetics and relevant statistical approaches to help them become more effective users of modern genetic, genomic and statistical tools. In-depth chapters offer thorough discussions of systems of mating, genetic drift, gene flow and subdivided populations, human population history, genotype and phenotype, detecting selection, units and targets of natural selection, adaptation to temporally and spatially variable environments, selection in age-structured populations, and genomics and society. As human genetics and genomics research often employs tools and approaches derived from population genetics, this book helps users understand the basic principles of these tools. In addition, studies often employ statistical approaches and analysis, so an understanding of basic statistical theory is also needed. - Comprehensively explains the use of population genetics and genomics in medical applications and research - Discusses the relevance of population genetics and genomics to major social issues, including race and the dangers of modern eugenics proposals - Provides an overview of how population genetics and genomics helps us understand where we came from as a species and how we evolved into who we are now |
| what is relative fitness: Control of Metabolic Processes Athel Cornish-Bowden, Maria Luz Cárdenas, 2013-11-22 THIS BOOK collects together papers given at a NATO Advanced Research Workshop held at Il Ciocco (Lucca), Italy, from the 9th to the 15th April, 1989. It sets out to present the current state of understanding of the principles governing the way fluxes and concentrations are maintained and controlled in metabolic systems. Although this is a topic that has held the interest of biochemists for many years, it is only quite recently that the methods of analysing the kinetics of multi-enzyme pathways developed over the past two decades have come to be widely discussed or applied experimentally. Many biochemists remain sceptical that the new methods offer a real advance (except in complexity) over the landmark discoveries of the 1950s and 1960s relating to inhibition of enzymes at branch-points by the end products of metabolic pathways, and the interpretation of allosteric effects and cooperativity. Even those who have become convinced that the classical ideas provide only the starting point for understanding metabolic control have been by no means unanimous in their assess ment of the direction in which one should advance. In this book we have tried to include all of the current points of view, including the view that the classical theories tell us all that we need to know. We have not seen it as our role as editors to paper over the cracks that exist and to pretend that we can speak to the world with one voice. |
| what is relative fitness: Influenza Virus Yohei Yamauchi, Maria João Amorim, 2025-01-31 This fully updated volume presents protocols crucial for contemporary influenza virus research, placing a special emphasis on the latest advancements in imaging technologies, including super-resolution microscopy, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), freeze replica electron microscopy, and high-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition to covering traditional methods like virus purification, this edition introduces innovative approaches for visualizing molecular interactions between viral proteins and host proteins, methods for developing physiological cell culture models and animal models, as well as concepts concerning the prediction of viral evolution and the utilization of artificial intelligence in infection biology research. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and up-to-date, Influenza Virus: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition serves as an ideal guide for researchers looking to deepen our understanding of the intricate interplay between viruses and host cells. |
| what is relative fitness: Analog Circuits and Systems Optimization based on Evolutionary Computation Techniques Manuel Barros, Jorge Guilherme, Nuno Horta, 2010-04-13 The microelectronics market, with special emphasis to the production of complex mixed-signal systems-on-chip (SoC), is driven by three main dynamics, time-- market, productivity and managing complexity. Pushed by the progress in na- meter technology, the design teams are facing a curve of complexity that grows exponentially, thereby slowing down the productivity design rate. Analog design automation tools are not developing at the same pace of technology, once custom design, characterized by decisions taken at each step of the analog design flow, - lies most of the time on designer knowledge and expertise. Actually, the use of - sign management platforms, like the Cadences Virtuoso platform, with a set of - tegrated CAD tools and database facilities to deal with the design transformations from the system level to the physical implementation, can significantly speed-up the design process and enhance the productivity of analog/mixed-signal integrated circuit (IC) design teams. These design management platforms are a valuable help in analog IC design but they are still far behind the development stage of design automation tools already available for digital design. Therefore, the development of new CAD tools and design methodologies for analog and mixed-signal ICs is ess- tial to increase the designer’s productivity and reduce design productivitygap. The work presented in this book describes a new design automation approach to the problem of sizing analog ICs. |
| what is relative fitness: Handbook of Statistical Genetics David J. Balding, Martin Bishop, Chris Cannings, 2008-06-10 The Handbook for Statistical Genetics is widely regarded as the reference work in the field. However, the field has developed considerably over the past three years. In particular the modeling of genetic networks has advanced considerably via the evolution of microarray analysis. As a consequence the 3rd edition of the handbook contains a much expanded section on Network Modeling, including 5 new chapters covering metabolic networks, graphical modeling and inference and simulation of pedigrees and genealogies. Other chapters new to the 3rd edition include Human Population Genetics, Genome-wide Association Studies, Family-based Association Studies, Pharmacogenetics, Epigenetics, Ethic and Insurance. As with the second Edition, the Handbook includes a glossary of terms, acronyms and abbreviations, and features extensive cross-referencing between the chapters, tying the different areas together. With heavy use of up-to-date examples, real-life case studies and references to web-based resources, this continues to be must-have reference in a vital area of research. Edited by the leading international authorities in the field. David Balding - Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, Imperial College An advisor for our Probability & Statistics series, Professor Balding is also a previous Wiley author, having written Weight-of-Evidence for Forensic DNA Profiles, as well as having edited the two previous editions of HSG. With over 20 years teaching experience, he’s also had dozens of articles published in numerous international journals. Martin Bishop – Head of the Bioinformatics Division at the HGMP Resource Centre As well as the first two editions of HSG, Dr Bishop has edited a number of introductory books on the application of informatics to molecular biology and genetics. He is the Associate Editor of the journal Bioinformatics and Managing Editor of Briefings in Bioinformatics. Chris Cannings – Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield With over 40 years teaching in the area, Professor Cannings has published over 100 papers and is on the editorial board of many related journals. Co-editor of the two previous editions of HSG, he also authored a book on this topic. |
| what is relative fitness: Forward-Time Population Genetics Simulations Bo Peng, Marek Kimmel, Christopher I. Amos, 2012-01-25 The only book available in the area of forward-time population genetics simulations—applicable to both biomedical and evolutionary studies The rapid increase of the power of personal computers has led to the use of serious forward-time simulation programs in genetic studies. Forward-Time Population Genetics Simulations presents both new and commonly used methods, and introduces simuPOP, a powerful and flexible new program that can be used to simulate arbitrary evolutionary processes with unique features like customized chromosome types, arbitrary nonrandom mating schemes, virtual subpopulations, information fields, and Python operators. The book begins with an overview of important concepts and models, then goes on to show how simuPOP can simulate a number of standard population genetics models—with the goal of demonstrating the impact of genetic factors such as mutation, selection, and recombination on standard Wright-Fisher models. The rest of the book is devoted to applications of forward-time simulations in various research topics. Forward-Time Population Genetics Simulations includes: An overview of currently available forward-time simulation methods, their advantages, and shortcomings An overview and evaluation of currently available software A simuPOP tutorial Applications in population genetics Applications in genetic epidemiology, statistical genetics, and mapping complex human diseases The only book of its kind in the field today, Forward-Time Population Genetics Simulations will appeal to researchers and students of population and statistical genetics. |
| what is relative fitness: Biological Science Jon Scott, Anne Goodenough, Gus Cameron, Dawn Hawkins, Martin Luck, Jenny Koenig, Alison Snape, Despo Papachristodoulou, Kay Yeoman, Mark Goodwin, 2022 A fresh approach to biology centred on a clear narrative, active learning, and confidence with quantitative concepts and scientific enquiry. Spanning the breadth of biological science and designed for flexible learning, it will give you a deeper understanding of the key concepts, and an appreciation of biology as a dynamic experimental science. |
| what is relative fitness: Population Genetics Matthew B. Hamilton, 2011-09-23 This book aims to make population genetics approachable, logical and easily understood. To achieve these goals, the book’s design emphasizes well explained introductions to key principles and predictions. These are augmented with case studies as well as illustrations along with introductions to classical hypotheses and debates. Pedagogical features in the text include: Interact boxes that guide readers step-by-step through computer simulations using public domain software. Math boxes that fully explain mathematical derivations. Methods boxes that give insight into the use of actual genetic data. Numerous Problem boxes are integrated into the text to reinforce concepts as they are encountered. Dedicated website at www.wiley.com/go/hamiltongenetics This text also offers a highly accessible introduction to coalescent theory, the major conceptual advance in population genetics of the last two decades. |
| what is relative fitness: Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior , 2019-01-21 Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Second Edition, Four Volume Set the latest update since the 2010 release, builds upon the solid foundation established in the first edition. Updated sections include Host-parasite interactions, Vertebrate social behavior, and the introduction of ‘overview essays’ that boost the book's comprehensive detail. The structure for the work is modified to accommodate a better grouping of subjects. Some chapters have been reshuffled, with section headings combined or modified. Represents a one-stop resource for scientifically reliable information on animal behavior Provides comparative approaches, including the perspective of evolutionary biologists, physiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists and psychologists Includes multimedia features in the online version that offer accessible tools to readers looking to deepen their understanding |
| what is relative fitness: Emergent Trends in Robotics and Intelligent Systems Peter Sinčák, Pitoyo Hartono, Mária Virčíková, Ján Vaščák, Rudolf Jakša, 2014-10-03 What is the Role of Intelligent Technologies in the Next Generation of Robots ? This monograph gives answers to this question and presents emergent trends of Intelligent Systems and Robotics. After an introductory chapter celebrating 70 year of publishing the McCulloch Pitts model the book consists of the 2 parts „Robotics“ and „Intelligent Systems“. The aim of the book is to contribute to shift conventional robotics in which the robots perform repetitive, pre-programmed tasks to its intelligent form, where robots possess new cognitive skills with ability to learn and adapt to changing environment. A main focus is on Intelligent Systems, which show notable achievements in solving various problems in intelligent robotics. The book presents current trends and future directions bringing together Robotics and Computational Intelligence. The contributions include widespread experimental and theoretical results on intelligent robotics such as e.g. autonomous robotics, new robotic platforms, or talking robots. |
| what is relative fitness: Computational Intelligence Andries P. Engelbrecht, 2007-10-22 Computational Intelligence: An Introduction, Second Edition offers an in-depth exploration into the adaptive mechanisms that enable intelligent behaviour in complex and changing environments. The main focus of this text is centred on the computational modelling of biological and natural intelligent systems, encompassing swarm intelligence, fuzzy systems, artificial neutral networks, artificial immune systems and evolutionary computation. Engelbrecht provides readers with a wide knowledge of Computational Intelligence (CI) paradigms and algorithms; inviting readers to implement and problem solve real-world, complex problems within the CI development framework. This implementation framework will enable readers to tackle new problems without any difficulty through a single Java class as part of the CI library. Key features of this second edition include: A tutorial, hands-on based presentation of the material. State-of-the-art coverage of the most recent developments in computational intelligence with more elaborate discussions on intelligence and artificial intelligence (AI). New discussion of Darwinian evolution versus Lamarckian evolution, also including swarm robotics, hybrid systems and artificial immune systems. A section on how to perform empirical studies; topics including statistical analysis of stochastic algorithms, and an open source library of CI algorithms. Tables, illustrations, graphs, examples, assignments, Java code implementing the algorithms, and a complete CI implementation and experimental framework. Computational Intelligence: An Introduction, Second Edition is essential reading for third and fourth year undergraduate and postgraduate students studying CI. The first edition has been prescribed by a number of overseas universities and is thus a valuable teaching tool. In addition, it will also be a useful resource for researchers in Computational Intelligence and Artificial Intelligence, as well as engineers, statisticians, operational researchers, and bioinformaticians with an interest in applying AI or CI to solve problems in their domains. Check out http://www.ci.cs.up.ac.za for examples, assignments and Java code implementing the algorithms. |
| what is relative fitness: Evolutionary Biomechanics Graham Taylor, Adrian Thomas, 2014-01-02 Evolutionary biomechanics is the study of evolution through the analysis of biomechanical systems. Its unique advantage is the precision with which physical constraints and performance can be predicted from first principles. Instead of reviewing the entire breadth of the biomechanical literature, a few key examples are explored in depth as vehicles for discussing fundamental concepts, analytical techniques, and evolutionary theory. Each chapter develops a conceptual theme, developing the underlying theory and techniques required for analyses in evolutionary biomechanics. Examples from terrestrial biomechanics, metabolic scaling, and bird flight are used to analyse how physics constrains the design space that natural selection is free to explore, and how adaptive evolution finds solutions to the trade-offs between multiple complex conflicting performance objectives. Evolutionary Biomechanics is suitable for graduate level students and professional researchers in the fields of biomechanics, physiology, evolutionary biology and palaeontology. It will also be of relevance and use to researchers in the physical sciences and engineering. |
| what is relative fitness: 40 Years of Evolution Peter R. Grant, B. Rosemary Grant, 2014-04-06 An important look at a groundbreaking forty-year study of Darwin's finches Renowned evolutionary biologists Peter and Rosemary Grant have produced landmark studies of the Galápagos finches first made famous by Charles Darwin. In How and Why Species Multiply, they offered a complete evolutionary history of Darwin's finches since their origin almost three million years ago. Now, in their richly illustrated new book, 40 Years of Evolution, the authors turn their attention to events taking place on a contemporary scale. By continuously tracking finch populations over a period of four decades, they uncover the causes and consequences of significant events leading to evolutionary changes in species. The authors used a vast and unparalleled range of ecological, behavioral, and genetic data—including song recordings, DNA analyses, and feeding and breeding behavior—to measure changes in finch populations on the small island of Daphne Major in the Galápagos archipelago. They find that natural selection happens repeatedly, that finches hybridize and exchange genes rarely, and that they compete for scarce food in times of drought, with the remarkable result that the finch populations today differ significantly in average beak size and shape from those of forty years ago. The authors' most spectacular discovery is the initiation and establishment of a new lineage that now behaves as a new species, differing from others in size, song, and other characteristics. The authors emphasize the immeasurable value of continuous long-term studies of natural populations and of critical opportunities for detecting and understanding rare but significant events. By following the fates of finches for several generations, 40 Years of Evolution offers unparalleled insights into ecological and evolutionary changes in natural environments. |
| what is relative fitness: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations Ilkka A. Hanski, Oscar E. Gaggiotti, 2004-05-17 Ecology, Genetics and Evolution of Metapopulations is acollection of specially commissioned articles that looks at fragmented habitats, bringing together recent theoretical advances and empirical studies applying the metapopulation approach. Several chapters closely integrate ecology with genetics and evolutionary biology, and others illustrate how metapopulation concepts and models can be applied to answer questions about conservation, epidemiology, and speciation. The extensive coverage of theory from highly regarded scientists and the many substantive applications in this one-of-a-kind work make it invaluable to graduate students and researchers in a wide range of disciplines. - Provides a comprehensive and authoritative account of all aspects of metapopulation biology, integrating ecology, genetics, and evolution - Developed by recognized experts, including Hanski who won the Balzan Prize for Ecological Sciences - Covers novel applications of the metapopulation approach to conservation |
| what is relative fitness: Microbial Life History Steven A. Frank, 2022-08-16 A powerful framework for understanding how natural selection shapes adaptation and biological design Design and diversity are the two great challenges in the study of life. Microbial Life History draws on the latest advances in microbiology to describe the fundamental forces of biological design and apply these evolutionary processes to a broad diversity of traits in microbial metabolism and biochemistry. Emphasizing how to formulate and test hypotheses of adaptation, Steven Frank provides a new foundation for exploring the evolutionary forces of design. He discusses the economic principles of marginal valuations, trade-offs, and payoffs in risky and random environments; the social aspects of conflict and cooperation; the demographic aspects of age and spatial heterogeneity; and the engineering control theory principles by which systems adjust to environments. Frank then applies these evolutionary principles to the biochemistry of microbial metabolism, providing the first comprehensive link between the forces that shape biological design and cellular energetics. Tracing how natural selection sculpts metabolism, Microbial Life History provides new perspectives on the life histories of organisms, from growth rate and survival to dispersal and defense against attack. Along the way, this incisive book addresses the conceptual and philosophical challenges confronting evolutionary biologists and other practitioners who study biological design and seek to apply its lessons. |
| what is relative fitness: Evolution Illuminated Andrew P. Hendry, Stephen C. Stearns, 2004 This work gives a critical overview on the evolution and population biology of salmon and their relatives. It should appeal to investigators in each of the scientific disciplines it integrates - evolutionary biology, ecology, salmonid biology, management and conservation. Variation in salmonids can be used to illustrate virtually all evolution. |
| what is relative fitness: Forest Genetics Timothy L. White, W. T. Adams, David B. Neale, 2007 This book, which contains 20 chapters, integrates the varied subdisciplines of genetics and their applications in gene conservation, tree improvement and biotechnology. Topics covered include: genetic variation in natural forests, the application of genetics in tree improvement and breeding programmes, and genomic sequences and molecular technologies. This book will be a valuable resource for students, scientists and professionals in the plant sciences, especially forest geneticists, tree breeders, forest managers and other natural resource specialists. |
| what is relative fitness: Mathematical Models in Biology Elizabeth S. Allman, John A. Rhodes, 2003-10-13 This introductory textbook on mathematical biology focuses on discrete models across a variety of biological subdisciplines. Biological topics treated include linear and non-linear models of populations, Markov models of molecular evolution, phylogenetic tree construction, genetics, and infectious disease models. The coverage of models of molecular evolution and phylogenetic tree construction from DNA sequence data is unique among books at this level. Computer investigations with MATLAB are incorporated throughout, in both exercises and more extensive projects, to give readers hands-on experience with the mathematical models developed. MATLAB programs accompany the text. Mathematical tools, such as matrix algebra, eigenvector analysis, and basic probability, are motivated by biological models and given self-contained developments, so that mathematical prerequisites are minimal. |
| what is relative fitness: Genetic Structure and Local Adaptation in Natural Insect Populations Susan Mopper, Sharon Y. Strauss, 2013-04-17 Providing an essential foundation for evolutionary theory, this comprehensive volume examines patterns of genetic variation within natural insect populations, and explores the underlying mechanisms that lead to the genetic divergence of coexisting organisms. In particular, the text investigates current research on finescale genetic structure in natural insect populations. Internationally renowned scientists offer a wealth of current information not previously published. Part I present case studies of adaptive genetic structure in natural insect populations, including a critical discussion of the strenghts and weaknesses of the experimental methods employed. Part II addresses the ecological mechanisms that produce adaptive genetic structure in natural insect populations. Part III describes how behavioral and life-history patterns influence genetic structure. Finally, Part IV combines theoretical and empirical approaches linking genetic structure at the population level with larger-scale patterns of variation, such as host race formation and speciation. This broad-ranging, interdisciplinary source of information supplies a thorough examination of the mechanisms that promote and impede genetic structure in natural insect populations. It is a book that will be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students, and to researchers in the fields of ecology, evolution, insect and plant systems, entomology, and population genetics. |
| what is relative fitness: Antibiotics Claudio O. Gualerzi, Letizia Brandi, Attilio Fabbretti, Cynthia L. Pon, 2013-09-05 Most of the antibiotics now in use have been discovered more or less by chance, and their mechanisms of action have only been elucidated after their discovery. To meet the medical need for next-generation antibiotics, a more rational approach to antibiotic development is clearly needed. Opening with a general introduction about antimicrobial drugs, their targets and the problem of antibiotic resistance, this reference systematically covers currently known antibiotic classes, their molecular mechanisms and the targets on which they act. Novel targets such as cell signaling networks, riboswitches and bacterial chaperones are covered here, alongside the latest information on the molecular mechanisms of current blockbuster antibiotics. With its broad overview of current and future antibacterial drug development, this unique reference is essential reading for anyone involved in the development and therapeutic application of novel antibiotics. |
| what is relative fitness: Population Genetics John H. Gillespie, 2004-08-06 Publisher Description |
| what is relative fitness: Evolutionary Genetics Charles W. Fox, Jason B. Wolf, 2006-04-27 Charles Fox and Jason Wolf have brought together leading researchers to produce a cutting-edge primer introducing readers to the major concepts in modern evolutionary genetics. This book spans the continuum of scale, from studies of DNA sequence evolution through proteins and development to multivariate phenotypic evolution, and the continuum of time, from ancient events that lead to current species diversity to the rapid evolution seen over relatively short time scales in experimental evolution studies. Chapters are accessible to an audience lacking extensive background in evolutionaryy genetics but also current and in-depth enough to be of value to established researchers in evolution biology. |
RELATIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of RELATIVE is a word referring grammatically to an antecedent. How to use relative in a sentence.
RELATIVE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
RELATIVE definition: 1. a member of your family: 2. being judged or measured in comparison with something else: 3…. Learn more.
Relative - definition of relative by The Free Dictionary
1. having meaning or significance only in relation to something else; not absolute: a relative value. 2. (prenominal) (of a scientific quantity) being measured or stated relative to some other …
RELATIVE - Definition & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
Discover everything about the word "RELATIVE" in English: meanings, translations, synonyms, pronunciations, examples, and grammar insights - all in one comprehensive guide.
RELATIVE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Relative definition: a person who is connected with another or others by blood or marriage.. See examples of RELATIVE used in a sentence.
Relative Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Relative definition: Having pertinence or relevance; connected or related.
Relative - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
A relative is a person who is part of your family. Parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents, cousins, nieces and nephews — they're all relatives. A relative can be connected to your …
What does Relative mean? - Definitions.net
Relative is an adjective describing something existing or considered in relation to something else, depending on point of view or frame of reference. It can also be a noun referring to a person or …
Relative Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
RELATIVE meaning: 1 : a member of your family; 2 : something that belongs to the same group as something else because of shared characteristics, qualities, etc.
287 Synonyms & Antonyms for RELATIVE - Thesaurus.com
Find 287 different ways to say RELATIVE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
RELATIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of RELATIVE is a word referring grammatically to an antecedent. How to use relative in a sentence.
RELATIVE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
RELATIVE definition: 1. a member of your family: 2. being judged or measured in comparison with something else: 3…. Learn more.
Relative - definition of relative by The Free Dictionary
1. having meaning or significance only in relation to something else; not absolute: a relative value. 2. (prenominal) (of a scientific quantity) being measured or stated relative to some other …
RELATIVE - Definition & Translations | Collins English Dictionary
Discover everything about the word "RELATIVE" in English: meanings, translations, synonyms, pronunciations, examples, and grammar insights - all in one comprehensive guide.
RELATIVE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Relative definition: a person who is connected with another or others by blood or marriage.. See examples of RELATIVE used in a sentence.
Relative Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Relative definition: Having pertinence or relevance; connected or related.
Relative - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
A relative is a person who is part of your family. Parents, siblings, uncles, aunts, grandparents, cousins, nieces and nephews — they're all relatives. A relative can be connected to your family …
What does Relative mean? - Definitions.net
Relative is an adjective describing something existing or considered in relation to something else, depending on point of view or frame of reference. It can also be a noun referring to a person or …
Relative Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
RELATIVE meaning: 1 : a member of your family; 2 : something that belongs to the same group as something else because of shared characteristics, qualities, etc.
287 Synonyms & Antonyms for RELATIVE - Thesaurus.com
Find 287 different ways to say RELATIVE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
