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| what is proximate analysis: Handbook of Coal Analysis James G. Speight, 2005-05-13 All the guidance needed to test coal and analyze the results With the skyrocketing costs of most fuel sources, government, industry, and consumers are taking a greater interest in coal, an abundant and inexpensive alternative, which has been made more environmentally friendly through new technology. Published in response to this renewed interest, Handbook of Coal Analysis provides readers with everything they need to know about testing and analyzing coal. Moreover, it explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use. The thorough coverage of coal analysis includes: * Detailed presentation of necessary standard tests and procedures * Explanation of coal behavior relative to its usage alongside the corresponding environmental issues * Coverage of nomenclature, terminology, sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis * Step-by-step test method protocols for proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, mineral matter, physical and electrical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, spectroscopic properties, and solvent properties * Emphasis on relevant American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards and test methods, including corresponding International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and British Standards Institution (BSI) test method numbers To assist readers in understanding the material, a glossary of terms is provided. Each term is defined in straightforward language that enables readers to better grasp complex concepts and theory. References at the end of each chapter lead readers to more in-depth discussions of specialized topics. This is an essential reference for analytical chemists, process chemists, and engineers in the coal industry as well as other professionals and researchers who are looking to coal as a means to decrease dependence on foreign oil sources and devise more efficient, cleaner methods of energy production. |
| what is proximate analysis: Modern Food Analysis Frank L. Hart, Harry J. Fisher, 2012-12-06 When the present authors entered govern in essence a modern version of Leach. It mental service, food chemists looked for differs from that book in that familiarity with the everyday practices of analytical chemistry, guidance to one book, Albert E. Leach's Food Inspection and Analysis, of which the fourth and the equipment of a modern food labora tory, is assumed. We have endeavored to revision by Andrew L. Winton had appeared in 1920. Twenty-one years later the fourth bring it up-to-date both by including newer (and last) edition of A. G. Woodman's Food methods where these were believed to be superior, and by assembling much new Analysis, which was a somewhat condensed text along the same lines, was published. analytical data on the composition of In the 27 years that have elapsed since the authentie sam pies of the various classes of appearance of Woodman's book, no Ameri foods. Many of the methods described herein can text has been published covering the same were tested in the laboratory of one of the field to the same completeness. Of course, authors, and several originated in that editions of Official Methods 0/ Analysis 0/ the laboratory. In many cases methods are accompanied by notes on points calling for Association 0/ Official Agricultural Chemists have regularly succeeded each other every special attention when these methods are five years, as have somewhat similar publica used. |
| what is proximate analysis: Food Analysis Laboratory Manual S. Suzanne Nielsen, 2010-03-20 This second edition laboratory manual was written to accompany Food Analysis, Fourth Edition, ISBN 978-1-4419-1477-4, by the same author. The 21 laboratory exercises in the manual cover 20 of the 32 chapters in the textbook. Many of the laboratory exercises have multiple sections to cover several methods of analysis for a particular food component of characteristic. Most of the laboratory exercises include the following: introduction, reading assignment, objective, principle of method, chemicals, reagents, precautions and waste disposal, supplies, equipment, procedure, data and calculations, questions, and references. This laboratory manual is ideal for the laboratory portion of undergraduate courses in food analysis. |
| what is proximate analysis: Pharmacological Assays of Plant-Based Natural Products Thangaraj Parimelazhagan, 2018-03-31 This volume provides information on how to select and screen plants for their medicinal properties. It describes phytopharmacological techniques for extracting and qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing a plant’s phytochemicals. After a detailed in vitro investigation including nutritional and anti-nutritional analyses, medicinal properties were tested with various in vivo models for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-pyretic, anticancer and anti-diabetic properties, as well as wound healing, neurodegenerative diseases, etc. Compound identification and purification techniques include, among others, TLC and column chromatography, as well as molecular docking with specific proteins. |
| what is proximate analysis: The Gods, the State, and the Individual John Scheid, 2015-10-20 Roman religion has long presented a number of challenges to historians approaching the subject from a perspective framed by the three Abrahamic religions. The Romans had no sacred text that espoused its creed or offered a portrait of its foundational myth. They described relations with the divine using technical terms widely employed to describe relations with other humans. Indeed, there was not even a word in classical Latin that corresponds to the English word religion. In The Gods, the State, and the Individual, John Scheid confronts these and other challenges directly. If Roman religious practice has long been dismissed as a cynical or naïve system of borrowed structures unmarked by any true piety, Scheid contends that this is the result of a misplaced expectation that the basis of religion lies in an individual's personal and revelatory relationship with his or her god. He argues that when viewed in the light of secular history as opposed to Christian theology, Roman religion emerges as a legitimate phenomenon in which rituals, both public and private, enforced a sense of communal, civic, and state identity. Since the 1970s, Scheid has been one of the most influential figures reshaping scholarly understanding of ancient Roman religion. The Gods, the State, and the Individual presents a translation of Scheid's work that chronicles the development of his field-changing scholarship. |
| what is proximate analysis: Analytical Chemistry of Foods C.S. James, 2013-12-01 Food laws were fIrst introduced in 1860 when an Act for Preventing the Adulteration of Articles of Food or Drink was passed in the UK. This was followed by the Sale of Food Act in 1875, also in the UK, and later, in the USA, by the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. These early laws were basically designed to protect consumers against unscrupulous adulteration of foods and to safeguard consumers against the use of chemical preservatives potentially harmful to health. Subsequent laws, introduced over the course of the ensuing century by various countries and organisations, have encompassed the features of the early laws but have been far wider reaching to include legislation relating to, for example, specifIc food products, specifIc ingredients and specifIc uses. Conforming to the requirements set out in many of these laws and guidelines requires the chemical and physical analysis of foods. This may involve qualitative analysis in the detection of illegal food components such as certain colourings or, more commonly, the quantitative estimation of both major and minor food constituents. This quantitative analysis of foods plays an important role not only in obtaining the required information for the purposes of nutritional labelling but also in ensuring that foods conform to desired flavour and texture quality attributes. This book outlines the range oftechniques available to the food analyst and the theories underlying the more commonly used analytical methods in food studies. |
| what is proximate analysis: Synthetic Fuels Handbook James Speight, 2008-06-22 Capitalize on the Vast Potential of Alternative Energy Sources Such as Fuel Cells and Biofuels Synthetic Fuels Handbook is a comprehensive guide to the benefits and trade-offs of numerous alternative fuels, presenting expert analyses of the different properties, processes, and performance characteristics of each fuel. It discusses the concept systems and technology involved in the production of fuels on both industrial and individual scales. Written by internationally renowned fuels expert James G. Speight, this vital resource describes the production and properties of fuels from natural gas and natural gas hydrates...tar sand bitumen...coal...oil shale...synthesis gas...crops...wood sources...biomass...industrial and domestic waste...landfill gas...and much more. Using both U.S. and SI units, Synthetic Fuels Handbook features: Information on conventional and nonconventional fuel sources Discussion of the production of alternative fuels on both industrial and individual scales Analyses of properties and uses of gaseous, liquid, and solid fuels from different sources Comparison of properties of alternative fuels with petroleum-based fuels Discover All the Benefits and Trade-Offs of Synthetic Fuels • Fuel sources: conventional and nonconventional • Natural gas and natural gas hydrates • Petroleum and heavy oil • Tar sand bitumen • Coal • Oil shale • Synthesis gas • Crops • Wood sources • Biomass • Industrial and domestic waste • Landfill gas • Comparison of the properties and uses of gaseous fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of liquid fuels from different sources • Comparison of the properties and uses of solid fuels from different sources |
| what is proximate analysis: A First Course In Food Analysis A Y Sathe, 1999 The Book Deals With Foods From The Point Of View Of Students Majoring In Analytical Chemistry. Only Some Of The Routinely Encountered Food Substances Are Considered And Their Method Of Analysis Discussed. The Detailed Composition Along With A Condensed Outline Of The Manufacturing Process Involved Is Considered So As To Be Useful, Before Analysis Is Carried Out. A Condensed Review Of Food Standards Available Is Given. |
| what is proximate analysis: Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry Charles Mansfield Earnest, ASTM Committee E-37 on Thermal Measurements, 1988 |
| what is proximate analysis: Solid Fuel Blending David Tillman, Dao Duong, N. Stanley Harding, 2012-04-24 Create affordable solid fuel blends that will burn efficiently while reducing the carbon footprint. Solid Fuel Blending Handbook: Principles, Practices, and Problems describes a new generation of solid fuel blending processes. The book includes discussions on such topics as flame structure and combustion performance, boiler efficiency, capacity as influenced by flue gas volume and temperature, slagging and fouling, corrosion, and emissions. Attention is given to the major types of combustion systems including stokers, pulverized coal, cyclone, and fluidized bed boilers. Specific topics considered include chlorine in one or more coals, alkali metals (e.g., K, Na) and alkali earth elements, and related topics. Coals of consideration include Appalachian, Interior Province, and Western bituminous coals; Powder River Basin (PRB) and other subbituminous coals; Fort Union and Gulf Coast lignites, and many of the off-shore coals (e.g., Adaro coal, an Indonesian subbituminous coal with very low sulfur; other off-shore coals from Germany, Poland, Australia, South Africa, Columbia, and more). Interactions between fuels and the potential for blends to be different from the parent coals will be a critical focus of this of the book. - One stop source to solid fuel types and blending processes - Evaluate combustion systems and calculate their efficiency - Recognize the interactions between fuels and their potential energy output - Be aware of the Environmental Aspects of Fuel Blending |
| what is proximate analysis: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Wood Takayoshi Higuchi, 2012-12-06 Progress in wood chemistry has been related mainly to chemical wood pulping and bleaching and chemical utilization of wood and wood extractives. Meth ods of wood analysis were developed by Schorger (proximate analysis in 1917) and Dore (summative analysis in 1919), and standard methods based on Schorger's method, e.g., TAPPI standards (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry), have been widely used for chemical analysis of woods in many countries. Thus it is generally known that wood is composed of about 50% cellulose, 20-35% of lignin, 15-25% of hemicelluloses, and variable amounts of extractives. Chemical characterization and efficient utilization of these wood components have been studied in laboratories of wood chemistry and technology in universities and government institutions. In the last decade, biochemistry and molecular biology of microorganisms, animals, and plants have greatly progressed. At the same time wood has been recognized as a unique renewable ecomaterial produced by trees using solar energy. In addition, many desirable properties of wood and wood components as biomaterial that affects physiology and psychology in humans have recently attracted attention. |
| what is proximate analysis: Fertility, Biology, and Behavior John Bongaarts, Robert E. Potter, 2013-10-22 Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants presents the proximate determinants of natural fertility. This book discusses the biological and behavioral dimensions of human fertility that are linked to intermediate fertility variables. Organized into nine chapters, this book begins with an overview of the mechanisms through which socioeconomic variables influence fertility. This text then examines the absolute and relative age-specific marital fertility rates of selected populations. Other chapters consider the trends in total fertility rates of selected countries, including Colombia, Kenya, Korea, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, France, and United States. This book discusses as well the effects of deliberate marital fertility control through contraception and induced abortion. The final chapter deals with the management of sex composition and implications for birth spacing. This book is a valuable resource for reproductive physiologists, social scientists, demographers, statisticians, biologists, and graduate students with an interest in the biological and behavioral control of human fertility. |
| what is proximate analysis: Good Strategy Bad Strategy Richard Rumelt, 2011-07-19 Good Strategy/Bad Strategy clarifies the muddled thinking underlying too many strategies and provides a clear way to create and implement a powerful action-oriented strategy for the real world. Developing and implementing a strategy is the central task of a leader. A good strategy is a specific and coherent response to—and approach for—overcoming the obstacles to progress. A good strategy works by harnessing and applying power where it will have the greatest effect. Yet, Rumelt shows that there has been a growing and unfortunate tendency to equate Mom-and-apple-pie values, fluffy packages of buzzwords, motivational slogans, and financial goals with “strategy.” In Good Strategy/Bad Strategy, he debunks these elements of “bad strategy” and awakens an understanding of the power of a “good strategy.” He introduces nine sources of power—ranging from using leverage to effectively focusing on growth—that are eye-opening yet pragmatic tools that can easily be put to work on Monday morning, and uses fascinating examples from business, nonprofit, and military affairs to bring its original and pragmatic ideas to life. The detailed examples range from Apple to General Motors, from the two Iraq wars to Afghanistan, from a small local market to Wal-Mart, from Nvidia to Silicon Graphics, from the Getty Trust to the Los Angeles Unified School District, from Cisco Systems to Paccar, and from Global Crossing to the 2007–08 financial crisis. Reflecting an astonishing grasp and integration of economics, finance, technology, history, and the brilliance and foibles of the human character, Good Strategy/Bad Strategy stems from Rumelt’s decades of digging beyond the superficial to address hard questions with honesty and integrity. |
| what is proximate analysis: Laws of UX Jon Yablonski, 2020-04-21 An understanding of psychology—specifically the psychology behind how users behave and interact with digital interfaces—is perhaps the single most valuable nondesign skill a designer can have. The most elegant design can fail if it forces users to conform to the design rather than working within the blueprint of how humans perceive and process the world around them. This practical guide explains how you can apply key principles in psychology to build products and experiences that are more intuitive and human-centered. Author Jon Yablonski deconstructs familiar apps and experiences to provide clear examples of how UX designers can build experiences that adapt to how users perceive and process digital interfaces. You’ll learn: How aesthetically pleasing design creates positive responses The principles from psychology most useful for designers How these psychology principles relate to UX heuristics Predictive models including Fitts’s law, Jakob’s law, and Hick’s law Ethical implications of using psychology in design A framework for applying these principles |
| what is proximate analysis: Power Plant Performance A B Gill, 2016-03-16 Power Plant Performance discusses the different procedures and practices involved in the operation of power plants. The book is divided into four parts. Part I covers general considerations such as steam cycles; the sampling, analysis, and assessment of coal; and pumping – its related terms, the different types of pumps, and the determination of sizes and efficiency. Part II tackles the important measurements in power plants such as temperature, pressure, and gas and water flow. Part III deals with the operation of power plant components such as the boiler, turbine, and condensers. Part IV tackles other related topics such as steam turbine heat consumption tests; plant-operating parameters; and the costs of outages. The text is recommended for professionals involved in the development, maintenance, and operation of power plants, especially those who would like to be familiar with the basics. |
| what is proximate analysis: Biochar Balwant Singh, Marta Camps-Arbestain, Johannes Lehmann, 2017-03 Interest in biochar among soil and environment researchers has increased dramatically over the past decade. Biochar initially attracted attention for its potential to improve soil fertility and to uncouple the carbon cycle, by storing carbon from the atmosphere in a form that can remain stable for hundreds to thousands of years. Later it was found that biochar had applications in environmental and water science, mining, microbial ecology and other fields. Beneficial effects of biochar and its environmental applications cannot be fully realised unless the chemical, physical, structural and surface properties of biochar are known. Currently many of the analytical procedures used for biochar analysis are not well defined, which makes it difficult to choose the right biochar for an intended use and to compare the existing data for biochars. Also, in some instances the use of inappropriate procedures has led to erroneous or inaccurate values for biochars in the scientific literature. Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods fills this gap and provides procedures and guidelines for routine and advanced characterisation of biochars. Written by experts, each chapter provides background to a technique or procedure, a stepwise guide to analyses, and includes data for biochars made from a range of feedstocks common to all presented methods. Discussion about the unique features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular technique is an explicit focus of this handbook for biochar analyses. Biochar is primarily intended for researchers, postgraduate students and practitioners who require knowledge of biochar properties. It will also serve as an important resource for researchers, industry and regulatory agencies dealing with biochar. |
| what is proximate analysis: Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications Leonel JR Nunes, Joao Carlos De Oliveira Matias, Joao Paulo Da Silva Catalao, 2017-11-21 Torrefaction of Biomass for Energy Applications: From Fundamentals to Industrial Scale explores the processes, technology, end-use, and economics involved in torrefaction at the industrial scale for heat and power generation. Its authors combine their industry experience with their academic expertise to provide a thorough overview of the topic. Starting at feedstock pretreatment, followed by torrefaction processes, the book includes plant design and operation, safety aspects, and case studies focusing on the needs and challenges of the industrial scale. Commercially available technologies are examined and compared, and their economical evaluation and life cycle assessment are covered as well. Attention is also given to non-woody feedstock, alternative applications, derived fuels, recent advances, and expected future developments. For its practical approach, this book is ideal for professionals in the biomass industry, including those in heat and power generation. It is also a useful reference for researchers and graduate students in the area of biomass and biofuels, and for decision makers, policy makers, and analysts in the energy field. - Compares efficiency and performance of different commercially available technologies from the practical aspects of daily operation in an industrial scale plant - Presents a cost analysis of the production, logistics, and storage of torrefied biomass - Includes case studies addressing challenges that may occur in the daily operation in an industrial scale plant - Covers other associated technologies, the densification of torrefied biomass, and non-woody feedstock |
| what is proximate analysis: Estimating Methane Content of Bituminous Coalbeds from Adsorption Data Ann G. Kim, 1977 |
| what is proximate analysis: The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts Farnam Street, 2019-12-16 The old saying goes, ''To the man with a hammer, everything looks like a nail.'' But anyone who has done any kind of project knows a hammer often isn't enough. The more tools you have at your disposal, the more likely you'll use the right tool for the job - and get it done right. The same is true when it comes to your thinking. The quality of your outcomes depends on the mental models in your head. And most people are going through life with little more than a hammer. Until now. The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts is the first book in The Great Mental Models series designed to upgrade your thinking with the best, most useful and powerful tools so you always have the right one on hand. This volume details nine of the most versatile, all-purpose mental models you can use right away to improve your decision making, productivity, and how clearly you see the world. You will discover what forces govern the universe and how to focus your efforts so you can harness them to your advantage, rather than fight with them or worse yet- ignore them. Upgrade your mental toolbox and get the first volume today. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Farnam Street (FS) is one of the world's fastest growing websites, dedicated to helping our readers master the best of what other people have already figured out. We curate, examine and explore the timeless ideas and mental models that history's brightest minds have used to live lives of purpose. Our readers include students, teachers, CEOs, coaches, athletes, artists, leaders, followers, politicians and more. They're not defined by gender, age, income, or politics but rather by a shared passion for avoiding problems, making better decisions, and lifelong learning. AUTHOR HOME Ottawa, Ontario, Canada |
| what is proximate analysis: Analysis of Solid Fuels Błażej Roga, Lidia Wnekowska, 1965 |
| what is proximate analysis: Handbook of Coal Analysis James G. Speight, 2015-03-27 Provides users with everything they need to know about testing and analysis of coal Includes new coverage on environmental issues and regulations as related to coal Provides the reader with the necessary information about testing and analyzing coal and relays the advantages and limitations in understanding the quality and performance of coal Explains the meaning of test results and how these results can predict coal behavior and its corresponding environmental impact during use Includes a comprehensive Glossary which defines items in straightforward language that enable readers to better understand the terminology related to coal Treats issues related to sampling, and accuracy and precision of analysis |
| what is proximate analysis: The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition James G. Speight, 2006-10-31 Refineries must not only adapt to evolving environmental regulations for cleaner product specifications and processing, but also find ways to meet the increasing demand for petroleum products,particularly for liquid fuels and petrochemical feedstocks. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition offers a 21st century perspective on the development of petroleum refining technologies. Like its bestselling predecessors, this volume traces the science of petroleum from its subterranean formation to the physicochemical properties and the production of numerous products and petrochemical intermediates. Presenting nearly 50 percent new material, this edition emphasizes novel refining approaches that optimize efficiency and throughput. It includes new chapters on heavy oil and tar sand bitumen recovery, deasphalting and dewaxing processes, and environmental aspects of refining, including refinery wastes, regulations, and analysis. The text also features revised and expanded coverage of instability and incompatibility, refinery distillation, thermal cracking, hydrotreating and desulfurization, hydrocracking, and hydrogen production. A unique, well-documented, and forward-thinking work, this book continues to present the most complete coverage of petroleum science, technology, and refining available. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, Fourth Edition provides an ideal platform for scientists, engineers, and other professionals to achieve cleaner and more efficient petroleum processing methods. |
| what is proximate analysis: Thermal Analysis of Polymers Joseph D. Menczel, R. Bruce Prime, 2014-07-09 Presents a solid introduction to thermal analysis, methods, instrumentation, calibration, and application along with the necessary theoretical background. Useful to chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers who are new to thermal analysis techniques, and to existing users of thermal analysis who wish expand their experience to new techniques and applications Topics covered include Differential Scanning Calorimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis (DSC/DTA), Thermogravimetry, Thermomechanical Analysis and Dilatometry, Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, Micro-Thermal Analysis, Hot Stage Microscopy, and Instrumentation. Written by experts in the various areas of thermal analysis Relevant and detailed experiments and examples follow each chapter. |
| what is proximate analysis: Tables of Food Composition in Terms of Eleven Nutrients , 1945 |
| what is proximate analysis: Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics of Metallurgical Processes Y. K. Rao, 1985-10-31 Originally published in 1985, this textbook provides a thorough and comprehensive coverage of a wide range of topics in stoichiometry and thermodynamics with special emphasis on applications to metallurgical processes. This book will be welcomed as a text for courses in elementary and advanced thermodynamics and stoichiometry. |
| what is proximate analysis: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies Ting Wang, Gary J. Stiegel, 2016-11-26 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies discusses this innovative power generation technology that combines modern coal gasification technology with both gas turbine and steam turbine power generation, an important emerging technology which has the potential to significantly improve the efficiencies and emissions of coal power plants. The advantages of this technology over conventional pulverized coal power plants include fuel flexibility, greater efficiencies, and very low pollutant emissions. The book reviews the current status and future developments of key technologies involved in IGCC plants and how they can be integrated to maximize efficiency and reduce the cost of electricity generation in a carbon-constrained world. The first part of this book introduces the principles of IGCC systems and the fuel types for use in IGCC systems. The second part covers syngas production within IGCC systems. The third part looks at syngas cleaning, the separation of CO2 and hydrogen enrichment, with final sections describing the gas turbine combined cycle and presenting several case studies of existing IGCC plants. - Provides an in-depth, multi-contributor overview of integrated gasification combined cycle technologies - Reviews the current status and future developments of key technologies involved in IGCC plants - Provides several case studies of existing IGCC plants around the world |
| what is proximate analysis: Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products Clarence Jr. Karr, 2012-12-02 Analytical Methods for Coal and Coal Products, Volume I presents the analytical problems and methods for coal and its numerous products. This book discusses the technological importance of the measurement of the physical properties of coal. Organized into four parts encompassing 19 chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the petrographic analysis of coal wherein it involves two distinctive methods, namely, the reflected light and the transmitted light techniques. This text then discusses the means and methods of reflectance determination and proceeds to outline some of the results obtained and conclusions derived from them about the nature of coal. Other chapters explain the mechanical properties of coal, which are measured in order to predict its behavior in coal mines, coal winning, coal storage, coal comminution, coal handling, briquetting and agglomeration, and several other situations. The final chapter deals with the characterization of the liquid products of coal conversion. This book is a valuable resource for engineers, scientists, chemists, and researchers. |
| what is proximate analysis: Routine Coal and Coke Analysis , |
| what is proximate analysis: Proximate Analysis of Three Common Kola Varieties In Nigeria Adekunle Jelili Olaoye, Isa M. O., Fakorede O. K., Adedokun A. K., Adeosun N. O., 2017-03-30 Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2017 in the subject Chemistry - Analytical Chemistry, grade: 3.0, , course: Chemistry, language: English, abstract: Three varieties of Kola, Cola acuminata, Cola nitida and Garcinia kola which are tropical African crops were obtained from Ifon-Osun, Osun State, Nigeria. This was with a view to carrying out the proximate analysis of the seeds. The seeds were collected, cured by the traditional method of wrapping in fresh banana leaves to reduce the amount of moisture lost and thereafter kept for two weeks in the laboratory before used. Proximate analysis of the species was carried out using the methods of Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 1990 with little modification. The results obtained showed that Cola nitida had 62.83 % moisture, 2.83 % ash, 7.72 % crude protein and 2.42 % caffeine. Cola acuminata had 54.33 % moisture, 2.89 % ash, 8.68 % crude protein and 2.65 % caffeine, while, Garcinia kola had 49.16 % moisture, 2.9%ash, 8.67 % crude protein and 2.96 % caffeine. |
| what is proximate analysis: Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Marion Eugene Ensminger, Audrey H. Ensminger, 1993-11-09 Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition is the updated, expanded version of what has been described as a monumental, classic work. This new edition contains more than 2,400 pages; 1,692 illustrations, 96 of which are full-color photographs; 2,800 entries (topics); and 462 tables, including a table of 2,500 food compositions. A comprehensive index enables you to find information quickly and easily. |
| what is proximate analysis: Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1925 |
| what is proximate analysis: Biomass Gasification Design Handbook Prabir Basu, 2010 |
| what is proximate analysis: Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology James A. Kent, 2010-05-27 Substantially revising and updating the classic reference in the field, this handbook offers a valuable overview and myriad details on current chemical processes, products, and practices. No other source offers as much data on the chemistry, engineering, economics, and infrastructure of the industry. The Handbook serves a spectrum of individuals, from those who are directly involved in the chemical industry to others in related industries and activities. It provides not only the underlying science and technology for important industry sectors (30 of the book’s 38 chapters), but also broad coverage of critical supporting topics. Industrial processes and products can be much enhanced through observing the tenets and applying the methodologies found in new chapters on Green Engineering and Chemistry, Practical Catalysis, and Environmental Measurements; as well as expanded treatment of Safety and Emergency Preparedness. Understanding these factors allows them to be part of the total process and helps achieve optimum results in, for example, process development, review, and modification. Other new chapters include Nanotechnology, Environmental Considerations in Facilities Planning, Biomass Utilization, Industrial Microbial Fermentation, Enzymes and Biocatalysis, the Nuclear Industry, and History of the Chemical Industry. |
| what is proximate analysis: Producing Table Olives Stan Kailis, David John Harris, 2007 This manual provides olive growers and processors with nationally accepted guidelines for ensuring the quality and safety of processed table olives. Covers all aspects essential for the production of safe, nutritious and marketable table olives. |
| what is proximate analysis: Food Biosensor Analysis Gabriele Wagner, George G. Guilbault, 1993-10-28 Details the advantages and limitations of biosensors in food analysis systems, describing the principles, characteristics, and applications of these important analyzing techniques. A list of commercially available instruments and tested laboratory probes and devices is provided. |
| what is proximate analysis: River Water Quality Model P. Reichert, Dietrich Borchardt, Mogens Henze, Wolfgang Rauch, P. Shanahan, Laszlo Somlyody, Peter A. Vanrolleghem, 2001-08-31 This Scientific and Technical Report (STR) presents the findings of the IWA Task Group on River Water Quality Modelling (RWQM). The task group was formed to create a scientific and technical base from which to formulate standardized, consistent river water quality models and guidelines for their implementation. This STR presents the first outcome in this effort: River Water Quality Model No. 1 (RWQM1). As background to the development of River Water Quality Model No.1, the Task Group completed a critical evaluation of the current state of the practice in water quality modelling. A major limitation in model formulation is the continued reliance on BOD as the primary state variable, despite the fact BOD does not include all biodegradable matter. A related difficulty is the poor representation of benthic flux terms. As a result of these limitations, it is impossible to close mass balances completely in most existing models. These various limitations in current river water quality models impair their predictive ability in situations of marked changes in a river's pollutant load, streamflow, morphometry, or other basic characteristics. RWQM 1 is intended to serve as a framework for river water quality models that overcome these deficiencies in traditional water quality models and most particularly the failure to close mass balances between the water column and sediment. To these ends, the model incorporates fundamental water quality components and processes to characterise carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, O, N, and P) cycling instead of biochemical oxygen demand as used in traditional models. The model is presented in terms of process and components represented via a 'Petersen stoichiometry matrix', the same approach used for the IWA Activated Sludge Models. The full RWQM1 includes 24 components and 30 processes. The report provides detailed examples on reducing the numbers of components and processes to fit specific water quality problems. Thus, the model provides a framework for both complicated and simplified models. Detailed explanations of the model components, process equations, stoichiometric parameters, and kinetic parameters are provided, as are example parameter values and two case studies. The STR is intended to launch a participatory process of model development, application, and refinement. RWQM1 provides a framework for this process, but the goal of the Task Group is to involve water quality professionals worldwide in the continued work developing a new water quality modelling approach. This text will be an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students specializing in water resources, hydrology, water quality, or environmental modelling in departments of environmental engineering, natural resources, civil engineering, chemical engineering, environmental sciences, and ecology. Water resources engineers, water quality engineers and technical specialists in environmental consultancy, government agencies or regulated industries will also value this critical assessment of the state of practice in water quality modelling. Key Features presents a unique new technical approach to river water quality modelling provides a detailed technical presentation of the RWQM1 water quality process model gives an informative critical evaluation of the state of the practice in water quality modelling, and problems with those practices provides a step by step procedure to develop a water quality model Scientific & Technical Report No. 12 |
| what is proximate analysis: Thermal Uses and Properties of Carbohydrates and Lignins Fred Shafizadeh, Kyosti V. Sarkanen, David A. Tillman, American Chemical Society, 1976 Papers from the symposium held at the 172nd national meeting of the American Chemical Society. |
| what is proximate analysis: Energy Resources and Systems Tushar Ghosh, Mark Prelas, 2009-06-17 In the lifetimes of the authors, the world and especially the United States have received three significant “wake-up calls” on energy production and consumption. The first of these occurred on October 15, 1973 when the Yom Kippur War began with an attack by Syria and Egypt on Israel. The United States and many western countries supported Israel. Because of the western support of Israel, several Arab oil exporting nations imposed an oil embargo on the west. These nations withheld five million barrels of oil per day. Other countries made up about one million barrels of oil per day but the net loss of four million barrels of oil production per day extended through March of 1974. This represented 7% of the free world’s (i. e. , excluding the USSR) oil production. In 1972 the price of crude oil was about $3. 00 per barrel and by the end of 1974 the price of oil had risen by a factor of 4 to over $12. 00. This resulted in one of the worst recessions in the post World War II era. As a result, there was a movement in the United States to become energy independent. At that time the United States imported about one third of its oil (about five million barrels per day). After the embargo was lifted, the world chose to ignore the “wake-up call” and went on with business as usual. |
| what is proximate analysis: Applied Chemistry : Theory And Practice O. P. Vermani, 2003 Is An Amalgam Of Theory And Experiments. It Serves As A Laboratory Manual Of Examination, Testing, Characterisation And Evaluation Of A Few Materials Of Wide Industrial And Engineering Application. The Significance And Practical Utility Of The Various Tests And The Inferences Drawn Therefore Have Been Described In Detail. The Derivation Of The Formulas, Where-Ever Used, The Introduction, Theory And Related Discussion Are Quite Elaborate And Touch The Level Of A Theory Text.The Book Has Been Designed To Cover The Laboratory Courses In Applied Chemistry At The Various Engineering And Technical Institutions. The Book Will Be Useful To The Students Where Applied Chemistry Is Taught At The M.Sc. Level And To Public Health/Water Analysis Laboratories. It Will Also Be Useful To The Students Of Industrial Chemistry A Subject That Is Being Introduced At The Undergraduate Level In Some Of The Universities.Students Of All Levels Of Intelligence From Very Weak To Extremely Brilliant Will Find Something Of Interest To Them In The Chapter On Solutions To Viva-Voce Questions A Striking Feature Of The Book. |
| what is proximate analysis: Handbook of Processed Meats and Poultry Analysis Leo M.L. Nollet, Fidel Toldra, 2008-11-12 Muscle foods include a wide range of processed meats and poultry, and therefore represent an important percentage of total worldwide food consumption. The sheer volume of products and the variety of processes available makes analyzing them problematic. Co-Edited by Fidel Toldra - Recipient of the 2010 Distinguished Research Award from the American |
PROXIMATE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PROXIMATE is immediately preceding or following (as in a chain of events, causes, or effects). How to use proximate in a sentence. Did you know?
PROXIMATE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PROXIMATE definition: 1. closest in time, place, relationship, etc. to something: 2. closest in time, place…. Learn more.
PROXIMATE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Proximate definition: next; nearest; immediately before or after in order, place, occurrence, etc.. See examples of PROXIMATE used in a sentence.
Proximate - definition of proximate by The Free Dictionary
proximate - closest in degree or order (space or time) especially in a chain of causes and effects; "news of his proximate arrival"; "interest in proximate rather than ultimate goals"
Proximal vs proximate - GRAMMARIST
Proximal is an adjective that describes something or someone as near something else, or nearest a central point. In this sense it is a synonym of proximate. However, both words have other …
PROXIMATE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
4 meanings: 1. next or nearest in space or time 2. very near; close 3. immediately preceding or following in a series 4. → a.... Click for more definitions.
proximate adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and ...
Definition of proximate adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Proximate - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
Proximate things are either nearby or close in time. The proximate arrival of a new grandchild means your grandma had better finish knitting those booties. A Rube Goldberg machine is like …
proximate, adj. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English ...
There are five meanings listed in OED's entry for the adjective proximate. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.
Proximal vs Proximate – What’s the Difference?
Aug 26, 2024 · Proximal is primarily used in the field of anatomy and geography, indicating closeness in relation to a particular point or place. For example, “The elbow is proximal to the …
PROXIMATE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PROXIMATE is immediately preceding or following (as in a chain of events, causes, or effects). How to use proximate in a sentence. Did you know?
PROXIMATE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PROXIMATE definition: 1. closest in time, place, relationship, etc. to something: 2. closest in time, place…. Learn more.
PROXIMATE Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
Proximate definition: next; nearest; immediately before or after in order, place, occurrence, etc.. See examples of PROXIMATE used in a sentence.
Proximate - definition of proximate by The Free Dictionary
proximate - closest in degree or order (space or time) especially in a chain of causes and effects; "news of his proximate arrival"; "interest in proximate rather than ultimate goals"
Proximal vs proximate - GRAMMARIST
Proximal is an adjective that describes something or someone as near something else, or nearest a central point. In this sense it is a synonym of proximate. However, both words have other …
PROXIMATE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
4 meanings: 1. next or nearest in space or time 2. very near; close 3. immediately preceding or following in a series 4. → a.... Click for more definitions.
proximate adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and ...
Definition of proximate adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Proximate - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
Proximate things are either nearby or close in time. The proximate arrival of a new grandchild means your grandma had better finish knitting those booties. A Rube Goldberg machine is like …
proximate, adj. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English ...
There are five meanings listed in OED's entry for the adjective proximate. See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.
Proximal vs Proximate – What’s the Difference?
Aug 26, 2024 · Proximal is primarily used in the field of anatomy and geography, indicating closeness in relation to a particular point or place. For example, “The elbow is proximal to the …
