Where Is Khazaria Located

  where is khazaria located: The Jews of Khazaria Kevin Alan Brook, 2006-09-27 The Jews of Khazaria chronicles the history of the Khazars, a people who, in the early Middle Ages, founded a large empire in eastern Europe (located in present-day Ukraine and Russia). The Khazars played a pivotal role in world history. Khazaria was one of the largest-sized political formations of its time, an economic and cultural superpower connected to several important trade routes. It was especially notable for its religious tolerance, and in the 9th century, a large portion of the royal family converted to Judaism. Many of the nobles and commoners did likewise shortly thereafter. After their conversion, the Khazars were ruled by a succession of Jewish kings that began to adopt the hallmarks of Jewish civilization, including the Torah and Talmud, the Hebrew script, and the observance of Jewish holidays. In this thoroughly revised edition of a modern classic, The Jews of Khazaria explores many exciting new discoveries about the Khazars' religious life, economy, military, government, and culture. It builds upon new studies of the Khazars, evaluating and incorporating recent theories, along with new documentary and archaeological findings. The book gives a comprehensive accounting of the cities, towns, and fortresses of Khazaria, and features a timeline summarizing key events in Khazar history.
  where is khazaria located: The Thirteenth Tribe Arthur Koestler, 2014-05 This book traces the history of the ancient Khazar Empire, a major but almost forgotten power in Eastern Europe, which in the Dark Ages became converted to Judaism. Khazaria was finally wiped out by the forces of Genghis Khan, but evidence indicates that the Khazars themselves migrated to Poland and formed the cradle of Western Jewry. To the general reader the Khazars, who flourished from the 7th to 11th century, may seem infinitely remote today. Yet they have a close and unexpected bearing on our world, which emerges as Koestler recounts the fascinating history of the ancient Khazar Empire. At about the time that Charlemagne was Emperor in the West. The Khazars' sway extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian, from the Caucasus to the Volga, and they were instrumental in stopping the Muslim onslaught against Byzantium, the eastern jaw of the gigantic pincer movement that in the West swept across northern Africa and into Spain. Thereafter the Khazars found themselves in a precarious position between the two major world powers: the Eastern Roman Empire in Byzantium and the triumphant followers of Mohammed. As Koestler points out, the Khazars were the Third World of their day. They chose a surprising method of resisting both the Western pressure to become Christian and the Eastern to adopt Islam. Rejecting both, they converted to Judaism. Mr Koestler speculates about the ultimate faith of the Khazars and their impact on the racial composition and social heritage of modern Jewry. He produces a large body of meticulously detailed research.
  where is khazaria located: The World of the Khazars Peter Golden, Haggai Ben-Shammai, András Roná-Tas, 2007-08-30 This volume, a product of international collaboration, presents readers with the state of the field in Khazar Studies. The Khazar Empire (ca. 650 - ca. 965-969), one of the largest states of medieval Eurasia, extended from the Middle Volga lands in the north to the Northern Caucasus and Crimea in the south and from the Ukrainians steppelands to the western borders of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan in the east. Turkic in origin, it played a key role in the history of the peoples of Rus’, medieval Hungary and the Caucasus. Khazaria became one of the great trans-Eurasian trading terminals connecting the northern forest zones with Byzantium and the Arabian Caliphate. In the ninth century, the Khazars converted to Judaism. This book sheds new light on many unanswered, but fundamental questions regarding the Khazar Empire, so important in medieval Eurasia.
  where is khazaria located: The Invention of the Jewish People Shlomo Sand, 2010-06-14 A historical tour de force, The Invention of the Jewish People offers a groundbreaking account of Jewish and Israeli history. Exploding the myth that there was a forced Jewish exile in the first century at the hands of the Romans, Israeli historian Shlomo Sand argues that most modern Jews descend from converts, whose native lands were scattered across the Middle East and Eastern Europe. In this iconoclastic work, which spent nineteen weeks on the Israeli bestseller list and won the coveted Aujourd'hui Award in France, Sand provides the intellectual foundations for a new vision of Israel's future.
  where is khazaria located: Khazarian Hebrew Documents of the Tenth Century Norman Golb, Omeljan Pritsak, 1982
  where is khazaria located: The Book of Esther Emily Barton, 2016 In a counterfactual world resembling the 1930s, the state of Khazaria, an isolated nation of warriors Jews, is under attack by the Germanii. Esther, the precocious daughter of Khazaria's chief policy advisor, sets out on a quest to ensure the survival of her homeland--
  where is khazaria located: Encyclopedia of Ukraine Danylo Husar Struk, 1993-08-31 Over thirty years in the making, the most comprehensive work in English on Ukraine is now complete: its history, people, geography, economy, and cultural heritage, both in Ukraine and in the diaspora.
  where is khazaria located: Historical Consciousness, Haskalah, and Nationalism among the Karaites of Eastern Europe Golda Akhiezer, 2017-12-18 The present study is the first of its kind to deal with Eastern European Karaite historical thought. It focuses on the social functions of Karaite historical narratives concerning the rise of Karaism from the Middle Ages to the nineteenth century. The book also deals with the image of Karaism created by Protestants, and with the perception of Karaism by some leaders of the Haskalah movement, especially the scholars of Hokhmat Israel. In both cases, Karaism was seen as an orientalistic phenomenon whereby the “enlightened” European scholars romanticized the “indigenous” people, while the Karaites (themselves), adopted this romantic images, incorporating it into their own national discourse. Finally, the book sheds new light on several conventional notions that shaped the study of Karaism from the nineteenth century.
  where is khazaria located: The Jew in the Medieval World Jacob Rader Marcus, 1975
  where is khazaria located: Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe Peter B. Golden, 2024-12-11 The western steppelands of Central Eurasia, stretching from the Danube, through the modern Ukraine and southern Russia, to the Caspian, have historically been the meeting ground of Inner Asian pastoral nomads and the agrarian societies of Eastern Europe and the Caucasus. This volume deals, firstly, with the interaction of the nomads with their sedentary neighbours - the Kievan Rus’ state and the medieval polities of Transcaucasia, Georgia in particular - in the period from the 6th century to the advent of the Mongols. Second, it looks at questions of nomadic ethnogenesis (Oghuz, Hungarian, Qipchaq), at the evolution of nomadic political traditions and the heritage of the Turk empire, and at aspects of indigenous nomadic religious traditions together with the impact of foreign religions on the nomads - notably the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. A number of articles focus on the Qipchaqs, a powerful confederation of complex Inner Asian origins that played a crucial role in the history of Christian Eastern Europe and Transcaucasia and the Muslim world between the 11th and 13th centuries.
  where is khazaria located: Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries Boris Zhivkov, 2015-05 In Khazaria in the 9th and the 10th Centuries Boris Zhivkov offers a new view on Khazaria by scrutinizing the different visions offered by recent scholarship.
  where is khazaria located: Ten Myths About Israel Ilan Pappe, 2017-05-02 The myths and reality behind the state of Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict—from “the most eloquent writer on Palestinian history” (New Statesman) The outspoken and radical Israeli historian Ilan Pappe examines the most contested ideas concerning the origins and identity of the contemporary state of Israel. The “ten myths”—repeated endlessly in the media, enforced by the military, and accepted without question by the world’s governments—reinforce the regional status quo and include: • Palestine was an empty land at the time of the Balfour Declaration. • The Jews were a people without a land. • There is no difference between Zionism and Judaism. • Zionism is not a colonial project of occupation. • The Palestinians left their Homeland voluntarily in 1948. • The June 1967 War was a war of ‘No Choice’. • Israel is the only Democracy in the Middle East. • The Oslo Mythologies • The Gaza Mythologies • The Two-State Solution For students, activists, and anyone interested in better understanding the news, Ten Myths About Israel is another groundbreaking study of the Israel-Palestine conflict from the author of The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine.
  where is khazaria located: The Origin of Ashkenazi Jewry Jits van Straten, 2011-03-29 Where do East European Jews – about 90 percent of Ashkenazi Jewry – descend from? This book conveys new insights into a century-old controversy. Jits van Straten argues that there is no evidence for the most common assumption that German Jews fled en masse to Eastern Europe to constitute East European Jewry. Dealing with another much debated theory, van Straten points to the fact that there is no way to identify the descendants of the Khazars in the Ashkenazi population. Using a multidisciplinary approach, the author draws heavily on demographic findings which are vital to evaluate the conclusions of modern DNA research. Finally, it is suggested that East European Jews are mainly descendants of Ukrainians and Belarussians. UPDATE: The article “The origin of East European Ashkenazim via a southern route” (Aschkenas 2017; 27(1): 239-270) is intended to clarify the origin of East European Jewry between roughly 300 BCE and 1000 CE. It is a supplement to this book.
  where is khazaria located: The Kuzari Judah (ha-Levi), 2013
  where is khazaria located: From Babylon to Timbuktu Rudolph Windsor,
  where is khazaria located: The Karaites of Galicia Mikhail Kizilov, 2009 The book focuses on the history, ethnography, and convoluted ethnic identity of the Karaites, an ethnoreligious group in Eastern Galicia (modern Ukraine). The small community of the Karaite Jews, a non-Talmudic Turkic-speaking minority, who had been living in Eastern Europe since the late Middle Ages, developed a unique ethnographic culture and religious tradition. The book offers the first comprehensive study of the Galician Karaite community from its earliest days until today with the main emphasis placed on the period from 1772 until 1945. Especially important is the analysis of the twentieth-century dejudaization (or Turkicization) of the community, which saved the Karaites from the horrors of the Holocaust.
  where is khazaria located: The Jews of Khazaria Kevin Alan Brook, 2018-02-09 The Jews of Khazaria is an accessible introduction to Khazaria—a kingdom in the early Middle Ages noted for its adoption of the Jewish religion. The third edition of this modern classic features new and updated material throughout, including new archaeological findings, new genetic (DNA) evidence, and new information about the migration of the Khazars.
  where is khazaria located: The Invention of the Land of Israel Shlomo Sand, 2012-11-20 This groundbreaking work deconstructs the age-old legends surrounding the ‘Holy Land’ of Israel—and the prejudices that continue to suffocate it. What is a homeland, and when does it become a national territory? Why have so many people been willing to die for them throughout the 20thcentury? What is the essence of the Promised Land? Following the acclaimed and controversial Invention of the Jewish People, Shlomo Sand examines the mysterious sacred land that has become the site of the longest running national struggle of the 20th century. Sand’s account dissects the concept of ‘historical right’ and tracks the invention of the modern geopolitical concept of the ‘Land of Israel’ by 19th-century Evangelical Protestants and Jewish Zionists. This invention, he argues, not only facilitated the colonization of the Middle East and the establishment of the State of Israel; it is also what is threatening the existence of the Jewish state today.
  where is khazaria located: The Faith of Israel William J. Dumbrell, 2002-08 This comprehensive survey introduces students to the theological emphases of the entire Old Testament, from Genesis through Malachi.
  where is khazaria located: The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Ilan Pappe, 2007-09-01 The book that is providing a storm of controversy, from ‘Israel’s bravest historian’ (John Pilger) Renowned Israeli historian, Ilan Pappe's groundbreaking work on the formation of the State of Israel. 'Along with the late Edward Said, Ilan Pappe is the most eloquent writer of Palestinian history.' NEW STATESMAN Between 1947 and 1949, over 400 Palestinian villages were deliberately destroyed, civilians were massacred and around a million men, women, and children were expelled from their homes at gunpoint. Denied for almost six decades, had it happened today it could only have been called 'ethnic cleansing'. Decisively debunking the myth that the Palestinian population left of their own accord in the course of this war, Ilan Pappe offers impressive archival evidence to demonstrate that, from its very inception, a central plank in Israel’s founding ideology was the forcible removal of the indigenous population. Indispensable for anyone interested in the current crisis in the Middle East. *** 'Ilan Pappe is Israel's bravest, most principled, most incisive historian.' JOHN PILGER 'Pappe has opened up an important new line of inquiry into the vast and fateful subject of the Palestinian refugees. His book is rewarding in other ways. It has at times an elegiac, even sentimental, character, recalling the lost, obliterated life of the Palestinian Arabs and imagining or regretting what Pappe believes could have been a better land of Palestine.' TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT 'A major intervention in an argument that will, and must, continue. There's no hope of lasting Middle East peace while the ghosts of 1948 still walk.' INDEPENDENT
  where is khazaria located: The Jews in America Burton Jesse Hendrick, 1923
  where is khazaria located: Ralph Compton Death Valley Drifter Jeff Rovin, Ralph Compton, 2020-09-08 In this thrilling new installment in bestseller Ralph Compton's The Gunfighter series, a man wakes with no memory of who he is—or why someone wants him dead. A gunman without a gun wakes up in Death Valley. He has no recollection of how he got there, or even his own name. He's a dead man walking until his luck turns. He stumbles upon the homestead of a widow and her young son who nurse him back to health. But in the desert good deeds come at a cost. The amnesiac is being trailed by hard men who want answers he doesn't have. First a group of gunslingers, then a troop of soldiers threaten the innocent family. Their only hope of rescue is the very man who got them in this predicament. But how can he help them when he doesn't even know who he is? At least the men who want to kill him seem to know his name. Maybe they'll put it on his gravestone.
  where is khazaria located: The Khazars Yair Davidiy, 2008
  where is khazaria located: Bread And Ashes Tony Anderson, 2013-03-31 Tony Anderson set out in the summer of 1998 to walk through Georgia. He wanted particularly to visit the Georgian mountain tribes - Tush, Khevsurs, Ratchuelians and Svans - to discover if they shared a common mountain culture, and to test the old idea of the Caucasus as an impenetrable barrier from sea to sea. From Azerbaijan to Svaneti, Anderson found communities where the old customs and beliefs still triumphantly survive, despite years of Communist oppression and the terrible uncertainties since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Throughout his journey Anderson refers back to many other visits to Georgia, to the politics of independence, to the war in Abkhazia and Ossetia, to the civil war and Shevardnadze's accession to power, to the history of these people at one of the great crossroads of the world. It remains an abiding mystery that Georgia has managed to survive at all, devastated time and again by the vagabond hordes from the steppes and torn between the mighty empires that struggled over it. But survive it has with a vibrant culture still intact and, in the mountains, still deeply connected to its ancient ways.
  where is khazaria located: The Pechenegs Aleksander Paroń, 2021 In The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe Aleksander Paroń offers a reflection on the history of the Pechenegs, a nomadic people which came to control the Black Sea steppe by the end of the ninth century. Nomadic peoples have often been presented in European historiography as aggressors and destroyers whose appearance led to only chaotic decline and economic stagnation. Making use of historical and archaeological sources along with abundant comparative material, Aleksander Paroń offers here a multifaceted and cogent image of the nomads' relations with neighboring political and cultural communities in the tenth and eleventh centuries--
  where is khazaria located: The Jewish Enlightenment Shmuel Feiner, 2004 This text reconstructs the intellectual and social revolution of the Haskalah as it gradually gathered momentum throughout the 18th-century.
  where is khazaria located: Hiding The Hebrews: Did America Kidnap The Lost Tribes of Israel? Dante Fortson, Are the tribes of Israel really lost or were they hidden as prophesied in Psalms 83? The Bible seems to indicate a multi national conspiracy to hide Israel and wipe out the memory of who they really are. If this is true, then history as we know it has been hijacked, and it is only through searching that we will find the truth. In this book, you'll find the answers to the following questions, just to name a few: Why does a 1747 English map place the tribe of Judah on the slave coast of Africa? Why do slave ledgers show slaves being registered with Hebrew names fresh off of the ships? Why did slaves sing songs in Hebrew and call out to Yah for help? Why did Christ mention the slavery of Israel as a sign of the end of the age? Are the times of the Gentiles coming to an end? If you are 100% honest with yourself as you find the answers to these questions, your eyes will be opened. If you’re ready to start this eye opening adventure through scripture then keep reading. ISRAEL IS STILL A NATION TO GOD AND ALWAYS WILL BE! “Thus saith the LORD, which giveth the sun for a light by day, and the ordinances of the moon and of the stars for a light by night, which divideth the sea when the waves thereof roar; The LORD of hosts is his name: If those ordinances depart from before me, saith the LORD, then the seed of Israel also shall cease from being a nation before me for ever. Thus saith the LORD; If heaven above can be measured, and the foundations of the earth searched out beneath, I will also cast off all the seed of Israel for all that they have done, saith the LORD.” – Jeremiah 31:35-37
  where is khazaria located: The Ashkenazic Jews Paul Wexler, 1993
  where is khazaria located: The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews Paul Wexler, 2012-02-01 The author uses linguistic, ethnographic, and historical evidence to support his theory that the origins of Sephardic Jews are predominantly Berber and Arab.
  where is khazaria located: The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age W. D. Davies, Louis Finkelstein, William Horbury, John Sturdy, Steven T. Katz, Mitchell B. Hart, Tony Michels, Jonathan Karp, Adam Sutcliffe, 1984 Vol. 4 covers the late Roman period to the rise of Islam. Focuses especially on the growth and development of rabbinic Judaism and of the major classical rabbinic sources such as the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, Babylonian Talmud and various Midrashic collections.
  where is khazaria located: Angels at the Table Yvette Alt Miller, 2011-04-28 Authoritative and personal, this is an introduction to all aspects of a traditional Jewish Shabbat, providing both an inspirational call to observe this weekly holiday and a comprehensive resource.
  where is khazaria located: Facts Are Facts Benjamin Freedman, 2009-03 INSCRIBED UPON THE CROSS WHEN JESUS WAS CRUCIFIED were the latin words Jesus Nazarenus Rex Iudeorum. Pontius Pilate was the author of that famous inscription. Latin was Pontius Pilate's mother tongue. Authorities competent to translate and pass upon the correct translation into English agree that is Jesus the Nazarene Ruler of the Judeans. There is no disagreement among them of that. THE WORD JEW did not occur anywhere in the English Language until the 18th Century. Jesus referred to himself as a Judean. The modern day Jews were historically Khazars or Chazars, a Mongolian Nordic tribe who roamed northern Europe.
  where is khazaria located: The Iron Curtain Over America John Beaty, 2016-10-13 This book is unique in that it not only discusses the internal decay and the external disasters which threaten the life of American people (in fact, of ALL the people), but diagnoses the growing cancer of which they are merely the symptoms. Going behind the iron curtain of propaganda, censorship and deception, the author, former Colonel of the Military Intelligence Service, gives to the reader the first comprehensive documented account of the origin, the scope, and the intentions of the insidious forces working from within, which are seeking to destroy Western civilization. An honest and courageous dispeller of the fog of propaganda in which most minds seem to dwell. - Lt. General P. A. Del Valle, USMC (ret.) I think it ought to be compulsory reading in every public school in America. - Senator William A. Langer, former Chairman, Judiciary Committee This book is a magnificent contribution to those who would preserve our American ideals. - Lt. Gen. Edward M. Almond, USA (ret.)
  where is khazaria located: Choosing Judaism Lydia Kukoff, 2004 In print for over 20 years, Choosing Judaism has become a classic guide for individuals considering conversion. By sharing her own story, Lydia Kukoff creates a remarkable work about what it means to make this significant choice. Years after her own conversion she continues to question, grow, and learn, and encourages others to do the same.
  where is khazaria located: How I Stopped Being a Jew Shlomo Sand, 2014-10-07 Shlomo Sand was born in 1946, in a displaced person’s camp in Austria, to Jewish parents; the family later migrated to Palestine. As a young man, Sand came to question his Jewish identity, even that of a “secular Jew.” With this meditative and thoughtful mixture of essay and personal recollection, he articulates the problems at the center of modern Jewish identity. How I Stopped Being a Jew discusses the negative effects of the Israeli exploitation of the “chosen people” myth and its “holocaust industry.” Sand criticizes the fact that, in the current context, what “Jewish” means is, above all, not being Arab and reflects on the possibility of a secular, non-exclusive Israeli identity, beyond the legends of Zionism.
  where is khazaria located: Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries Boris Zhivkov, 2015-04-29 In Khazaria in the Ninth and the Tenth Centuries Boris Zhivkov offers a new view on Khazaria by scrutinizing the different visions offered by recent scholarship. The paucity of written sources has made it necessary to turn to additional information about the steppe states in this period, and to analyze exceptional cases not directly related to the Khazars. In re-examining the Khazars, he thus uses not only the known documentary sources and archaeological finds but also what we know from history of religions (comparative mythology), history of art, structural anthropology and folklore studies. In this way the book draws together a synthesis of conclusions, information and theory.
  where is khazaria located: Who is Esau-Edom? Charles A. Weisman, 1996
  where is khazaria located: Agriculture in the Forest-Steppe Region of Khazaria Volodymyr Koloda, Serhiy Gorbanenko, 2020-07-27 In this book, Volodymyr Koloda and Serhiy Gorbanenko discuss the important role of agriculture in the socio-economic development of the Khazar Khaganate and its influence on neighboring peoples. Drawing on the methods of the natural sciences (such as palaeobotany, archeozoology, soil science, palaeoclimatology), the volume focuses on how agriculture became the basis of the economy of the Khazarian populace. Comparative analysis suggests a significant influence of the agricultural traditions of the Saltiv population on the neighboring tribes of the Eastern Slavs, such as Severians mentioned in the annals (the Romny culture of Left-Bank Ukraine) and Slavs on the Don (the Borshevo culture).
  where is khazaria located: How Far to Bethlehem? Noah Lofts, 1965
  where is khazaria located: Jews and "Jewish Christianity" David Berger, Michael Wyschogrod, Jews for Judaism, 2002
Khazars - Wikipedia
The Khazars[a] (/ ˈxɑːzɑːrz /) were a nomadic Turkic people who, in the late 6th century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the …

Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica
May 24, 2025 · Khazar, member of a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century ce established a major commercial …

Who Were the Khazars? - Chabad.org
The Khazars were a semi-nomadic people who, in the late 6th century CE, established an empire covering the southeastern section of modern …

Khazaria.com - History of Jewish Khazars, Turkic Khazari…
Jun 3, 2025 · An illustrated guide to Khazar history, focusing on military affairs including Khazaria's wars with Arabs and the Rus', their weapons …

Khazaria: A Forgotten Jewish Empire - History Today
Apr 4, 1995 · Nicholas Soteri reflects on the often-overlooked Jewish kingdom of Khazaria, and the vital role they played in balancing Christian and Muslim …

Khazars - Wikipedia
The Khazars[a] (/ ˈxɑːzɑːrz /) were a nomadic Turkic people who, in the late 6th century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European …

Khazar | Origin, History, Religion, & Facts | Britannica
May 24, 2025 · Khazar, member of a confederation of Turkic-speaking tribes that in the late 6th century ce established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of …

Who Were the Khazars? - Chabad.org
The Khazars were a semi-nomadic people who, in the late 6th century CE, established an empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea and …

Khazaria.com - History of Jewish Khazars, Turkic Khazarian Jews in …
Jun 3, 2025 · An illustrated guide to Khazar history, focusing on military affairs including Khazaria's wars with Arabs and the Rus', their weapons such as spears, battleaxes, and …

Khazaria: A Forgotten Jewish Empire - History Today
Apr 4, 1995 · Nicholas Soteri reflects on the often-overlooked Jewish kingdom of Khazaria, and the vital role they played in balancing Christian and Muslim power in the early medieval period.

Khazaria: History and Mythology — Jacob Laufgraben
Feb 25, 2023 · The Khazars were a Central Asian Turkic people who, in the 6th century, formed an empire in between and around the Black and Caspian Seas. They likely practiced Tengrism …

The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
A unique feature of tenth-century Khazaria was the institution of sacral kingship in which the qaghan, a now sacralized figure, reigned but did not rule. The actual governance of the realm …

Khazars - Wikiwand
The Khazars[a] (/ ˈxɑːzɑːrz /) were a nomadic Turkic people who, in the late 6th century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European …

Khazaria - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Khazaria A polity, established in medieval Eurasia by Khazars, that occupied much of modern-day European Russia, western Kazakhstan, eastern Ukraine, Azerbaijan, large portions of the …

The Khazaria Information Center - Internet Public Library
“The Khazaria Information Center provides essays, illustrations, photographs, bibliographies, and book recommendations on Khazarian history. The Khazar kingdom was a medieval world …