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| vacuum technology: A User's Guide to Vacuum Technology John F. O'Hanlon, 2005-02-18 In the decade and a half since the publication of the Second Edition of A User?s Guide to Vacuum Technology there have been many important advances in the field, including spinning rotor gauges, dry mechanical pumps, magnetically levitated turbo pumps, and ultraclean system designs. These, along with improved cleaning and assembly techniques have made contamination-free manufacturing a reality. Designed to bridge the gap in both knowledge and training between designers and end users of vacuum equipment, the Third Edition offers a practical perspective on today?s vacuum technology. With a focus on the operation, understanding, and selection of equipment for industrial processes used in semiconductor, optics, packaging, and related coating technologies, A User?s Guide to Vacuum Technology, Third Edition provides a detailed treatment of this important field. While emphasizing the fundamentals and touching on significant topics not adequately covered elsewhere, the text avoids topics not relevant to the typical user. |
| vacuum technology: High-Vacuum Technology Marsbed H. Hablanian, 2017-11-13 Offering a basic understanding of each important topic in vacuum science and technology, this book concentrates on pumping issues, emphasizes the behavior of vacuum pumps and vacuum systems, and explains the relationships between pumps, instrumentation and high-vacuum system performance. The book delineates the technical and theoretical aspects of the subject without getting in too deep. It leads readers through the subtleties of vacuum technology without using a dissertation on mathematics to get them there. An interesting blend of easy-to-understand technician-level information combined with engineering data and formulae, the book provides a non-analytical introduction to high vacuum technology. |
| vacuum technology: Introduction to Vacuum Technology David M. Hata, Elena V Brewer, Nancy J Louwagie, 2023 This book approaches vacuum systems from a pressure regime viewpoint, covering basic vacuum science, followed by the rough vacuum regime, including gas load, pumping mechanisms, pressure measurement, vacuum system construction, and basic troubleshooting concepts. The study of high vacuum systems follows and the same topics are revisited, and finally the topics of leak detection and residual gas analysis are discussed.--Publisher. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology A. Roth, 2012-12-02 This third updated and enlarged edition includes about 350 new papers added to the previous list of references. The contents have been revised and updated in the areas of:Thermonuclear pumping; Throughput; Transmission probability; Electronic circuit simulation; Sorption on charcoal; Desorption from porous materials; Desorption from stainless steel, A1 alloys (outgassing rates); Ion bombardment (glow discharge) cleaning; Clay - type pumps; Turbomolecular pumps-improvements; Cryosorption; NEG (Nonevaporable getter) linear pumps; Standards for measurement of pumping speed (Recommended practice, test domes); Spinning rotor gauges; Quartz friction gauges; Increase of sensitivity of thermocouple gauges; Lubrication in vacuum; Calibration of diffusion leaks; Improvements in leak detection.Besides its role in educational activities, the book will also serve as a handbook for those working in this field, or in fields connected to Vacuum Technology.Comments from the press on the second edition:A valuable reference work for undergraduate libraries...well organized and clearly written and strikes an appropriate balance between completeness and attention to fundamentals. The index and references are unusually complete. Recommended. (Choice)Roth's new book contains a comprehensive collection of information on rarefied-gas flow, physical and chemical phenomena associated with vacuum technology, the production and measurement of high vacuum and sealing and leak-detection techniques. One finds a wealth of equations, numerical examples, tables, graphs and monographs. The book is more a handbook than a source book of latest developments. It is suitable for teaching, but the wealth of organized data should also make the book highly useful to engineers... (Physics Today) |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology, Thin Films, and Sputtering R. V. Stuart, 2012-12-02 Vacuum technology is advancing and expanding so rapidly that a major difficulty for most companies in the field is finding qualified technicians needed for expansion and as replacements. The only recourse for most companies is to hire capable, though untrained, people to train them in-house. One of the problems in this course of action is that it repeatedly draws on the valuable time of experienced personnel to explain fundamental concepts to a trainee. - Provides a variety of exercises in eac |
| vacuum technology: The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology Donald M. Mattox, 2018-08-21 The Foundations of Vacuum Coating Technology, Second Edition, is a revised and expanded version of the first edition, which was published in 2003. The book reviews the histories of the various vacuum coating technologies and expands on the history of the enabling technologies of vacuum technology, plasma technology, power supplies, and low-pressure plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The melding of these technologies has resulted in new processes and products that have greatly expanded the application of vacuum coatings for use in our everyday lives. The book is unique in that it makes extensive reference to the patent literature (mostly US) and how it relates to the history of vacuum coating. The book includes a Historical Timeline of Vacuum Coating Technology and a Historical Timeline of Vacuum/Plasma Technology, as well as a Glossary of Terms used in the vacuum coating and surface engineering industries. - History and detailed descriptions of Vacuum Deposition Technologies - Review of Enabling Technologies and their importance to current applications - Extensively referenced text - Patents are referenced as part of the history - Historical Timelines for Vacuum Coating Technology and Vacuum/Plasma Technology - Glossary of Terms for vacuum coating |
| vacuum technology: Understanding Modern Vacuum Technology Steve Borichevsky, 2016-08-31 The purpose of this book is to help scientists, engineers and technicians learn about and better understand the vacuum technology found in science and industry today. Understanding how the equipment is built and functions will help the practitioner create more successful applications. This book is written so that anyone new to the art, or even an experienced practitioner, who wishes to learn about vacuum engineering can do so quickly and easily. It provides an undercut to the many classic texts that are still available today. Armed with the information contained within, the technologist will be able to go to the more advanced materials, if needed, and absorb that knowledge quickly and efficiently. Understanding Modern Vacuum Technology explains concepts and methods by presenting the historical background of the development of the technology and how it has evolved into the technology we use today. It draws on historical papers and patents to show how the technology was conceived and then brings the topic up to modern times. In this way the reader will gain full conceptual understandings so that he or she will be able to then create sound vacuum solutions for the technical challenges that they face. A partial list of topics: Gas Laws Microscopic Description of a Gas Flows and Conductance Pressure Measurement Partial Pressure and Mass Analysis Vapor Pressure Basic Concepts of Pumping Rough Vacuum Pumps Diffusion Pumps Turbomolecular Pumps Cryopumps Ion Pumps Getter Pumps Calibrated Leaks |
| vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Science and Technology Dorothy Hoffman, Bawa Singh, John H. Thomas III, 1997-10-29 The Handbook of Vacuum Technology consists of the latest innovations in vacuum science and technology with a strong orientation towards the vacuum practitioner. It covers many of the new vacuum pumps, materials, equipment, and applications. It also details the design and maintenance of modern vacuum systems. The authors are well known experts in their individual fields with the emphasis on performance, limitations, and applications rather than theory. There aremany useful tables, charts, and figures that will be of use to the practitioner. - User oriented with many useful tables, charts, and figures of use to the practitioner - Reviews new vacuum materials and equipment - Illustrates the design and maintenance of modern vacuum systems - Includes well referenced chapters |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Sealing Techniques Alexander Roth, 1994 Market: Scientists, engineers, and graduate students in vacuum technology. This volume presents numerous techniques developed in the early 1960s for the efficient construction of reliable vacuum seals, and provides critical insights into the design, construction, and assembly of vacuum systems. Extensively researched, this work covers a variety of sealing techniques and design concepts that remain as technologically relevant now as they were nearly three decades ago. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology David J Hucknall, Alan Morris, 2019-05-16 An accessible and applicable guide to quantitative problem solving in vacuum technology, this book is aimed at newcomers, students and the experienced practitioner. It contains essential information and worked examples for those using vacuum technology in chemical applications and who are involved in the design and operation of vacuum equipment. Using step by step solutions of example calculations and formulae, Vacuum Technology: Calculations in Chemistry sets out to encourage readers to quantify their own systems so that they can ensure efficient operation and fault finding. Whilst emphasising the use of appropriate units in calculations and using well known expressions in vacuum technology throughout, the book includes: * formulae necessary for quantitative vacuum technology * commonly required data for common gases in tabulated form * schematic diagrams of systems and layouts This book is certain to be a confidence inspiring publication for use in both research and industry. |
| vacuum technology: A Review: Ultrahigh-Vacuum Technology for Electron Microscopes Nagamitsu Yoshimura, 2020-02-15 A Review: Ultrahigh-Vacuum Technology for Electron Microscopes provides information on the fundamentals of ultra-high vacuum systems. It covers the very subtle process that can help increase pressure inside the microscope (or inside any other ultra-high vacuum system) and the different behavior of the molecules contributing to this kind of process. Prof Yoshimura's book offers detailed information on electron microscope components, as well as UHV technology. This book is an ideal resource for industrial microscopists, engineers and scientists responsible for the design, operation and maintenance of electron microscopes. In addition, engineering students or engineers working with electron microscopes will find it useful. - Teaches how to incorporate diffusion pumps for UHV electron microscopy - Presents the work of an author who brings a lifetime of experience working on vacuum technology and electron microscopes |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Pramod K. Naik, 2018-03-22 Vacuum plays an important role in science and technology. The study of interaction of charged particles, neutrals and radiation with each other and with solid surfaces requires a vacuum environment for reliable investigations. Vacuum has contributed to major advancements made in nuclear science, space, metallurgy, electrical/electronic technology, chemical engineering, transportation, robotics and many other fields. This book is intended to assist students, scientists, technicians and engineers with understanding the basics of vacuum science and technology for application in their projects. The fundamental theories, concepts, devices, applications, and key inventions are discussed. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology Roger Fabian, 1993 A guide for furnace operators, metallurgists, and plant engineers working with vacuum processing, providing both a broad overview of the field and practical help with details and problems. Considers the basic theory, equipment, preparation and handling, process variables, commercial practice, inspec |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology and Applications David J. Hucknall, 2013-10-22 Vacuum Technology and Applications reviews the most commonly encountered methods for the production, containment, and measurement of subatmospheric pressure. This book also outlines a number of very important applications of this technology. This text is organized into eight chapters and begins with a brief survey of the fundamental principles of vacuum technology. The succeeding chapters deal with the pumps used for the production of rough-medium and high-ultra-high vacua. These chapters specifically cover their principles, performance, and applications. These topics are followed by a discussion of the devices for residual gas analysis and partial pressure measurement. Other chapters consider the aspects of leak detection using He-specific mass spectrometer and the materials, components, and fabrication of vacuum devices. The final chapters explore the application of vacuum technology in critical areas of industrial activity, such as thin-film technology, semiconductor, metallurgy, and chemical industry. This book will prove useful to practicing mechanical, chemical, and design engineers. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum and Ultravacuum Igor Bello, 2017-11-02 Vacuum technology has enormous impact on human life in many aspects and fields, such as metallurgy, material development and production, food and electronic industry, microelectronics, device fabrication, physics, materials science, space science, engineering, chemistry, technology of low temperature, pharmaceutical industry, and biology. All decorative coatings used in jewelries and various daily products—including shiny decorative papers, the surface finish of watches, and light fixtures—are made using vacuum technological processes. Vacuum analytical techniques and vacuum technologies are pillars of the technological processes, material synthesis, deposition, and material analyses—all of which are used in the development of novel materials, increasing the value of industrial products, controlling the technological processes, and ensuring the high product quality. Based on physical models and calculated examples, the book provides a deeper look inside the vacuum physics and technology. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry Wolfgang Jorisch, 2015-01-20 Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers` Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection. All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology in the Chemical Industry Wolfgang Jorisch, 2015-02-27 Based on the very successful German edition and a seminar held by the German Engineers` Association (VDI) on a regular basis for years now, this English edition has been thoroughly updated and revised to reflect the latest developments. It supplies in particular the special aspects of vacuum technology, applied vacuum pump types and vacuum engineering in the chemical, pharmaceutical and process industry application-segments. The text includes chapters dedicated to latest European regulations for operating in hazardous zones with vacuum systems, methods for process pressure control and regulation and leak detection. All of the authors work or did work at a selection of the most important German companies involved in vacuum technology, and their expertise is disseminated here for engineers working in vacuum technology, chemical process design, plant operation, and mechanical engineering. |
| vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Arc Science & Technology Raymond L. Boxman, David M. Sanders, Philip J. Martin, 1996-12-31 This is a comprehensive text describing the basic physics and technological applications of vacuum arcs. Part I describes basic physics of the vacuum arc, beginning with a brief tutorial review of plasma and electrical discharge physics, then describes the arc ignition process, cathode and anode spots which serve as the locus for plasma generation, and resultant interelectrode plasma. Part II describes the applications of the vacuum arc for depositing thin films and coatings, refining metals, switching high power, and as sources of intense electron, ion, plasma, and x-ray beams. |
| vacuum technology: Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology James M. Lafferty, 1998-01-30 An indispensable resource for scientists and engineers concerned with high vacuum technology Vacuum technology has evolved significantly over the past thirty years and is now indispensable to various fields of scientific research as well as the medical technology, food processing, aerospace, and electronics industries. Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology offers a comprehensive survey of the physical and chemical principles underlying the production, measurement, and use of high vacuums. It also provides a valuable critical survey of important developments that have occurred in the field over the past several decades. Comprising contributions from many of the world's leading specialists in vacuum techniques, Foundations of Vacuum Science and Technology: * Reviews the laws of kinetics, the principles of gas flow over a wide range of pressures, and the behaviors of both compressible and turbulent flows * Features exhaustive coverage of vacuum pump technology, including liquid ring pumps, dry pumps, turbo pumps, getter pumps, and cryo pumps * Describes leak detectors used in industry * Examines all types of pressure measurement techniques, including the latest quadrupole mass spectrometer techniques for partial pressure analysis * Explores the state of the art in calibration and standards. |
| vacuum technology: Introduction to Vacuum Technology David M. Hata, 2008 The approach taken in this book is to approach vacuum systems from a pressure regime viewpoint. That is, after covering some basic chemistry, the first pressure regime covered is the rough vacuum regime. Within the study of rough vacuum systems, the following topics are covered: the gas load, the pumping mechanism, pressure measurement and vacuum system construction. The discussion of rough vacuum is then followed by the study of high-vacuum systems. The same topics are revisited, but this time from a high vacuum perspective. Once both rough vacuum and high vacuum systems are covered, then the topics of leak detection and residual gas analysis are introduced. This approach lends itself to laboratory experimentation. During the review of gas laws from chemistry, there are a number of experiments and demonstrations that can be performed to reinforce basic laws and concepts. Then, during the study of rough vacuum systems, pumpdown times can be calculated and pumpdowns performed in the laboratory. Likewise, during the study of high-vacuum systems, pumpdowns as well as other lab exercises, such as outgassing and residual gas analysis, can be conducted. Coverage of vacuum systems from a pressure regime viewpoint, rather than from a topical viewpoint. Focus on the fundamental science behind vacumm system components. This book is written for users of vacuum systems, especially the technicians that are responsible for maintaining them. |
| vacuum technology: Basic Vacuum Technology, 2nd edition A. Chambers, 1998-01-01 Vacuum technology is widely used in many manufacturing and developmental processes and its applications grow in scope and sophistication. It is an inter-disciplinary subject, embracing aspects of mechanical, electrical and chemical engineering, chemistry, and materials science while having a broad foundation in physics. In spite of its technological importance, and perhaps because of its cross-disciplinary nature, substantial teaching and training is not widely available. Basic Vacuum Technology aims to give readers a firm foundation of fundamental knowledge about the subject and the ability to apply it. This book is an introductory text on how to use vacuum techniques. It provides a good grounding in the basic scientific principles and concepts that underlie the production and measurement of vacua. The authors describe how these are applied in representative low, medium, high, and ultra-high vacuum systems and explain the most important practical aspects of the operation of a large variety of pumps, components, and measuring instrumentation. The book introduces numerical methods for analysis and prediction of the behavior of vacuum systems in terms of the properties of their individual elements and enables readers to recognize and resolve problems with malfunctioning systems. |
| vacuum technology: A Users Guide to Vacuum Technology John F. O'Hanlon, Timothy A. Gessert, 2023-10-31 A USERS GUIDE TO VACUUM TECHNOLOGY Choose and understand the vacuum technology that fits your project’s needs with this indispensable guide Vacuum technology is used to provide process environments for other kinds of engineering technology, making it an unsung cornerstone of hundreds of projects incorporating analysis, research and development, manufacturing, and more. Since it is very often a secondary technology, users primarily interested in processes incorporating it will frequently only encounter vacuum technology when purchasing or troubleshooting. There is an urgent need for a guide to vacuum technology made with these users in mind. For decades, A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology has met this need, with a user-focused introduction to vacuum technology as it is incorporated into semiconductor, optics, solar sell, and other engineering processes. With an emphasis on otherwise neglected subjects and on accessibility to the secondary user of vacuum technology, it balances treatment of older systems that are still in use with a survey of the latest cutting-edge technologies. The result promises to continue as the essential guide to vacuum systems. Readers of the fourth edition of A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology will also find: Expanded treatment of gauges, pumps, materials, systems, and best??operating practices Detailed discussion of cutting-edge topics like ultraclean vacuum and contamination control An authorial team with decades of combined research and engineering experience A User’s Guide to Vacuum Technology is essential for those entering emerging STEM programs, engineering professionals and graduate students working with a huge range of engineering technologies. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Technology Fundamentals for beginners Vanaraj Solanki, Pramita Mishra, Ruchita Patel, 2019-09-06 This book mainly focusing on basic of vacuum technology. We have discussed preliminary definitions that are useful for students to understand the basic of vacuum. In addition, book describing the detailed working of few selective vacuum pumps and gauges which are commonly used in most of the scientific instruments. We believe this basic book will be helpful to those students who are in their initial stage of vacuum learning. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Science and Technology Dr. V.V. Rao, Dr. T.B. Gosh, Dr. K.L. Chopra, 1998-10-17 This book presents a modern and balanced approach while discussing the conceptual and practical aspects of vacuum science and technology. The chapters in the book are planned in systematic fashion from basic concepts through vacuum production and measurement, vacuum components, trouble shooting and then providing applications. It would be useful to students, both at the under-graduate and graduate levels in physics and also in various branches of engineering. In addition, it would be of value to practicing scientists and engineers who have to deal will vacuum science and technology. |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Engineering Calculations, Formulas, and Solved Exercises Armand Berman, 2012-12-02 This book was written with two main objectives in mind - to summarize and organize the vast material of vacuum technology in sets of useful formulas, and to provide a collection of worked out exercises showing how to use these formulas for solving technological problems. It is an ideal reference source for those with little time to devote to a full mathematical treatment of the many problems issued in vacuum practice, but who have a working knowledge of the essentials of vacuum technology, elementary physics, and mathematics. This time saving book employs a problem-solving approach throughout, providing the methodology for computing vacuum parameters. References and solved exercises are appended to the end of each chapter. - Presents the thermal transpiration effect in vacuum gauges with application to capacitance manometers in vacuum metrology - Covers analytical-statistical calculation of conductances of vacuum elements - Examines the molecular flow of gas through short pipes and channels - Explains chocked and nonchocked laminar flow of gas through vacuum elements |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Deposition onto Webs, Films and Foils Charles Bishop, 2015-08-15 Vacuum Deposition onto Webs: Films and Foils, Third Edition, provides the latest information on vacuum deposition, the technology that applies an even coating to a flexible material that can be held on a roll, thereby offering a much faster and cheaper method of bulk coating than deposition onto single pieces or non-flexible surfaces such as glass. This technology has been used in industrial-scale applications for some time, including a wide range of metalized packaging. Its potential as a high-speed, scalable process has seen an increasing range of new products emerging that employ this cost-effective technology, including solar energy products that are moving from rigid panels onto cheaper and more versatile flexible substrates, flexible electronic circuit 'boards', and flexible displays. In this third edition, all chapters are thoroughly revised with a significant amount of new information added, including newly developed barrier measurement techniques, improved in-vacuum monitoring technologies, and the latest developments in Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). - Provides the know-how to maximize productivity of vacuum coating systems - Thoroughly revised with a significant amount of new information added, including newly developed barrier measurement techniques, improved in-vacuum monitoring technologies, and the latest on Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) - Presents the latest information on vacuum deposition, the technology that applies an even coating to a flexible material that can be held on a roll, thereby offering a much faster and cheaper method of bulk coating - Enables engineers to specify systems more effectively and enhances dialogue between non-specialists and suppliers/engineers - Empowers those in rapidly expanding fields such as solar energy, display panels, and flexible electronics to unlock the potential of vacuum coating to transform their processes and products |
| vacuum technology: Handbook of Vacuum Technology Karl Jousten, 2016-06-14 This comprehensive, standard work has been updated to remain an important resource for all those needing detailed knowledge of the theory and applications of vacuum technology. The text covers the existing knowledge on all aspects of vacuum science and technology, ranging from fundamentals to components and operating systems. It features many numerical examples and illustrations to help visualize the theoretical issues, while the chapters are carefully cross-linked and coherent symbols and notations are used throughout the book. The whole is rounded off by a user-friendly appendix of conversion tables, mathematical tools, material related data, overviews of processes and techniques, equipment-related data, national and international standards, guidelines, and much more. As a result, engineers, technicians, and scientists will be able to develop and work successfully with the equipment and environment found in a vacuum. |
| vacuum technology: P-Z Library of Congress. Office for Subject Cataloging Policy, 1990 |
| vacuum technology: Overview of Vacuum Technology Timothy A. Gessert, 2021 Overview of Vacuum Technology provides the reader a broad treatment of typical systems and components used in the critical field of vacuum technology. It demonstrates where and why certain vacuum components are used in this rapidly evolving area of science. It develops the reader's understanding of how to effectively establish vacuum equipment that will meet both their present and near-future needs. This important reference offers guidance on costs of ownership concerns for initial purchase and other less-understood costs related to operation and maintenance. This foundation will allow technologists and researchers to acquire vacuum equipment capable of producing a required level of reproducibility, as well as maintain the vacuum equipment within the research and production budgets. This important book: -- Provides definitions and use cases, principles and key applications, procedures, and data evaluation -- Discusses the development of gas laws, the transport of gas molecules, and vacuum chamber outgassing -- Presents descriptions and selection advice for critical components such as gauges, pumps, valves, chambers, feedthroughs, and flanges Scientists, engineers, and technologists in semiconductor electronics, photovoltaics, energy, and materials science will find this an invaluable reference. Educators and researchers interested in vacuum technology will also find this book a useful resource. |
| vacuum technology: The Physical Basis of Ultrahigh Vacuum P. A. Redhead, J. P. Hobson, E. V. Kornelsen, 1968 |
| vacuum technology: Handbook of Materials and Techniques for Vacuum Devices Walter Kohl, 1997-08-01 Market: Engineers, researchers, and students in vacuum science and materials science and designers and manufacturers of vacuum electronic devices in any field where glass, ceramics, refractory metals, and joining methods are used. The republication of this widely used handbook makes available again an invaluable source of fundamental information on the construction of vacuum devices and provides a complete rundown on the properties of basic materials used in vacuum tubes (glass, ceramics, mica, carbon, graphite, iron, steel, copper, nickel, precious metals, refractory metals, and all relevant alloys). Most importantly, it offers step-by- step guidelines for basic joining techniques, including how to deal with common problems such as secondary emission and voltage breakdown. High-temperature properties are emphasized in recognition of the crucial role of vacuum devices in space technology. |
| vacuum technology: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress, 2007 |
| vacuum technology: NBS Monograph , 1961 |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Science and Technology Paul A. Redhead, 1997-05-27 Market: Researchers and technicians in vacuum science, and those interested in the field. This comprehensive overview of the groundbreaking work in vacuum science from 1910 to 1960 presents original biographies of the scientists and engineers at the vanguard of vacuum technology. It also features papers now regarded as milestones. Among these are Saul Dushman's Theory and Use of the Molecular Gauge (1915), Pieter Clausing's The Flow of Highly Rarefied Gases through Tubes of Arbitrary Length (1932), and L.D. Hall's Electronic Ultra-High Vacuum Pump (1932). |
| vacuum technology: Library of Congress Subject Headings: P-Z Library of Congress. Subject Cataloging Division, 1989 |
| vacuum technology: Library of Congress Subject Headings Library of Congress. Cataloging Policy and Support Office, 2009 |
| vacuum technology: Vacuum Electronics Joseph A. Eichmeier, Manfred Thumm, 2008-03-04 Nineteen experts from the electronics industry, research institutes and universities have joined forces to prepare this book. It does nothing less than provide a complete overview of the electrophysical fundamentals, the present state of the art and applications, as well as the future prospects of microwave tubes and systems. The book does the same for optoelectronics vacuum devices, electron and ion beam devices, light and X-ray emitters, particle accelerators and vacuum interrupters. |
| vacuum technology: Subject Headings Used in the Dictionary Catalogs of the Library of Congress [from 1897 Through June 1964] Library of Congress. Subject Cataloging Division, 1966 |
"Electronic" vs. "electric" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Jun 26, 2011 · A simple vacuum tube, a triode, with its heated cathode. Source. As expected with an insulator, electrons cannot move in vacuum, there is no electric current, the impatient …
Difference in meaning in "insulation" vs. "isolation"? [closed]
Dec 13, 2011 · Electrical isolation amounts to using an air gap (or vacuum) as an insulating (nonconducting) medium; like most electrical insulators, air has a breakdown voltage, typically …
What do salespeople mean by "don't sell the steak, sell the sizzle"?
Mar 20, 2011 · In other words, don't talk about how the vacuum cleaner was made in Germany and incorporates the latest technology; tell the client he'll be able to vacuum the house in half …
Idioms or phrases to answer to obvious (yes) questions?
Jun 23, 2020 · Do vacuum cleaners suck? Is water wet? Is the hypotenuse the longest side of a triangle? Does a bear live in the woods? I’ll answer you with my favorite ‘Y’ word—Yes! Is the …
abbreviations - Usage of "p." versus "pp." versus "pg." to denote …
Mar 1, 2011 · Per Strunk and White's Elements of Style, p. is used to denote 1 page, pp. to denote a range of pages. This form of citation is used when you are using brief/in text citations.
"At hand" vs "on hand" vs "in hand" - English Language & Usage …
Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their …
Referring to objects as "she" [duplicate] - English Language
Sep 18, 2010 · I only relate my own experiences in the matter. Your observation that the objects a not necessarily unknown is valid, hence my frequent use of the weasel-word 'tends'. I agree …
When to use & instead of "and" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Dec 26, 2012 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
abbreviations - Should I write "PhD" or "Ph.D."? - English …
Question pretty self-explanatory. Should the abbreviation of the Latin term philosophiae doctor be written as PhD (no periods) or Ph.D. (with periods)?
"One-to-one" vs. "one-on-one" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Apr 19, 2012 · Rather than a domination/subordination connotation, I would've said it's more of a competition connotation (it may well be a friendly competition), but that may be a regional thing …
"Electronic" vs. "electric" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Jun 26, 2011 · A simple vacuum tube, a triode, with its heated cathode. Source. As expected with an insulator, electrons cannot move in vacuum, there is no electric current, the impatient electrons …
Difference in meaning in "insulation" vs. "isolation"? [closed]
Dec 13, 2011 · Electrical isolation amounts to using an air gap (or vacuum) as an insulating (nonconducting) medium; like most electrical insulators, air has a breakdown voltage, typically …
What do salespeople mean by "don't sell the steak, sell the sizzle"?
Mar 20, 2011 · In other words, don't talk about how the vacuum cleaner was made in Germany and incorporates the latest technology; tell the client he'll be able to vacuum the house in half the …
Idioms or phrases to answer to obvious (yes) questions?
Jun 23, 2020 · Do vacuum cleaners suck? Is water wet? Is the hypotenuse the longest side of a triangle? Does a bear live in the woods? I’ll answer you with my favorite ‘Y’ word—Yes! Is the sky …
abbreviations - Usage of "p." versus "pp." versus "pg." to denote …
Mar 1, 2011 · Per Strunk and White's Elements of Style, p. is used to denote 1 page, pp. to denote a range of pages. This form of citation is used when you are using brief/in text citations.
"At hand" vs "on hand" vs "in hand" - English Language & Usage …
Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their …
Referring to objects as "she" [duplicate] - English Language
Sep 18, 2010 · I only relate my own experiences in the matter. Your observation that the objects a not necessarily unknown is valid, hence my frequent use of the weasel-word 'tends'. I agree with …
When to use & instead of "and" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Dec 26, 2012 · Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for …
abbreviations - Should I write "PhD" or "Ph.D."? - English Language ...
Question pretty self-explanatory. Should the abbreviation of the Latin term philosophiae doctor be written as PhD (no periods) or Ph.D. (with periods)?
"One-to-one" vs. "one-on-one" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Apr 19, 2012 · Rather than a domination/subordination connotation, I would've said it's more of a competition connotation (it may well be a friendly competition), but that may be a regional thing …
