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| ulama sunni: Religion and State in Syria Thomas Pierret, 2013-03-25 While Syria has been dominated since the 1960s by a determinedly secular regime, the 2011 uprising has raised many questions about the role of Islam in the country's politics. This book demonstrates that with the eradication of the Muslim Brothers after the failed insurrection of 1982, Sunni men of religion became the only voice of the Islamic trend in the country. Through educational programs, charitable foundations and their deft handling of tribal and merchant networks, they took advantage of popular disaffection with secular ideologies to increase their influence over society. In recent years, with the Islamic resurgence, the Alawi-dominated Ba'thist regime was compelled to bring the clergy into the political fold. This relationship was exposed in 2011 by the division of the Sunni clergy between regime supporters, bystanders and opponents. This book affords a new perspective on Syrian society as it stands at the crossroads of political and social fragmentation. |
| ulama sunni: A History of Islamic Societies Ira M. Lapidus, 2002-08-22 Ira Lapidus' classic history of the origins and evolution of Muslim societies, revised and updated for this second edition, first published in 2002. |
| ulama sunni: The 'Ulama in Contemporary Pakistan Mashal Saif, 2020-10-22 In this book, Mashal Saif explores how contemporary 'ulama, the guardians of religious knowledge and law, engage with the world's most populated Islamic nation-state: Pakistan. In mapping these engagements, she weds rigorous textual analysis with fieldwork and offers insight into some of the most significant and politically charged issues in recent Pakistani history. These include debates over the rights of women; the country's notorious blasphemy laws; the legitimacy of religiously mandated insurrection against the state; sectarian violence; and the place of Shi'as within the Sunni majority nation. These diverse case studies are knit together by the project's most significant contribution: a theoretical framework that understands the 'ulama's complex engagements with their state as a process of both contestation and cultivation of the Islamic Republic by citizen-subjects. This framework provides a new way of assessing state - 'ulama relations not only in contemporary Pakistan but also across the Muslim world. |
| ulama sunni: The Sunna and Shi'a in History O. Bengio, Meir Litvak, 2014-12-16 Sunni-Shi'i relations have undergone significant transformations in recent decades. In order to understand these developments, the contributors to the present volume demonstrate the complexity of Sunni-Shi'i relations by analyzing political, ideological, and social encounters between the two communities from early Islamic history to the present. |
| ulama sunni: Living with the AK-47 Younes Saramifar, 2015-05-13 Understanding resistance movements and armed militias in the Middle East is key in unravelling this complex and sensitive region. This book focuses on the Hezbollah group in Lebanon, combining extensive ethnography with critical insights drawn from a range of disciplines including sociology, psychology and philosophy. Instead of approaching resistance or violence through received macro-formulations, the book concentrates on micro-narratives and spatial dynamics of two critical spaces – namely, Dahiya, a Shia-majority suburb of Beirut and Hezbollah’s stronghold, and training camps, where volunteers metamorphose into militants. The book is unique in that it juxtaposes ethnographic narratives in such a way that they script their own rich tale of bodily tactics, ‘resistance’ and possible subjectivity in the realm of everyday life. They create a complex palimpsest of the history of Lebanon, Hezbollah and individuals striving to live under the ‘Islamic sphere of influence’, offsetting stereotypes and dominant historiography. This volume is a must-read for scholars, researchers, media analysts and policy groups engaged with the Middle East. It will be particularly relevant to the disciplines of Sociology, Social Anthropology, Geography, Psychology, International Relations and Area Studies with a focus on Lebanon. |
| ulama sunni: Islam and Revolution in the Middle East Henry Munson, 1988-01-01 Analyzes the role of Islam in Middle Eastern society and politics, addresses the differences between the Sunni and Shi'i sects, and discusses why an Islamic revolution occurred only in Iran |
| ulama sunni: Religion and Societies Carlo Caldarola, 2011-06-01 The series Religion and Society (RS) contributes to the exploration of religions as social systems – both in Western and non-Western societies; in particular, it examines religions in their differentiation from, and intersection with, other cultural systems, such as art, economy, law and politics. Due attention is given to paradigmatic case or comparative studies that exhibit a clear theoretical orientation with the empirical and historical data of religion and such aspects of religion as ritual, the religious imagination, constructions of tradition, iconography, or media. In addition, the formation of religious communities, their construction of identity, and their relation to society and the wider public are key issues of this series. |
| ulama sunni: Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Hamilton A.R. Gibb Makdisi, 1965-06 |
| ulama sunni: The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security Chris Seiple, Dennis Hoover, Pauletta Otis, 2013 This Handbook offers analyses of how nine different world religions have related to issues of war and peace, theologically and practically; overviews of how scholars and practitioners in nine different topical areas of security studies have (or have not) dealt with the relationship between religion and security; and five case studies of particular countries in which the religion--security nexus is vividly illustrated: Nigeria, India, Israel, the former Yugoslavia and Iraq. |
| ulama sunni: The Many Faces of Political Islam Mohammed Ayoob, 2009-12-21 Analysts and pundits from across the American political spectrum describe Islamic fundamentalism as one of the greatest threats to modern, Western-style democracy. Yet very few non-Muslims would be able to venture an accurate definition of political Islam. Mohammed Ayoob's The Many Faces of Political Islam thoroughly describes the myriad manifestations of this rising ideology and analyzes its impact on global relations. In this beautifully crafted and utterly compelling book, Mohammed Ayoob accomplishes admirably the difficult task of offering a readily accessible yet nuanced and comprehensive analysis of an issue of enormous political importance. Both students and specialists will learn a great deal from this absolutely first-rate book. ---Peter J. Katzenstein, Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. Professor of International Studies and Stephen H. Weiss Presidential Teaching Fellow, Cornell University Dr. Ayoob addresses the nuances and complexities of political Islam---be it mainstream, radical, or militant---and offers a road map of the pivotal players and issues that define the movement. There is no one as qualified as Mohammed Ayoob to write a synthesis of various manifestations of political Islam. His complex narrative highlights the changes and shifts that have taken place within the Islamist universe and their implications for internal Muslim politics and relations between the world of Islam and the Christian world. ---Fawaz A. Gerges, Carnegie Scholar, and holds the Christian A. Johnson Chair in International Affairs and Middle Eastern Studies, Sarah Lawrence College Let's hope that many readers---not only academics but policymakers as well---will use this invaluable book. ---François Burgat, Director, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the Institute for Research and Study on the Arab and Muslim World (IREMAM), Aix-en-Provence, France This is a wonderful, concise book by an accomplished and sophisticated political scientist who nonetheless manages to convey his interpretation of complex issues and movements to even those who have little background on the subject. It is impressive in its clarity, providing a badly needed text on political Islam that's accessible to college students and the general public alike. ---Shibley Telhami, Anwar Sadat Professor for Peace and Development, University of Maryland, and Senior Fellow, Brookings Institution Mohammed Ayoob is University Distinguished Professor of International Relations with a joint appointment in James Madison College and the Department of Political Science at Michigan State University. He is also Coordinator of the Muslim Studies Program at Michigan State University. |
| ulama sunni: The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition Mohammed Ayoob, Danielle Nicole Lussier, 2020-01-03 Analysts and pundits from across the American political spectrum describe Islamic fundamentalism as one of the greatest threats to modern, Western-style democracy. Yet very few non-Muslims would be able to venture an accurate definition of political Islam. Fully revised and updated, The Many Faces of Political Islam thoroughly analyzes the many facets of this political ideology and shows its impact on global relations. |
| ulama sunni: Pakistan Wilson John, 2009 Does democracy have a chance in Pakistan? In the sixty years of its existence, Pakistan has experienced four military coups and has been ruled by the military for more than half the period. Even during the interludes of democracy, Pakistan's military exercised considerable power and influence. It also supported various militant groups in their causes, thus abetting terrorism. Ill-conceived policies of the military dictatorship in the country and failed intermittent civilian governments fuelled internal turmoil and branded Pakistan as a refuge for Islamic terrorists and a haven for the Taliban. Pakistan: The Struggle Within documents and analyses, among other things, the geopolitical scenario, the ethnic conflicts and civil-military relations in Pakistan, and explores its immediate future, all of which have a great and immediate relevance-not only to India but also to the international community. This book is a collection of essays written by some of the world's best-known scholars and analysts on Pakistan. It highlights how Pakistan continues to battle multiple challenges to its sovereignty, identity and survival as a nation-state. |
| ulama sunni: Islam in the World Today Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach, 2011-12-15 Considered the most authoritative single-volume reference work on Islam in the contemporary world, the German-language Der Islam in der Gegenwart, currently in its fifth edition, offers a wealth of authoritative information on the religious, political, social, and cultural life of Islamic nations and of Islamic immigrant communities elsewhere. Now, Cornell University Press is making this invaluable resource accessible to English-language readers. More current than the latest German edition on which it is based, Islam in the World Today covers a comprehensive array of topics in concise essays by some of the world's leading experts on Islam, including: • the history of Islam from the earliest years through the twentieth century, with particular attention to Sunni and Shi'i Islam and Islamic revival movements during the last three centuries; • data on the advance of Islam along with current population statistics; • Muslim ideas on modern economics, on social order, and on attempts to modernize Islamic law (shari'a) and apply it in contemporary Muslim societies; • Islam in diaspora, especially the situation in Europe and America; • secularism, democracy, and human rights; and • women in Islam Twenty-four essays are each devoted to a specific Muslim country or a country with significant Muslim minorities, spanning Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and the former Soviet Union. Additional essays illuminate Islamic culture, exploring local traditions; the languages and dialects of Muslim peoples; and art, architecture, and literature. Detailed bibliographies and indexes ensure the book's usefulness as a reference work. |
| ulama sunni: The Other Shiites Alessandro Monsutti, Silvia Naef, Farian Sabahi, 2007 Shia Islam is a central issue in contemporary politics. Often associated with Iran, Shiite communities actually exist in many Islamic countries. Focusing on the «other Shiites» outside Iran, this book offers a survey of their diversity and multiplicity in the last two centuries. The contributions cover three major topics. The first part deals with the relationship of Shia minorities to the Sunni regimes. Secondly the public affirmation of their identities through specific rituals and social attitudes is analysed. Finally, the third part of this volume examines the strengthening of these identities through traditional religious rituals and cultural performances, or through the re-interpretation and adaptation of these to present-day life. Coming from various academic backgrounds, the authors have used different methodologies and have been engaged in field-work. |
| ulama sunni: Shi'ism and Social Protest Juan Ricardo Cole, Nikki R. Keddie, 1986-01-01 This timely and important book presents the first overview of Shi'i political activism in the countries where it has been most significant-from Iran and Lebanon to Saudi Arabia and Egypt. The contributors present up-to-date information on the factors involved in Shi'ism's recent movement away from quietism and toward an active involvement in politics. They also discuss how Shi'i political activism will affect the struggle in and for Lebanon; the Iran-Iraq war; Soviet attitudes toward Afghanistan and Iran; and U.S. policies toward the Middle East. |
| ulama sunni: Islam William Shepard, 2009 A college etextbook for religion courses. |
| ulama sunni: Fikir dan Percaya Pada Yang Satu Alian Jusuf, 2014-11-24 Didalam buku ini penulis banyak berbicara tentang kepercayaan yang mungkin akan menganggu perasaan pembaca. Dengan itu penulis terlebih dahulu memohon maaf. Banyak dari perkara yang diamalkan dan dianggap Islam adalah merupakan ikutan dari Alkitab Bible Kristian. Para Ulama dan cendiakawan Islam yang mengikut ajaran ini, tidak mahu terkeluar dari aturan mazhab atau takut dihukum atau dipulaukan oleh mazhab mereka. Ajaran yang diambil dari Alkitab Bible Kristian ini telah lama meresap dalam ajaran mazhab-mazhab mereka. Malangnya banyak yang terkeluar dari ajaran Kitab Quran yang sebenar. Didalam buku ini penulis mendedahkan ajaran-ajaran yang dianggap sahih dan digunapakai oleh orang Islam seluruh dunia sebenarnya telah membelakangkan Kitab Quran. Disini penulis mengunakan Kitab Quran sendiri sebagai bukti dimana mereka ini telah jauh tersasar dari landasan yang sebenar. Kita tidak boleh menafikan kebenaran bahawa Nabi Muhammad telah mengunakan Kitab Quran sebagai ajarannya sepertimana yang diperintah oleh Allah. Marilah kita kembali kepada ajaran yang sebenar. Dan fikir sejenak dan terima dengan keyakinan pada Tuhan Yang Satu. |
| ulama sunni: Roots of North Indian Shi'ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859 Juan R. I. Cole, 2024-11-28 In this pioneering study of the Twelver Shi'i branch of Islam, prevalent in Iraq and Iran, Juan R. I. Cole traces the influence of Shi`i rule on the development of religious communalism and conflict in the north Indian State of Awadh (Oudh), as well as the relationship of the Shi'i clergy to the state and the clerical reaction to British imperialism and capitalism. Based on research in rare manuscripts and in archives, the book reveals that the Shi`i clergy advocated policies that caused resentment among Sunnis and Hindus, thereby promoting religious communalism and setting the stage for modern communal conflict. The Shi`i learned men took government posts in support of Awadh's Shi`i nawabs and shahs; Awadh state support, in turn, helped transform Shiism from a persecuted sect to a dominant, if still minority, religious establishment. Sociologically, the book draws attention to the specific role of the state in defining sect and church. It also argues the importance of class divisions within the Shi`i community, showing that the dominant clerical ideology was often not accepted by the laboring strata. Cole's study supports the view that Muslim communalism in northern India had genuine historical roots and was not simply an elite strategy of modern Muslim politicians. Contrary to the arguments of some writers and to the image projected by Iran's current ayatollahs, he argues that most Shi'i clergy did not play a role of opposition to the state in premodern societies. |
| ulama sunni: A Companion to the History of the Middle East Youssef M. Choueiri, 2008-09-02 A Companion to the History of the Middle East offers a fresh account of the multifaceted and multi-layered history of this region. A fresh account of the multifaceted and multi-layered history of the Middle East Comprises 26 newly-commissioned essays by leading international scholars Primarily focused on the modern and contemporary periods Covers religious, social, cultural, economic, political and military history Treats the region as four differentiated political units – Iran, Turkey, Israel and the Arab world Includes a section on current issues, such as oil, urban growth, the role of women, and democratic human rights |
| ulama sunni: The Shiites NA NA, 2016-04-30 This book describes what Shiism means to those who actually practice it and serves as both an excellent introduction to the subject and an original work of scholarship. |
| ulama sunni: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry since 1979 Talal Mohammad, 2022-08-11 The fraught relationship between Saudi Arabia and Iran is usually attributed to sectarian differences, even by the states' own elites. However, this book shows that in their official speeches, newspaper editorials and Friday sermons, these elites use sectarian and nationalist references and tropes to denigrate each other and promote themselves in the eyes of their respective constituencies in the region. Talal Mohammad, who is fluent in both Arabic and Persian, examines Saudi-Iranian rivalry using discourse analysis of these religious, political and journalistic sources. Tracing what has been produced since 1979 in parallel, he argues for a consistent pattern of mutual misrepresentation, whereby each frames its counterpart as the 'Other' to which a specific political agenda can be justified and advanced. The book covers key events including the Iranian Revolution, the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, the Taliban war, the fall of Saddam, the Arab Spring, the rise of Mohammed bin Salman, and the war on ISIS. While until now Saudi-Iranian rivalry has been understood in primarily sectarian or geopolitical terms, the author argues here that the discursive othering serves as a propagandist function that supports more fundamental political and geopolitical considerations. |
| ulama sunni: Guardians of Faith in Modern Times: ʿUlamaʾ in the Middle East Meir Hatina, 2008-11-30 This collective volume provides an integrative historical and contemporary discussion of Sunni ʿulamaʾ in the Middle East in both an urban and a semi-tribal context. The various chapters reinforce a renewed interest in the position of the ʿulamaʾ in modern times and offer new insights as to their ideological vitality and contribution to the public discourse on moral and sociopolitical issues. |
| ulama sunni: Muslim Identities and Political Strategies Heinrich Matthee, 2008 |
| ulama sunni: Preaching Islamic Renewal Jacquelene G. Brinton, 2015-10-27 Preaching Islamic Renewal examines the life and work of Muhammad Mitwalli Sha‘rawi, one of Egypt's most beloved and successful Islamic preachers. His wildly popular TV program aired every Friday for years until his death in 1998. At the height of his career, it was estimated that up to 30 million people tuned in to his show each week. Yet despite his pervasive and continued influence in Egypt and the wider Muslim world, Sha‘rawi was for a long time neglected by academics. While much of the academic literature that focuses on Islam in modern Egypt repeats the claim that traditionally trained Muslim scholars suffered the loss of religious authority, Sha‘rawi is instead an example of a well-trained Sunni scholar who became a national media sensation. As an advisor to the rulers of Egypt as well as the first Arab television preacher, he was one of the most important and controversial religious figures in late-twentieth-century Egypt. Thanks to the repurposing of his videos on television and on the Internet, Sha‘rawi’s performances are still regularly viewed. Jacquelene Brinton uses Sha‘rawi and his work as a lens to explore how traditional Muslim authorities have used various media to put forth a unique vision of how Islam can be renewed and revived in the contemporary world. Through his weekly television appearances he popularized long held theological and ethical beliefs and became a scholar-celebrity who impacted social and political life in Egypt. |
| ulama sunni: Oil and God Elie Elhadj, 2018-08-15 Oil and God is an unabashed realpolitik analysis of U.S. oil geopolitics and Saudi Arabia’s symbiotic attachment to Wahhabism. Oil and God contends that oil hegemony is world hegemony. The U.S. has protected the al-Sauds since 1945. Some 35,000 U.S. soldiers are in regional air and naval bases to protect the oil fields and ruling sheikhs. In Washington’s hands, Saudi oil is a non-lethal WMD. Not even the 9/11 atrocities could make Washington punish Riyadh. Oil and God investigates why Iraq was destroyed, why Iran was allowed to dominate Baghdad, and why Shi’ite/Sunni wars continue to burn. Once oil is replaced by green energy, Washington will abandon Riyadh, Saudi cash will dwindle, and Wahhabi terror will diminish. |
| ulama sunni: Religion, War, and Ethics Gregory M. Reichberg, Henrik Syse, 2014-05-26 Religion, War, and Ethics is a collection of primary sources from the world's major religions on the ethics of war. Each chapter brings together annotated texts - scriptural, theological, ethical, and legal - from a variety of historical periods that reflect each tradition's response to perennial questions about the nature of war: when, if ever, is recourse to arms morally justifiable? What moral constraints should apply to military conduct? Can a lasting earthly peace be achieved? Are there sacred reasons for waging war, and special rewards for those who do the fighting? The religions covered include Sunni and Shiite Islam; Judaism; Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestant Christianity; Theravada Buddhism; East Asian religious traditions (Confucianism, Shinto, Japanese and Korean Buddhism); Hinduism; and Sikhism. Each section is compiled by a specialist, recognized within his or her respective religious tradition, who has also written a commentary on the historical and textual context of the passages selected. |
| ulama sunni: Islam in Southeast Asia K. S. Nathan, Mohammad Hashim Kamali, 2005 Examines the role, relevance and challenges, as well as the political and strategic dimensions of Islam in contemporary Southeast Asia. |
| ulama sunni: Imam Khomeini Life, Thought and Legacy , 2009 |
| ulama sunni: Islam and Political Reform in Saudi Arabia Mansoor Jassem Alshamsi, 2012-06-12 This book examines the link between Islamic thought/jurisprudence on the one hand and political action on the other. It shows how reformism is deeply rooted in Islamic tradition and how Sunni scholars have become activists for change in Saudi Arabia. |
| ulama sunni: The Psychologies in Religion Stevan Lars Nielson, PhD, E. Thomas Dowd, PhD, ABPP, 2006-02-22 Listed in Today's Books, Book Register as a !!!Must Read title. This book is really a manual that every therapist should have, if he or she does not already have the knowledge and insight contained within its pages. ...Infinitely enjoyable--PsycCRITIQUES Religious upbringing influences people in ways that are difficult or impossible to describe; this book provides a window on their world. The Psychologies of Religion examines the thinking, personality, and development processes as well as specific clinical concerns of clients who are members of particular religious groups. Each contributing author brings dual expertise to their chapters, expertise about a particular religion and psychological sophistication; a look from the inside out. In addition, the book covers possible future religious development as spiritualism beings to replace institutional religion and as religious choice replaces religious constraint. All therapists who want to understand how religious people really think will find this book helpful. |
| ulama sunni: Religion beyond its Private Role in Modern Society Wim Hofstee, A. van der Kooij, 2013-09-12 The volume Religion beyond its Private Role in Modern Society aims at contributing to the debate on the distinction between public and private spheres with regard to the role of religion in modern societies. This issue which is inherent to many conceptions regarding social order, modernity, freedom of conscience, and the changing role and function of religion is discussed not only from a social scientific but also from a historical and philosophical point of view. The articles dwell on several aspects of the role of religion in different societies in modern times, and the overall theme is explored from the perspective of various religious traditions and groups, both institutional and non-institutional. It turns out that the distinction made is difficult to maintain. Contributors include: Bart Labuschagne, Linda Woodhead, Niek Brunsveld, Dick Douwes, Mohammed Ghaly, Heleen Murre-van den Berg, David Novak, Alexandros Sakellariou, Matthew Tennant, Bruno Verbeek, Ernestine G.E. van der Wall, William Arfman, Stef Aupers, Jeroen Boekhoven, Meerten B. ter Borg, and Kees de Groot. |
| ulama sunni: A Learned Society in a Period of Transition Daphna Ephrat, 2000-08-03 Addresses the social significance of orthodox Islam during the medieval period in Baghdad. |
| ulama sunni: Shi'ism, Resistance, And Revolution Martin Kramer, Shaul Bakhash, Clinton Bailey, Michael M J Fischer, 2019-05-28 The recent revival of interest in the Muslim world has generated numerous studies of modern Islam, most of them focusing on the Sunni majority. Shi'ism, an often stigmatized minority branch of Islam, has been discussed mainly in connection with Iran. Yet Shi'i movements have been extraordinarily effective in creating political strategies that have |
| ulama sunni: Imams and Emirs Fuad Ishaq Khuri, 2014-07-01 In this classic, comprehensive study of Islamic sects in the contemporary Arab world, Khuri focuses on the Sunni, Shi'a, Alawis, Druze, Ibadis, Zaidis, Yazidis and the Maronites (who, although Christian, are included because they share certain distinguishing features). His placements of these groups on a single comparative scale was unprecedented. Khuri argues that conflicts among Muslims arise from the struggle between two opposing forces: religious, doctrinaire authorities (imams) and leaders who derive their authority from power and coercion (emirs). He discusses the role of dogma but also, uniquely, the critical factors that differentiate sects from religious communities and religions from sects. Following a thorough review of the structural characteristics of individual sects, Khuri addresses issues of religious change, dealing with the interplay between religions, states and nationalism. Here he explores the contradictions between modern state structures and the Islamic umma, showing how some religious concepts had begun to take on nationalistic meanings. |
| ulama sunni: Scholars, Saints, and Sufis Nikki R. Keddie, 1972 Middle East officially Near East. |
| ulama sunni: Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions Eric Orlin, 2015-11-19 The Routledge Encyclopedia of Ancient Mediterranean Religions is the first comprehensive single-volume reference work offering authoritative coverage of ancient religions in the Mediterranean world. Chronologically, the volume’s scope extends from pre-historical antiquity in the third millennium B.C.E. through the rise of Islam in the seventh century C.E. An interdisciplinary approach draws out the common issues and elements between and among religious traditions in the Mediterranean basin. Key features of the volume include: Detailed maps of the Mediterranean World, ancient Egypt, the Roman Empire, and the Hellenistic World A comprehensive timeline of major events, innovations, and individuals, divided by region to provide both a diachronic and pan-Mediterranean, synchronic view A broad geographical range including western Asia, northern Africa, and southern Europe This encyclopedia will serve as a key point of reference for all students and scholars interested in ancient Mediterranean culture and society. |
| ulama sunni: Sunnis and Shi'a Laurence Louër, 2020-02-04 A compelling history of the ancient schism that continues to divide the Islamic world When Muhammad died in 632 without a male heir, Sunnis contended that the choice of a successor should fall to his closest companions, but Shi'a believed that God had inspired the Prophet to appoint his cousin and son-in-law, Ali, as leader. So began a schism that is nearly as old as Islam itself. Laurence Louër tells the story of this ancient rivalry, taking readers from the last days of Muhammad to the political and doctrinal clashes of Sunnis and Shi'a today. In a sweeping historical narrative spanning the Islamic world, Louër shows how the Sunni-Shi'a divide was never just a dispute over succession—at issue are questions about the very nature of Islamic political authority. She challenges the widespread perception of Sunnis and Shi'a as bitter enemies who are perpetually at war with each other, demonstrating how they have coexisted peacefully at various periods throughout the history of Islam. Louër traces how sectarian tensions have been inflamed or calmed depending on the political contingencies of the moment, whether to consolidate the rule of elites, assert clerical control over the state, or defy the powers that be. Timely and provocative, Sunnis and Shi'a provides needed perspective on the historical roots of today's conflicts and reveals how both branches of Islam have influenced and emulated each other in unexpected ways. This compelling and accessible book also examines the diverse regional contexts of the Sunni-Shi'a divide, examining how it has shaped societies and politics in countries such as Iraq, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, and Lebanon. |
| ulama sunni: Resolving International Conflict Isabel Bramsen, Poul Poder, Ole Waever, 2019-05-03 Resolving International Conflict rethinks the dynamics of conflict escalation and continuation by engaging with research from the wide range of subfields in this area. The book suggests a new framework for understanding conflict as a particular form of situation, interaction and tension. It shows how conflicts are shaped by varied dynamics relating to emotion, securitization, incentives, digital technology and violence; even attempts at monitoring, resolving or remembering conflicts may end up contributing to their escalation or continuation. Split into two sections, the first part focuses on the question of why and how conflicts escalate, while the second part analyses the continuation of conflict. The book features several case studies of conflict escalation and continuation - in Bahrain, Israel-Palestine, South Sudan, Northern Ireland and, most prominently, the case of the Syrian uprising and subsequent civil war. Throughout the book, and, in particular, in the conclusion, the consequences for conflict transformation are discussed. This work will be of much interest to students of conflict resolution, peace studies, war and conflict studies, security studies and international relations, in general. |
| ulama sunni: The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought Gerhard Bowering, Patricia Crone, Mahan Mirza, 2013 In 2012, the year 1433 of the Muslim calendar, the Islamic population throughout the world was estimated at approximately a billion and a half, representing about one-fifth of humanity. In geographical terms, Islam occupies the center of the world, stretching like a big belt across the globe from east to west.--P. vii. |
| ulama sunni: Encyclopedia of Islam Juan Eduardo Campo, 2009 Explores the terms, concepts, personalities, historical events, and institutions that helped shape the history of this religion and the way it is practiced today. |
Ulama - Wikipedia
In Islam, the ulama (US: / ˈ uː l ə m ɑː / OO-lə-mah; also spelled ulema; Arabic: علماء, romanized: ʿulamāʾ, lit. 'the learned ones'; [1] singular عالم, ʿālim; feminine singular عالمة, ʿālimah, plural عالمات, …
Ulama | Definition & Facts | Britannica
Ulama, the body of religious scholars who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences—theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis), professors—and high state …
Ulama - (World History – 1400 to Present) - Fiveable
Ulama refers to the body of Islamic scholars and jurists who are responsible for interpreting Islamic law (Sharia) and guiding the Muslim community in religious and legal matters. They played a …
Why We Need Ulama: The Importance of Seeking Islamic …
May 4, 2023 · I discuss some of these examples in my book, Islam and the Arab Revolutions: The Ulama Between Democracy and Autocracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022).
Ulama - Wikiwand
In Islam, the ulama, also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religiou...
Ulama, the Heirs of the Prophets - Fondazione Internazionale Oasis
Nov 7, 2018 · This article aims at clarifying the role and function of ulama, by retracing their history and showing their significance for the present. In fact, their voice is still influential both in Islamic …
ʿUlamāʾ - Encyclopedia.com
Independent ʿ ulam ā ʾ ventures in politics with parties such as the Nahdatul Ulama in Indonesia and the Jam ī ʿ at al-ʿ Ulam ā ʾ in Pakistan have not been notably successful.
The Ulama: History, Institutions and Modernity - Springer
ulama’s role and influence throughout history, including their involve-ment in the early institutionalisation of Islam, state-societal relations and their encounter with modernity in the late …
Ulama - MuslimWiki
Jan 31, 2025 · Muslim scholars, known as ulama, have played a central role in preserving and disseminating Islamic knowledge throughout history.
Ulama Definition, History & Significance - Study.com
The ulama are scholars of the religion Islam. The root of the word ulama traces to the Arabic word for knowledge or learning, "ilm," so ulama (sometimes spelled Ulema) means "those who are...
Ulama - Wikipedia
In Islam, the ulama (US: / ˈ uː l ə m ɑː / OO-lə-mah; also spelled ulema; Arabic: علماء, romanized: ʿulamāʾ, lit. 'the learned ones'; [1] singular عالم, ʿālim; feminine singular عالمة, ʿālimah, plural عالمات, …
Ulama | Definition & Facts | Britannica
Ulama, the body of religious scholars who are versed theoretically and practically in the Muslim sciences—theologians, canon lawyers (muftis), judges (qadis), professors—and high state …
Ulama - (World History – 1400 to Present) - Fiveable
Ulama refers to the body of Islamic scholars and jurists who are responsible for interpreting Islamic law (Sharia) and guiding the Muslim community in religious and legal matters. They played a …
Why We Need Ulama: The Importance of Seeking Islamic …
May 4, 2023 · I discuss some of these examples in my book, Islam and the Arab Revolutions: The Ulama Between Democracy and Autocracy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022).
Ulama - Wikiwand
In Islam, the ulama, also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law. They are considered the guardians, transmitters, and interpreters of religiou...
Ulama, the Heirs of the Prophets - Fondazione Internazionale Oasis
Nov 7, 2018 · This article aims at clarifying the role and function of ulama, by retracing their history and showing their significance for the present. In fact, their voice is still influential both in Islamic …
ʿUlamāʾ - Encyclopedia.com
Independent ʿ ulam ā ʾ ventures in politics with parties such as the Nahdatul Ulama in Indonesia and the Jam ī ʿ at al-ʿ Ulam ā ʾ in Pakistan have not been notably successful.
The Ulama: History, Institutions and Modernity - Springer
ulama’s role and influence throughout history, including their involve-ment in the early institutionalisation of Islam, state-societal relations and their encounter with modernity in the late …
Ulama - MuslimWiki
Jan 31, 2025 · Muslim scholars, known as ulama, have played a central role in preserving and disseminating Islamic knowledge throughout history.
Ulama Definition, History & Significance - Study.com
The ulama are scholars of the religion Islam. The root of the word ulama traces to the Arabic word for knowledge or learning, "ilm," so ulama (sometimes spelled Ulema) means "those who are...
