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| turkey lira to usd history: Issues on Sustainability, Economics & History First Edition, November 2023 IJOPEC Publication No: 2023/04 ISBN: 978- Şevket Alper Koç, Abidin Çevik, 2023-11-19 Issues on sustainability, economics and history focus a range of topics within the social sciences. The chapters in this book are the result of careful academic work, aiming to clarify and examine common issues that affect humanity today, both on a global scale and within individual nations. With its global implications, this book will be valuable for students and scholars from all disciplines who are concerned with any dimension of sustainability, economics and history. This volume provides readers with a comprehensive point of view on these issues. Also, this book provides relevant papers and research findings in quoted social sciences. It is intended for professionals who want to improve their understanding as such as sustainability. |
| turkey lira to usd history: From Democratization to Security Politics: The Transformation of Turkey’s Justice and Development Party Fatih Ceran, 2023-02-24 INTRODUCTION.. 3 PART I 25 CHAPTER I 27 Glimpse into Conceptual Toolbox CHAPTER II 47 19th Century Reforms: The Tragedy of Turkish Soul CHAPTER III 91 Transformation of the AKP: A Puzzling and Eventful Journey Part II 95 CHAPTER IV.. 97 Reformism and Co-habitation with Secularist Establishment (2002-2007) CHAPTER V.. 135 Consolidation of Power and Disarticulation of Secularist Establishment (2007-2011) CHAPTER VI 175 From Electoral Hegemony to Systemic Domination (2011-2016) CHAPTER VII 207 2016-2021: Systemic Domination AKP IN POWER: A DIZZYING JOURNEY THROUGH CONSERVATISM.. 265 In this insightful book, Fatih Ceran offers a retrospective analysis of the two decade rule of AKP in Turkey and explores into the question on everyone’s mind: How did we get here? Putting the Securitization Approach of Copenhagen School at work and employing critical discourse analysis at every level Ceran provides a nuanced examination of the complex political and social dynamics that shaped contemporary Turkey. Samim AKGÖNÜL, University of Strasbourg With a focus on democratic rights that have been promoted and demoted by the same political figures as their collective and personal interests changed, the book provides on how the AKP first reformed and then drifted down the authoritaran path. İştar Gözaydın, ELIAMEP Fellow, Winner of Human Rights Award of University of Oslo This book sheds new light on Turkey’s transformation from an imperfect parliamentary democracy to an a la Turca presidential system and puts forward a multidimensional analysis on how the Political Islamists made inroads into country’s secularist political system and then obtained full contol over it. Ceran’s masterful and meticulous analysis is a must read for students and scholars of contemporary Turkey. Ahmet Erdi Ozturk, London Metropolitan University |
| turkey lira to usd history: Parallel Exchange Rates in Developing Countries Miguel A. Kiguel, J. Saul Lizondo, Stephen A. O'Connell, 2016-07-27 '...the most definitive study of the subject, assembling an all-star cast to address the many outstanding questions and succeeding beyond expectations in combining elegant theory and state of the art econometrics to reach very sensible policy conclusions.' - Mohsin S. Khan, Deputy Director, Research Department, International Monetary Fund ' This book fills an important vacuum in the literature of the economic consequences of parallel markets and should prove of great value to students of economic development and to policy-makers in developing countries as they struggle to reform their exchange rate and trade incentive systems. Here they will find all that they need to know.' - Vittorio Corbo, Professor of Economics, Universidad Catolica de Chile 'A most comprehensive treatment of the relationships between parallel foreign exchange markets and macroeconomic policies, both across countries and over time. The book substantially enhances our understanding of how these systems work in practice and will be of great interest to policy-makers, researchers and graduate students of economic policy.' - Samuel M. Wangwe, Professor of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam and Executive Director, Economic and Social Research Foundation, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania This book examines extensive empirical evidence on the macroeconomic implications of parallel exchange rates in developing countries. Eight case-studies from Africa, Latin America, and Turkey provide detailed evidence on the emergence of parallel exchange rates, their impact on macroeconomic performance, and the criteria for successful exchange-rate unification. A chapter on European dual exchange rates summarizes the contrasting experience of industrial countries. An overview chapter lays out the analytical framework, assesses the evidence, and draws policy conclusions. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Continuity and Change in Turkish Politics Mustafa Aydın, Kerem Yıldırım, 2024-12-02 This book features leading scholars examining the dynamics of Turkish politics through alternative themes, including political economy and behavior. It provides a comprehensive understanding of continuity and change within Turkey’s political system, utilizing rigorous empirical work and data. This book delves into the complexities of Turkish politics, the political economy of democratic backsliding, economic voting trends, political competition and change, populism, ideology, candidate nomination, and the impact of the international political economy on Turkey. While doing so, it focuses on the 2023 elections in Turkey. The chapters in this edited volume analyze these themes, offering fresh insights into systemic party competition, voting behavior, and the political economy of Turkey. This timely publication promises to be an essential resource for understanding recent shifts in Turkish politics and will benefit students, researchers and scholars interested in Politics, Political Economy, and Turkish Studies. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. |
| turkey lira to usd history: The Making of Neoliberal Turkey Dr Aysecan Terzioglu, Dr Cenk Ozbay, Dr Maral Erol, Dr Z. Umut Turem, 2016-01-28 Exploring the divergent aspects of the rule of neoliberalism in Turkey since 1980s, each chapter in this book highlights a specific dimension of this socio-economic process and together, these essays construct a thorough examination of the whirlwind of changes recently experienced by Turkish society. With particular focus on the new ways in which social power operates, expert contributors explore new discourses and subjectivities around environmentalism, health, popular culture, economic policies, feminism and motherhood, urban space and minorities, class and masculinities. By questioning the primary influence of the state in these micro-political matters, they engage with concepts of neoliberalism and governmentality to provide a fresh, grounded and analytical perspective on the routes through which social power navigates the society. This sustained examination of the new axes of power and subjectivity, with a particular eye on the formation of new political spaces of governance and resistance, deepens the analysis of Turkey’s experiment with neoliberal globalization. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Black Swan: Economic Crises, Volume II Bernur Açıkgöz, 2023-06-23 This book continues the discussion from Volume I on economic, fiscal, and financial crises in world history that have had a great impact on the entire world and the fiscal measures taken by governments to combat each crisis. Such events are often described as black swans, a concept introduced by Economist and Risk Analyst Nassim Nicholas Taleb in the book Fooled By Randomness in 2001, in reference to events that were thought to be impossible but had a huge impact when they did happen. The beginning of this book notes that crises are catastrophic periods when the consequences of economic mistakes made by governments are reflected to the public. Although economic crises are seen as opportunities in some cases, they have created a burden for the people. Some economic crises even triggered the world war. A recent example, Adolf Hitler, was seen as a hope of salvation in Germany due to the Great Depression and was brought to power. The twentieth century, when two great world wars took place on the stage of history, is the witness of major economic crises as well as wars. These crises have caused social and economic paradigm shifts to be experienced much faster and more effectively than the previous centuries. The transformation of the demand-oriented economic understanding created by the Great Depression in 1929 into an interventionist social state understanding, especially after the World War Two, increased the intervention of states in the socioeconomic field. In this period, the reconstruction of the countries, the development of social welfare services, the assurance of human rights, the acceleration of industrialization and development, and the economic growth and income growth of the countries resulted in the golden age enjoyed by the societies of the period. The interventionist social state, seen as a prescription and opportunity in the past crisis, was one of the cornerstones of the crisis in the last quarter of the century in the 1970s. Against interventionism, with the rise of neo-liberalism, financial liberalization, information society, and technological discoveries, globalization has become the new phenomenon of the age. This book examines in detail the causes, occurrences, and results of the twentieth-century crises. |
| turkey lira to usd history: International Finance and Monetary Policy Gleb P. Severov, 2006 International finance is the branch of economics that studies the dynamics of exchange rates, foreign investment, and how these affect international trade. In a globalising world, the policies of various central banks and similar institutions impact large and small players alike. This book presents new and important research on issues of interest in international finance and monetary policy. |
| turkey lira to usd history: 1001 MASKS OF TURKISH ITTIHADISM IN A CENTURY Jude E. Seleck, 2024-05-02 In the early 1900s, the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) committed the Armenian Genocide as part of their pursuit of Pan-Turkist and Pan-Islamist aspirations known as ittihadism. The CUP also sought to Turkify non-Muslim property, reminiscent of the Aryanization program in Nazi Germany that targeted Jewish assets. The ittihadist dream was shattered when the Ottoman Empire collapsed following their defeat in the Great War. Established in 1923 as an ittihadist project, the Republic of Turkey adopted ittihadism as its fundamental ideology as well. The desire to reach Central Asia and unite with other Turkic nations was initially reignited during World War II. Nonetheless, the dream was once again crushed when Nazi Germany was defeated on the Eastern Front. The collapse of the Soviet Union brought back the aspiration once more. This book provides an in-depth examination of the major events in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey over a century, placing particular emphasis on the Armenian Genocide, the ongoing Cyprus dilemma, and the Kurdish minority issue. By unraveling the reasoning behind these events, the book provides insight into the worldview of the current Turkish government, led by President Erdoğan and his AK Party, and the transformation of ittihadism into neo-ittihadism under their leadership. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Handbook of Ethnic Conflict Dan Landis, Rosita D. Albert, 2012-02-14 Although group conflict is hardly new, the last decade has seen a proliferation of conflicts engaging intrastate ethnic groups. It is estimated that two-thirds of violent conflicts being fought each year in every part of the globe including North America are ethnic conflicts. Unlike traditional warfare, civilians comprise more than 80 percent of the casualties, and the economic and psychological impact on survivors is often so devastating that some experts believe that ethnic conflict is the most destabilizing force in the post-Cold War world. Although these conflicts also have political, economic, and other causes, the purpose of this volume is to develop a psychological understanding of ethnic warfare. More specifically, Handbook of Ethnopolitical Conflict explores the function of ethnic, religious, and national identities in intergroup conflict. In addition, it features recommendations for policy makers with the intention to reduce or ameliorate the occurrences and consequences of these conflicts worldwide. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Antinuclear Citizens Akihiro Ogawa, 2023-06-27 Following the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011, tsunamis engulfed the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant located on Japan's Pacific Coast, leading to the worst nuclear disaster the world has seen since the Chernobyl crisis of 1986. Prior to this disaster, Japan had the third largest commercial nuclear program in the world, surpassed only by those in the United States and France—nuclear power significantly contributed to Japan's economic prosperity, and nearly 30% of Japan's electricity was generated by reactors dotted across the archipelago, from northern Hokkaido to southern Kyushu. This long period of institutional stasis was, however, punctuated by the crisis of March 11, which became a critical juncture for Japanese nuclear policymaking. As Akihiro Ogawa argues, the primary agent for this change is what he calls antinuclear citizens— a conscientious Japanese public who envision a sustainable life in a nuclear-free society. Drawing on over a decade of ethnographic research conducted across Japan—including antinuclear rallies, meetings with bureaucrats, and at renewable energy production sites—Ogawa presents an historical record of ordinary people's actions as they sought to survive and navigate a new reality post-Fukushima. Ultimately, Ogawa argues that effective sustainability efforts require collaborations that are grounded in civil society and challenge hegemonic ideology, efforts that reimagine societies and landscapes—especially those dominated by industrial capitalism—to help build a productive symbiosis between industry and sustainability. |
| turkey lira to usd history: FBIS Daily Report , 1995 |
| turkey lira to usd history: The International Compendium of Construction Contracts Phillip Greenham, Society of Construction Law Australia, 2021-05-10 This book examines how the most commonly used construction project contracts are applied in a range of countries around the world. The specific situation of each of the almost 40 countries studies is dealt with in a dedicated chapter, allowing for easy comparison between differing legal and commercial environments. Each chapter contextualizes the relevant contracts within the legal and commercial systems prevalent in a particular country and examines a number of common issues impacting construction projects around the world. This unique book will be an essential resource for construction law specialists around the world because of its focus on commonly used contracts and the contextualizing of these contracts into the legal and commercial environment of each studied country. All contributions are from practicing construction project lawyers ensuring that the quality of the information and analysis is of the highest standard. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Globalization of Financial Institutions Hasan Dincer, Ümit Hacioglu, 2013-11-23 This peer-reviewed volume from the Society for the Study of Business and Finance, discusses current issues in globalization and financial system from an international political and economic perspective. Contemporary instruments and actors in the global financial system are specially analyzed and the discussion of managerial and financial issues of the global financial strategies offers novelty to readers and researchers in the field. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Handbook of Asian States Markus Porsche-Ludwig, Ying-Yu Chen, 2021 This handbook presents precise yet accessible up-to-date information about the geography, history, culture, politics, and economy of 49 Asian states, ranging from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and China to India, Russia, and Yemen. The targeted readership consists primarily of scholars, students, teachers, journalists, and other mediators of political education as well as anyone interested in politics. It is a basic work that contributes to comparative assessments of this hugely important and diverse region. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Handbook of Asian States: Part 1 LIT Verlag, 2022-11-08 This handbook presents precise yet accessible up-to-date information about the geography, history, culture, politics, and economy of 49 Asian states, ranging from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and China to India, Russia, and Yemen. The targeted readership consists primarily of scholars, students, teachers, journalists, and other mediators of political education as well as anyone interested in politics. It is a basic work that contributes to comparative assessments of this hugely important and diverse region. Markus Porsche-Ludwig, Political Scientist and Jurist, is a Professor in the Department of Public Administration and in the Asia-Pacific Regional Studies Ph. D. Program at the National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan (R. O. C.). Ying-Yu Chen, majored in International Business from her Ph. D. program, is an Associate Professor in the Bachelor Program of Management Science and Finance at the National Dong Hwa University, Taiwan (R. O. C.). |
| turkey lira to usd history: Regime Change in Turkey Errol Babacan, Melehat Kutun, Ezgi Pinar, Zafer Yilmaz, 2021-03-23 Turkey’s new presidential regime, promoted and shaped by the Justice and Development Party (AKP), has become a global template for rising authoritarianism. Its violence intensifi es the exigency for critical analysis. By focusing on neoliberal authoritarian, hegemonic and Islamist aspects, this book sheds light on long- term dynamics that resulted in the regime transformation. It presents a comprehensive study at a time when rising authoritarianism challenges liberal democracies on a global scale. Reaching from critical political economy and state theory to media, gender and cultural studies, this volume covers a range of studies that transcend disciplinary boundaries. These essays challenge the narrative of an authoritarian turn that splits the AKP era into democratic and authoritarian periods. Hence, recent transformation is analyzed in a broad historical framework which is sensitive to both continuities and shifts. Studies that explore moments of resistance and relate the political development in Turkey to rising authoritarianism and the crisis- driven trajectory of neoliberalism on a global scale are included in this effort. Since the advancement of neoliberal policies in conjunction with the religious project that is pushed forward by the AKP suggests that the ongoing transformation may well advance into a more totalitarian regime, this book strives to inform struggles that are trying to resist and reverse this development. By reviewing the dynamics and impacts of recent authoritarian developments, it calls on critical scholars to further seek out potentials and dynamics of opposition in the current authoritarian era. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Transnational Civil Society in Asia Simon Avenell, Akihiro Ogawa, 2021-07-22 This edited volume addresses how transnational interactions among civil society actors in Asia and its sub-regions are helping to strengthen common democratic values and transform dominant processes of policymaking and corporate capitalism in the region. The contributors conceive of transnational civil society networks as constructive vehicles for both informing and persuading governments and businesses to adopt, modify, or abandon certain policies or positions. This volume investigates the role of such networks through a range of interdisciplinary approaches, bringing together case studies on Asian transnationalism from South, Southeast, and Northeast Asia across four key themes: local transformations and connections, diaspora politics, cross-regional initiatives and networks, and global actors and influences. Chapters demonstrate how transnational civil society is connecting people in local communities across Asia, in parallel to ongoing tensions between nation-states and civil society. By highlighting the grassroots regionalization emerging from ever-intensifying information exchange between civil society actors across borders – as well as concrete transnational initiatives uniting actors across Asia – the volume advances the intellectual mandate of redefining ‘Asia’ as a dynamic and interconnected formation. Transnational Civil Society in Asia will appeal to students and scholars of international relations, politics and Asian studies more broadly. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Emerging Economies and Financial Markets Beth Morrissey, Gary Kleiman, 2025-05-31 This first of its kind reference provides insights into the intricacies of assessing vulnerabilities of today's emerging markets. Qualitative and quantitative elements common in public, multinational, and private sector decision-making are explored, as are the range of public and private sector participants including the IMF/World Bank, banks, insurance companies, and mutual and pension funds. Stock, bond, currency, and derivatives markets development and growth are covered using illustrative examples and case studies from the authors’ firsthand experiences with guidance and assessments in every emerging region, as well as the critical impact of the legal/regulatory environment and benchmarks/indices and credit ratings. The authors draw upon their expertise in working with public and private market participants for more than three decades and offer a historical perspective of the rise in capital flows and investment in emerging economies. Each theme and chapter offers students and industry professionals bottom-line jargon-free examples to illustrate analytical criteria and techniques. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Finance India , 2008 |
| turkey lira to usd history: Public Sector Crisis Management Alexander Rozanov, Alexander Barannikov, Olga Belyaeva, Mikhail Smirnov, 2020-10-28 The term “crisis management” was applied to business only after the publication of the monograph “Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable” by Steven Fink in 1986. Since then, this term has turned from a journalistic cliche into a scientific concept, and its concept, theory, and methodology have been further developed.It is the turning point in the meaning of the word “crisis” that indicates the possibility of changing the situation by making decisions that contribute to changing the vector of development of events from destruction to recovery and further development. From the above, the general definition of the term “crisis management” follows as a process of saving the system from its destructive effects. The activity of the crisis manager is always temporary and stops as a result of a favorable overcoming of the crisis or vice versa—the destruction of the system. Therefore, the criterion for the success of a manager in emergency crisis management is effectiveness as an absolute measure of the presence or absence of a result—it either exists or does not exist. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Derivatives Unlocked Philippe Dufournier, 2024-12-30 Derivatives Unlocked: A Practitioner's Perspective offers the reader a practical explanation of the key concepts behind the design of financial derivatives. Resolutely selective and user-friendly, this book constitutes a hands-on introduction to both the structuring and use cases of derivatives products in modern global finance. The book is organised around two parallel streams of content. On the one hand, the Derivatives Toolbox comes as a set of pricing rules that underpin the building blocks of most derivatives products, namely discounting, duration and convexity, interest rates and credit default swaps, forwards and options. The methodology is approachable, simplified whenever possible, and does not require advanced mathematical training. On the other hand, the Case Studies, largely inspired by real European corporate finance and corporate risk management situations, allow the reader to (i) make explicit use of the techniques learned as he or she progresses through the Toolbox and (ii) to grasp the effective power of derivatives solutions. Features: Easy to follow for non-specialists, helping them build a solid and empirical foundation to encourage continued learning. Provides a unique insight, balanced between the acquisition of technical tools and their practical applications Contains numerous case studies and other support material making it suitable for both students and practitioners. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Turkish Economy At The Crossroads: Facing The Challenges Ahead Asaf Savas Akat, Seyfettin Gursel, 2020-10-05 Turkish Economy at the Crossroads: Facing the Challenges Ahead is an exciting new volume of articles from prominent experts, edited by two distinguished economists. Despite its international stature and its diversified open-market economy, the global literature on Turkey is dispersed and sparse. The book aims to remedy this shortcoming by providing readers interested in Turkey with a balanced and up-to-date overview of the economy.Topics discussed include trends in long-term political economy, post-2001 macroeconomic policies, tradable and non-tradable sectors and their impact on income distribution, capital flows and financial imbalances, success and problems of structural transformation at the micro level, characteristics of the labor markets with special emphasis on female employment, Turkey's long lasting but difficult relations with the European Union and possible scenarios for the near future. This unified approach permits to highlight and tackle effectively the challenges and risks Turkey faces in the final and critical stage of transition to a modern developed society. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Air Transportation Industry Edward Majewski, Konrad Stasiczak, Sonia Huderek-Glapska, Łukasz Olipra, Wojciech Augustyniak, 2024-10-16 Air Transportation Industry considers the influence of political, legal, economic, social, and technological factors on the developments in the industry. It provides a brief historical background of the air transport industry, the determinants of the changes in the airline business, and adaptation processes that resulted in the evolution of business models and structural changes in the industry. Utilizing a unique database containing the characteristics of more than 16,000 air carriers worldwide, the book discusses key findings related to changes in the transport capacity of airlines operating at different points in time, including the length of the lifecycle and reasons for termination of activity, types, and geographical scope of operations. It also explores the impacts of global and regional-scale legal regulations. The book will interest air transportation and airport operations researchers. It can also serve as a reference for management and operations transportation students in logistics, air transportation, and economics courses. |
| turkey lira to usd history: External Debt Statistics International Monetary Fund, 2003-06-25 This Guide provides clear, up-to-date guidance on the concepts, definitions, and classifications of the gross external debt of the public and private sectors, and on the sources, compilation techniques, and analytical uses of these data. The Guide supersedes the previous international guidance on external debt statistics available in External Debt: Definition, Statistical Coverage, and Methodology (known as the Gray Book), 1988. The Guides conceptual framework derives from the System of National Accounts 1993 and the fifth edition of the IMFs Balance of Payments Manual(1993). Preparation of the Guide was undertaken by an Inter-Agency Task Force on Finance Statistics, chaired by the IMF and involving representatives from the BIS, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the European Central Bank, Eurostat, the OECD, the Paris Club Secretariat, UNCTAD, and the World Bank. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Islamic Monetary Economics Taha Eğri, Zeyneb Hafsa Orhan, 2020-12-10 The existence of fiat currencies has long been cited as one of the major contributing factors to the challenges facing contemporary economies, and the current monetary system is not only a key source of exorable increases in interest rates but also a principal cause of inflation and decline in the value of money in many countries. The editors argue that an Islamic monetary system, with its specific money concepts, interest-free financial institutions, and monetary policy embedded in real growth, provides a solution to this conundrum. Contributions from many world-renowned experts consider a wide array of topics, ranging from the theoretical concepts of money and banking in conventional and Islamic economics to the historical journey of money from precious metals to plastic money and digital currency today. The book outlines the problems that sprout from interest-based banking and multiple debt structures. It then mirrors the Islamic concepts of money as well as idiosyncrasies of its monetary policy. Supported with meticulous research and empirical evidence, the book demonstrates the efficacy of Islamic monetary system in delivering real growth along with equitable distribution of wealth and prosperity in the economy. It additionally acquaints the readers with juristic debates about money and monetary policy. This is essential reading for both students and researchers in Islamic economics, banking, and finance, expertly promoting a fair and just economic system that emerges as a result of interest-free banking and monetary policy based on Islamic principles. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Focus , 2018 |
| turkey lira to usd history: Covered Interest Parity Deviations: Macrofinancial Determinants Mr.Eugenio M Cerutti, Mr.Maurice Obstfeld, Haonan Zhou, 2019-01-16 For about three decades until the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), Covered Interest Parity (CIP) appeared to hold quite closely—even as a broad macroeconomic relationship applying to daily or weekly data. Not only have CIP deviations significantly increased since the GFC, but potential macrofinancial drivers of the variation in CIP deviations have also become significant. The variation in CIP deviations seems to be associated with multiple factors, not only regulatory changes. Most of these do not display a uniform importance across currency pairs and time, and some are associated with possible temporary considerations (such as asynchronous monetary policy cycles). |
| turkey lira to usd history: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept., 2015-01-07 This update of the guidelines published in 2001 sets forth the underlying framework for the Reserves Data Template and provides operational advice for its use. The updated version also includes three new appendices aimed at assisting member countries in reporting the required data. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Proceedings of Topical Issues in International Political Geography Radomir Bolgov, Vadim Atnashev, Yury Gladkiy, Art Leete, Alexey Tsyb, Sergey Pogodin, Andrei Znamenski, 2023-01-01 This proceedings book addresses the main issues of contemporary political geography and international relations, providing a platform for discussion and collaboration of experts in the fields of Political Geography, Geopolitics, International Relations, etc. Participants from all over the world consider the controversies and challenges posed by globalization, focusing, in particular, on the ideologies of globalization and regionalism, migration crises, prevention of ethnic conflicts, and measures to promote sustainable development. The content of the book may be interesting to expert community, academics and popular audience. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Focus 2022 World Film Market Trends Martin Kanzler, Patrizia Simone, 2022-05-18 [bilingual edition ENG / FRE] Focus 2022: an anniversary issue! This FOCUS marks a double anniversary for the European Audiovisual Observatory: this year we celebrate the 25th edition of this publication and also the 30th anniversary of the Observatory itself. The fact that FOCUS goes back 25 years in our history proves that the film market is of crucial importance to our work! In 25 years, we have constantly expanded our film-related expertise and services, and in parallel the scope of our data collection. This was only possible due to our invaluable networks, especially the EFARN, which therefore deserves our sincere thanks on the occasion of these anniversaries. The FOCUS report, however, would not have developed as it did without the vision of our partner, the Marché du Film and in particular Jérôme Paillard, its longstanding Executive Director, whom we will always link to this publication even after his imminent retirement. Thank you Jérôme for all these years of wonderfully easy cooperation! We are looking forward to continuing our work with your successor Guillaume Esmiol and the exceptional staff that he “inherits” from you. Susanne Nikoltchev, Executive Director of the European Audiovisual Observatory |
| turkey lira to usd history: Buying Travel Services on the Internet Durant Imboden, 1999 Looking for rock-bottom prices on airline tickets and car rentals? In search of the perfect hotel or getaway resort? The world's leading e-commerce association shows how to find the best travel deal online. 15 illustrations. |
| turkey lira to usd history: The 2001 Standard Catalog of World Paper Money, Modern Issues 1961-2001 Colin R. Bruce, Neil Shafer, 2001 This ninth edition of one of the most comprehensive references for modern world paper money includes current market values for more than 10,600 notes in three grades of condition and over 7,200 photos and illustrations. 8-page color insert. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Turkey: The Pendulum between Military Rule and Civilian Authoritarianism Fatih Çağatay Cengiz, 2020-08-31 Winner of the 2021 Choice Outstanding Academic Title Award In Turkey: The Pendulum between Military Rule and Civilian Authoritarianism, Fatih Çağatay Cengiz explains Turkey’s trajectory of military and civilian authoritarianism while offering an alternative framework for understanding the Kemalist state and state-society relations. This book clearly captures the zeitgeist of the moment Turkey has passed/has been passing through: democratisation, authoritarianism, and the coup cycle. Moreover, the book not only focuses on Turkish domestic politics with regards to procedural democratisation and waves of authoritarianism under the Justice and Development Party (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP), it also engages with Turkey’s recent foreign policy; policy that pushes Turkey to take an active role in the Syrian conflict through the concept of ‘Neo-Ottomanism’. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Currency Politics Jeffry A. Frieden, 2014-12-28 A comprehensive analysis of the politics surrounding exchange rate policies in the global economy—with in-depth case studies. The exchange rate is the most important price in any nation’s economy, and a central factor in the global economy. Despite the critical role of exchange rate policy, there are few definitive explanations of why governments choose the currency policies they do. In Currency Politics, Jeffrey Frieden combines narrative and statistical investigation to offer an enlightening analysis of exchange rate policies around the world. Many industries seek to influence politicians on currency policy. Frieden shows how each industry’s characteristics—including its exposure to currency risk and the price effects of exchange rate movements—determine their policy preferences. Frieden then evaluates the accuracy of his theoretical arguments in a variety of historical and geographical settings. He looks at the politics of the gold standard, particularly in the United States, and he examines the political economy of European monetary integration. Frieden also analyzes the politics of Latin American currency policy over the past forty years, and focuses on the daunting currency crises that have frequently debilitated Latin American nations, including Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Inflation and Disinflation in Turkey Faruk Selcuk, Libby Rittenberg, Aykut Kibritcioglu, 2018-04-27 This title was first published in 2002. Since the 1990s Turkey has experienced a number of disasters, both physical and economic. The result has been a decrease in economic performance compared to other European states. This study addresses the country's ongoing economic struggles. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Gold Nathan Lewis, 2007-05-04 For most of the last three millennia, the world's commercial centers have used one or another variant of a gold standard. It should be one of the best understood of human institutions, but it's not. It's one of the worst understood, by both its advocates and detractors. Though it has been spurned by governments many times, this has never been due to a fault of gold to serve its duty, but because governments had other plans for their currencies beyond maintaining their stability. And so, says Nathan Lewis, there is no reason to believe that the great monetary successes of the past four centuries, and indeed the past four millennia, could not be recreated in the next four centuries. In Gold, he makes a forceful, well-documented case for a worldwide return to the gold standard. Governments and central bankers around the world today unanimously agree on the desirability of stable money, ever more so after some monetary disaster has reduced yet another economy to smoking ruins. Lewis shows how gold provides the stability needed to foster greater prosperity and productivity throughout the world. He offers an insightful look at money in all its forms, from the seventh century B.C. to the present day, explaining in straightforward layman's terms the effects of inflation, deflation, and floating currencies along with their effect on prices, wages, taxes, and debt. He explains how the circulation of money is regulated by central banks and, in the process, demystifies the concepts of supply, demand, and the value of currency. And he illustrates how higher taxes diminish productivity, trade, and the stability of money. Lewis also provides an entertaining history of U.S. money and offers a sobering look at recent currency crises around the world, including the Asian monetary crisis of the late 1990s and the devastating currency devaluations in Russia, China, Mexico, and Yugoslavia. Lewis's ultimate conclusion is simple but powerful: gold has been adopted as money because it works. The gold standard produced decades and even centuries of stable money and economic abundance. If history is a guide, it will be done again. Nathan Lewis was formerly the chief international economist of a firm that provided investment research for institutions. He now works for an asset management company based in New York. Lewis has written for the Financial Times, Asian Wall Street Journal, Japan Times, Pravda, and other publications. He has appeared on financial television in the United States, Japan, and the Middle East. |
| turkey lira to usd history: OECD Style Guide Third Edition OECD, 2015-10-12 This third edition of the OECD Style Guide is designed to help draft and organise published material so that readers can easily navigate, understand and access OECD analysis, statistics and information. |
| turkey lira to usd history: Developing Country Debt and the World Economy Jeffrey D. Sachs, 2007-12-01 For dozens of developing countries, the financial upheavals of the 1980s have set back economic development by a decade or more. Poverty in those countries have intensified as they struggle under the burden of an enormous external debt. In 1988, more than six years after the onset of the crisis, almost all the debtor countries were still unable to borrow in the international capital markets on normal terms. Moreover, the world financial system has been disrupted by the prospect of widespread defaults on those debts. Because of the urgency of the present crisis, and because similar crises have recurred intermittently for at least 175 years, it is important to understand the fundamental features of the international macroeconomy and global financial markets that have contributed to this repeated instability. Developing Country Debt and the World Economy contains nontechnical versions of papers prepared under the auspices of the project on developing country debt, sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The project focuses on the middle-income developing countries, particularly those in Latin America and East Asia, although many lessons of the study should apply as well to other, poorer debtor countries. The contributors analyze the crisis from two perspectives, that of the international financial system as a whole and that of individual debtor countries. Studies of eight countries—Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Indonesia, Mexico, the Philippines, South Korea, and Turkey—explore the question of why some countries succumbed to serious financial crises while other did not. Each study was prepared by a team of two authors—a U.S.-based research and an economist from the country under study. An additional eight papers approach the problem of developing country debt from a global or systemic perspective. The topics they cover include the history of international sovereign lending and previous debt crises, the political factors that contribute to poor economic policies in many debtor nations, the role of commercial banks and the International Monetary Fund during the current crisis, the links between debt in developing countries and economic policies in the industrialized nations, and possible new approaches to the global management of the crisis. |
| turkey lira to usd history: The Future of Global Currency Benjamin J. Cohen, 2012-11-12 Can the euro challenge the supremacy of the U.S. dollar as a global currency? From the time Europe’s joint money was born, many have predicted that it would soon achieve parity with the dollar or possibly even surpass it. In reality, however, the euro has remained firmly planted in the dollar’s shadow. The essays collected in this volume explain why. Because of America’s external deficits and looming foreign debt, the dollar can never be as dominant as it once was. But Europe’s money is unable to mount an effective challenge. The euro suffers from a number of critical structural deficiencies, including an anti-growth bias that is built into the institutions of the monetary union and an ambiguous governance structure that sows doubts among prospective users. As recent events have demonstrated, members of the euro zone remain vulnerable to financial crisis. Moreover, lacking a single voice, the bloc continues to punch below its weight in monetary diplomacy. The world seems headed toward a leaderless monetary order, with several currencies in contention but none clearly dominant. This collection distils the views of one of the world’s leading scholars in global currency, and will be of considerable interest to students and scholars of international finance and international political economy. |
| turkey lira to usd history: The Marshall Plan Lessons Learned for the 21st Century OECD, 2008-09-15 This book examines the historical, diplomatic, economic, and strategic aspects of the European Recovery Program (ERP) - popularly known as the Marshall Plan. |
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