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| the ion effect book: The Ion Effect Fred Soyka, Alan Edmonds, 1991-08-01 |
| the ion effect book: The Ion Effect Fred Soyka, 1983-07-01 |
| the ion effect book: The Ion Effect Fred Soyka, Alan Denis Edmonds, 1977 |
| the ion effect book: Specific Ion Effects Werner Kunz, 2009-12-17 Specific ion effects are important in numerous fields of science and technology. They have been discussed for over 100 years, ever since the pioneering work done by Franz Hofmeister and his group in Prague. Over the last decades, hundreds of examples have been published and periodically explanations have been proposed. However, it is only recently that a profound understanding of the basic effects and their reasons could be achieved. Today, we are not far from a general explanation of specific ion effects. This book summarizes the main new ideas that have come up in the last ten years.In this book, the efforts of theoreticians are substantially supported by the experimental results stemming from new and exciting techniques. Both the new theoretical concepts and the experimental landmarks are collected and critically discussed by eminent scientists and well-known specialists in this field. Beyond the rigorous explanations, guidelines are given to non-specialists in order to help them understand the general rules governing specific ion effects in chemistry, biology, physics and engineering. |
| the ion effect book: The Ion Effect Fred Soyka, Alan Edmonds, 1991-11-01 |
| the ion effect book: Ion-Radical Organic Chemistry Zory Vlad Todres, 2008-10-20 Consolidating knowledge from a number of disciplines, Ion-Radical Organic Chemistry: Principles and Applications, Second Edition presents the recent changes that have occurred in the field since the publication of the first edition in 2003. This volume examines the formation, transformation, and application of ion-radicals in typical conditions of organic synthesis. Avoiding complex mathematics, the author explains the principles of ion-radical organic chemistry and presents an overview of organic ion-radical reactions. He reviews methods of determining ion-radical mechanisms and controlling ion-radical reactions. Wherever applicable, the text addresses issues relating to ecology and biomedical concerns as well as inorganic participants of the ion-radical organic reactions. After reviewing the nature of organic ion-radicals and their ground-state electronic structure, the book discusses their formation, the relationship between electronic structure and reactivity, mechanism and regulation of reactions, stereochemical aspects, synthetic opportunities, and practical applications. Additional topics include electronic and opto-electronic devices, organic magnets and conductors, lubricants, other materials, and reactions of industrial or biomedical importance. The book concludes by providing an outlook on possible future development in this field. Researchers and practitioners engaged in active work on synthetic or mechanistic organic chemistry and its practical applications will find this text to be invaluable in both its scope and its depth. |
| the ion effect book: Ion Channels James N. C. Kew, Ceri H. Davies, 2010 Ion channels are intimately involved in the everyday physiological functions that enable us to live a full and varied life. When disease strikes, malfunction of ion channels or their dependent is often involved, either as the cause or the effect of the illness. Thus, billions of dollars have been, and still are being, invested in research to understand the physiological and pathophysiological functions of ion channels in an attempt to develop novel therapeutic treatments for a wide range of diseases. This book provides a comprehensive overview of ion channel structure and function. It comprises two major parts. Part one is an introductory overview of the ion channel superfamily and the generic aspects of ion channel function. This part also reviews the methodologies by which ion channel function can be studied from the perspective of performing detailed biophysical characterization through to the deployment of high throughput approaches for identifying novel ion channel ligands. Part two of the book provides an in-depth review of the individual ion channel subfamilies and, as such, is subdivided into four broad sections: Voltage-Gated Ion Channels, Extracellular Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, Intracellular Ligand-Gated Ion Channels, and Polymodal-Gated Ion Channels, with each chapter focused on specific family members. These chapters have been written by world leading experts and provide a detailed overview of the structure, biophysics, localization, pharmacology, physiology, and disease relevance of each particular ion channel subfamily. Reviewing both the basic principles of ion channel function and providing a detailed up-to-date review of the phsyiological and pharmacological aspects of individual ion channel sub-families, this book constitutes both an excellent introduction to the field for non-specialists, as well as a highly valuable reference text for experienced researchers already working in the ion channel area. |
| the ion effect book: High Resolution Focused Ion Beams: FIB and its Applications Jon Orloff, Lynwood Swanson, Mark Utlaut, 2012-12-06 In this book, we have attempted to produce a reference on high resolution focused ion beams (FIBs) that will be useful for both the user and the designer of FIB instrumentation. We have included a mix of theory and applications that seemed most useful to us. The field of FIBs has advanced rapidly since the application of the first field emission ion sources in the early 1970s. The development of the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its application for FIBs in the late 1970s have resulted in a powerful tool for research and for industry. There have been hundreds of papers written on many aspects of LMIS and FIBs, and a useful and informative book on these subjects was published in 1991 by Phil Prewett and Grame Mair. Because there have been so many new applications and uses found for FIBs in the last ten years we felt that it was time for another book on the subject. |
| the ion effect book: Handbook of Ion Sources Bernhard Wolf, 1995-08-31 The Handbook of Ion Sources delivers the data needed for daily work with ion sources. It also gives information for the selection of a suitable ion source and ion production method for a specific application. The Handbook concentrates on practical aspects and introduces the principle function of ion sources. The basic plasma parameters are defined and discussed. The working principles of various ion sources are explained, and examples of each type of ion source are presented with their operational data. Tables of ion current for various elements and charge states summarize the performance of different ion sources. The problems related to the production of ions of non-gaseous elements are detailed, and data on useful materials for evaporation and ion source construction are summarized. Additional chapters are dedicated to extraction and beam formation, ion beam diagnosis, ion source electronics, and computer codes for extraction, acceleration, and beam transport. Emittance and brilliance are described and space charge effects and neutralization discussed. Various methods for the measurement of current, profile, emittance, and time structure are presented and compared. Intensity limits for these methods are provided for different ion energies. Typical problems related to the operation of ion source plasmas are discussed and practical examples of circuits are given. The influence of high voltage on ion source electronics and possibilities for circuit protection are covered. The generation of microwaves and various microwave equipment are described and special problems related to microwave operation are summarized. The Handbook of Ion Sources is a valuable reference on the subject, of benefit to practitioners and graduate students interested in accelerators, ion implantation, and ion beam techniques. |
| the ion effect book: Ion Implantation A. D. Pogrebnjak, 2018-09 New results in the field of ion implantation from the experienced scientists from different countries are presented in this book. Influence of ion implantation on structure and properties of semi-conducting materials, instrumental steels and alloys, nanocomposite coatings, including multielement ones, titanium alloys with the shape memory effect and super-elasticity are discussed in detail within this book. New data on novel applications of ion implantation for the modification and testing (radiation hardness simulation) of memristive devices, as well as application of ion implantation of group V dopants in the MCT epilayer are presented in this book. Potential use of ion implantation for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles in a thin Si layer for the development of thin-film solar cells fabrication technology is discussed. The effect of ion implantation on the physical and mechanical properties of the hard alloy plates based on tungsten carbide and a cobalt binder is described. A study of the effects of ion implantation on the phase composition and the structure of materials is presented. The role of defects in the formation of the phase composition of the ion-implanted materials, structural-phase transformations in metals after ion implantation is investigated. This book will be interesting for professionals in the study of solid state physics, nuclear physics, physics of semi-conductors and nanomaterials. It can also be useful for masters and PhD students, as well as for professionals researching the fabrication and investigation of protective materials with enhanced physical-mechanical and tribological properties, good biocompatibility and resistance to irradiation-- |
| the ion effect book: Aulton's Pharmaceutics E-Book Kevin M.G. Taylor, Michael E. Aulton, 2013-07-29 Pharmaceutics is one of the most diverse subject areas in all of pharmaceutical science. In brief, it is concerned with the scientific and technological aspects of the design and manufacture of dosage forms or medicines. An understanding of pharmaceutics is therefore vital for all pharmacists and those pharmaceutical scientists who are involved with converting a drug or a potential drug into a medicine that can be delivered safely, effectively and conveniently to the patient. Now in its fourth edition, this best-selling textbook in pharmaceutics has been brought completely up to date to reflect the rapid advances in delivery methodologies by eye and injection, advances in drug formulations and delivery methods for special groups (such as children and the elderly), nanomedicine, and pharmacognosy. At the same time the editors have striven to maintain the accessibility of the text for students of pharmacy, preserving the balance between being a suitably pitched introductory text and a clear reflection of the state of the art. New to this edition New editor: Kevin Taylor, Professor of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of London. Twenty-two new contributors. Six new chapters covering parenteral and ocular delivery; design and administration of medicines for the children and elderly; the latest in plant medicines; nanotechnology and nanomedicines, and the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Thoroughly revised and updated throughout. provides a logical, comprehensive account of drug design and manufacture includes the science of formulation and drug delivery designed and written for newcomers to the design of dosage forms New to this edition New editor: Kevin Taylor, Professor of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of London. Twenty-two new contributors. Six new chapters covering parenteral and ocular delivery; design and administration of medicines for the children and elderly; the latest in plant medicines; nanotechnology and nanomedicines, and the delivery of biopharmaceuticals. Thoroughly revised and updated throughout. |
| the ion effect book: NASA Historical Data Book , 1988 |
| the ion effect book: The Dorito Effect Mark Schatzker, 2015-05-05 A lively and important argument from an award-winning journalist proving that the key to reversing North America’s health crisis lies in the overlooked link between nutrition and flavor. In The Dorito Effect, Mark Schatzker shows us how our approach to the nation’s number one public health crisis has gotten it wrong. The epidemics of obesity, heart disease, and diabetes are not tied to the overabundance of fat or carbs or any other specific nutrient. Instead, we have been led astray by the growing divide between flavor—the tastes we crave—and the underlying nutrition. Since the late 1940s, we have been slowly leeching flavor out of the food we grow. Those perfectly round, red tomatoes that grace our supermarket aisles today are mostly water, and the big breasted chickens on our dinner plates grow three times faster than they used to, leaving them dry and tasteless. Simultaneously, we have taken great leaps forward in technology, allowing us to produce in the lab the very flavors that are being lost on the farm. Thanks to this largely invisible epidemic, seemingly healthy food is becoming more like junk food: highly craveable but nutritionally empty. We have unknowingly interfered with an ancient chemical language—flavor—that evolved to guide our nutrition, not destroy it. With in-depth historical and scientific research, The Dorito Effect casts the food crisis in a fascinating new light, weaving an enthralling tale of how we got to this point and where we are headed. We’ve been telling ourselves that our addiction to flavor is the problem, but it is actually the solution. We are on the cusp of a new revolution in agriculture that will allow us to eat healthier and live longer by enjoying flavor the way nature intended. |
| the ion effect book: Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology - E-Book Richard Hoppe, Theodore L. Phillips, Mack Roach, 2010-09-09 Stay on top of the latest scientific and therapeutic advances with the new edition of Leibel and Phillips Textbook of Radiation Oncology. Dr. Theodore L. Phillips, in collaboration with two new authors, Drs. Richard Hoppe and Mack Roach, offers a multidisciplinary look at the presentation of uniform treatment philosophies for cancer patients emphasizing the treat for cure philosophy. You can also explore the implementation of new imaging techniques to locate and treat tumors, new molecularly targeted therapies, and new types of treatment delivery. Supplement your reading with online access to the complete contents of the book, a downloadable image library, and more at expertconsult.com. Gather step-by-step techniques for assessing and implementing radiotherapeutic options with this comprehensive, full-color, clinically oriented text. Review the basic principles behind the selection and application of radiation as a treatment modality, including radiobiology, radiation physics, immobilization and simulation, high dose rate, and more. Use new imaging techniques to anatomically locate tumors before and during treatment. Apply multidisciplinary treatments with advice from experts in medical, surgical, and radiation oncology. Explore new treatment options such as proton therapy, which can facilitate precise tumor-targeting and reduce damage to healthy tissue and organs. Stay on the edge of technology with new chapters on IGRT, DNA damage and repair, and molecularly targeted therapies. |
| the ion effect book: Cosmic Energy and the Nature's Way in Health and Medicine Ko Paandu, 2015-09-29 This book on Cosmic Energy, Health and Medicine explains about the natural energy around us in everyday life and how we can maximize its use for our health. How our health is connected with the body and mind and explains how disease is due to the disagreement between them. The book explains about allergies and compares it with an enemy. One cannot solve a problem avoiding the enemy. Same way allergy is the one you need to resolve and not avoid. The medicines used over centuries by our forefathers are proven and can be relied upon just as the reliable age old foods we consume to this day. Medicines under modern allopathic system never last even for a decade. Chemicals, herbs and minerals are not medicines. A medicine should act as an energized bullet or a piercing arrow instead of staying behind in our body and creating a host of side effects and other complications. A medicine is supposed to cure the disease of the person and not create a disease basket piling on more diseases. Only the energized medicines which are slow but steady can clear our disease in natures speed and not the fast acting palliative medicines. |
| the ion effect book: The Way of Splendor Edward Hoffman, 2007 Dr. Edward Hoffman, a world-renowned thinker and writer in humanistic psychology, reveals how the Kabbalah exerted a profound influence on the establishment and growth of Western psychological thought through such towering thinkers as Carl Jung, Sigmund Freud, and Abraham Maslow. With a new introduction and updated bibliography, The Way of Splendor: The 25th Anniversary begins with an historical presentation of Kabalistic metaphysics and cosmology, then discusses the psychological dimensions of Kabbalah on such topics as dreams, meditation, sexuality, community, health and emotions. The Way of Splendor is a classic yet timely book that shows how to integrate spirituality with counseling, emphasizing the day-to-day relevance of the visionary experience. |
| the ion effect book: Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion Dan M. Goebel, Ira Katz, 2008-12-22 Throughout most of the twentieth century, electric propulsion was considered the technology of the future. Now, the future has arrived. This important new book explains the fundamentals of electric propulsion for spacecraft and describes in detail the physics and characteristics of the two major electric thrusters in use today, ion and Hall thrusters. The authors provide an introduction to plasma physics in order to allow readers to understand the models and derivations used in determining electric thruster performance. They then go on to present detailed explanations of: Thruster principles Ion thruster plasma generators and accelerator grids Hollow cathodes Hall thrusters Ion and Hall thruster plumes Flight ion and Hall thrusters Based largely on research and development performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and complemented with scores of tables, figures, homework problems, and references, Fundamentals of Electric Propulsion: Ion and Hall Thrusters is an indispensable textbook for advanced undergraduate and graduate students who are preparing to enter the aerospace industry. It also serves as an equally valuable resource for professional engineers already at work in the field. |
| the ion effect book: Optical Effects of Ion Implantation P. D. Townsend, P. J. Chandler, L. Zhang, 1994-06-23 This book describes the use of ion implantation to control the optical properties of solid state materials. |
| the ion effect book: Ion Beam Applications Ishaq Ahmad, Malek Maaza, 2018-07-18 Ion beam of various energies is a standard research tool in many areas of science, from basic physics to diverse areas in space science and technology, device fabrications, materials science, environment science, and medical sciences. It is an advance and versatile tool to frequently discover applications across a broad range of disciplines and fields. Moreover, scientists are continuously improving the ion beam sources and accelerators to explore ion beam at the forefront of scientific endeavours. This book provides a glance view on MeV ion beam applications, focused ion beam generation and its applications as well as practical applications of ion implantation. |
| the ion effect book: Listening to the Silences Roy Vincent, |
| the ion effect book: Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics - E-Book Nader Rifai, 2017-01-16 The Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, 6th Edition provides the most current and authoritative guidance on selecting, performing, and evaluating the results of new and established laboratory tests. This classic clinical chemistry reference offers encyclopedic coverage detailing everything you need to know, including: analytical criteria for the medical usefulness of laboratory tests, variables that affect tests and results, laboratory medicine, applications of statistical methods, and most importantly clinical utility and interpretation of laboratory tests. It is THE definitive reference in clinical chemistry and molecular diagnostics, now fully searchable and with quarterly content updates, podcasts, clinical cases, animations, and extended content online through Expert Consult. - Analytical criteria focus on the medical usefulness of laboratory procedures. - Reference ranges show new approaches for establishing these ranges — and provide the latest information on this topic. - Lab management and costs gives students and chemists the practical information they need to assess costs, allowing them to do their job more efficiently and effectively. - Statistical methods coverage provides you with information critical to the practice of clinical chemistry. - Internationally recognized chapter authors are considered among the best in their field. - Two-color design highlights important features, illustrations, and content to help you find information easier and faster. - NEW! Internationally recognized chapter authors are considered among the best in their field. - NEW! Expert Consult features fully searchable text, quarterly content updates, clinical case studies, animations, podcasts, atlases, biochemical calculations, multiple-choice questions, links to Medline, an image collection, and audio interviews. You will now enjoy an online version making utility of this book even greater. - UPDATED! Expanded Molecular Diagnostics section with 12 chapters that focus on emerging issues and techniques in the rapidly evolving and important field of molecular diagnostics and genetics ensures this text is on the cutting edge and of the most value. - NEW! Comprehensive list of Reference Intervals for children and adults with graphic displays developed using contemporary instrumentation. - NEW! Standard and international units of measure make this text appropriate for any user — anywhere in the world. - NEW! 22 new chapters that focus on applications of mass spectrometry, hematology, transfusion medicine, microbiology, biobanking, biomarker utility in the pharmaceutical industry and more! - NEW! Expert senior editors, Nader Rifai, Carl Wittwer and Rita Horvath, bring fresh perspectives and help ensure the most current information is presented. - UPDATED! Thoroughly revised and peer-reviewed chapters provide you with the most current information possible. |
| the ion effect book: Ion Beam Modification of Solids Werner Wesch, Elke Wendler, 2016-07-14 This book presents the method of ion beam modification of solids in realization, theory and applications in a comprehensive way. It provides a review of the physical basics of ion-solid interaction and on ion-beam induced structural modifications of solids. Ion beams are widely used to modify the physical properties of materials. A complete theory of ion stopping in matter and the calculation of the energy loss due to nuclear and electronic interactions are presented including the effect of ion channeling. To explain structural modifications due to high electronic excitations, different concepts are presented with special emphasis on the thermal spike model. Furthermore, general concepts of damage evolution as a function of ion mass, ion fluence, ion flux and temperature are described in detail and their limits and applicability are discussed. The effect of nuclear and electronic energy loss on structural modifications of solids such as damage formation, phase transitions and amorphization is reviewed for insulators and semiconductors. Finally some selected applications of ion beams are given. |
| the ion effect book: Miller's Anesthesia, 2-Volume Set E-Book Michael A. Gropper, Lars I. Eriksson, Lee A. Fleisher, Neal H. Cohen, Kate Leslie, Oluwaseun Johnson-Akeju, 2024-07-18 Offering up-to-date coverage of everything from historical and international perspectives to basic science and today's clinical practice, Miller's Anesthesia, 10th Edition, remains the #1 reference and trusted learning resource for practitioners and trainees in this complex field. Dr. Michael Gropper leads a team of expert editors and contributing authors who provide current information on the technical, scientific, and clinical issues you face each day—whether you're managing a challenging patient care situation, preparing for the boards, or studying for recertification. - Addresses timely topics alongside foundational basic science for an in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the field. - Contains thoroughly up-to-date content, including two new chapters: The Immune System: Implications for Anesthetic Management and Emergency Preparedness in Healthcare. - Provides new content in key areas such as sustainability, global health equity, the effect of anesthetics on immune function, anesthesia for special populations, coverage of infectious diseases including COVID-19, and occupational exposure and safety. - Offers state-of-the-art coverage of anesthetic drugs, guidelines for anesthetic practice and patient safety, new techniques, step-by-step instructions for patient management, the unique needs of pediatric patients, and much more—all highlighted by more than 1,200 full-color illustrations (300 new to this edition) for enhanced visual clarity. - Includes 40+ video clips demonstrating patient positioning, ultrasound, echocardiograms, and other imaging, and anesthetic procedures in real time. |
| the ion effect book: Journal of the American Chemical Society American Chemical Society, 1927 Proceedings of the Society are included in v. 1-59, 1879-1937. |
| the ion effect book: Molecular Forces and Self Assembly Barry W. Ninham, Pierandrea Lo Nostro, 2010-04-01 Challenging the cherished notions of colloidal theory, Barry Ninham and Pierandrea Lo Nostro confront the scientific lore of molecular forces and colloidal science in an incisive and thought-provoking manner. The authors explain the development of these classical theories, discussing amongst other topics electrostatic forces in electrolytes, specific ion effects and hydrophobic interactions. Throughout the book they question assumptions, unearth flaws and present new results and ideas. From such analysis, a qualitative and predictive framework for the field emerges; the impact of this is discussed in the latter half of the book through force behaviour in self assembly. Here, numerous diverse phenomena are explained, from surfactants to biological applications, all richly illustrated with pertinent, intellectually stimulating examples. With mathematics kept to a minimum, and historic facts and anecdotes woven through the text, this is a highly engaging and readable treatment for students and researchers in science and engineering. |
| the ion effect book: Ion Exchange Ayben Kilislioglu, 2015-09-09 This book provides broad coverage of ion exchange and its applications. Different chapters focus on the importance of ion exchange applications such as strengtening dental porcelains, gradient changes in glass refraction, and resins as effective sorbents. Each chapter includes a brief historical overview of ion exchange and its applications. The authors also give a brief overview of these applications as well as review current experimental data on the subject. |
| the ion effect book: Divining Your Dreams Jonathan Sharp, 2010-06-15 Your Dreams Can Show You the Way We all know that our dreams mean something, but do you realize that your dreams can actually help you? In the Kabbalistic tradition, dreams are prized as the key that unlocks the spiritual door leading to a path of greater wisdom. In this rich and unique guide you will learn how simple and practical steps can help you use the messages in your dreams to unleash healing, creativity, and personal fulfillment. Kabbalistic experts Jonathan Sharp and Dr. Edward Hoffman clearly explain how the Kabbalah works, along with its varied, mysterious, and fascinating components. These include the Tree of Life, the Tarot deck, the hundred most important symbols from Zohar (the ancient text on which the Kabbalah is based), and the numerology of the letters in the Hebrew alphabet. Following is a comprehensive list of more than eight hundred and fifty dream images with interpretations, evaluations, and unique prescriptions to help bring energy and inspiration to your spiritual journey. Each dream entry includes: Meaning: An overview of the image's significance as well as a numerological evaluation and interpretation Tree of Life: What the dream tells the dreamer about where she is on her life path, specifically in terms of spiritual development and emotional relationships The Journey: Practical advice on what steps to take so that you can use your dream to take you where you want to go -- solve problems, explore possibilities, find the inspiration to live more deeply, and much more Rich, comprehensive, and full of beauty and mystery, Divining Your Dreams will be a bedside companion for years to come. |
| the ion effect book: NASA Space Applications, Aeronautics and Space Research and Technology, Tracking and Data Acquisition/support Operations, Commercial Programs, and Resources, 1979-1988 Judy A. Rumerman, 2000 |
| the ion effect book: Surfactant Science and Technology Laurence S. Romsted, 2014-05-05 Surfactant research explores the forces responsible for surfactant assembly and the critical industrial, medical, and personal applications, including viscosity control, microelectronics, drug stabilization, drug delivery, cosmetics, enhanced oil recovery, and foods. Surfactant Science and Technology: Retrospects and Prospects, a Festschrift in honor of Dr. Kash Mittal, provides a broad perspective with chapters contributed by leaders in the fields of surfactant-based physical, organic, and materials chemistries. Many of the authors participated in a special symposium in Melbourne, Australia, honoring Kash Mittal’s 100th edited book at the 18th Surfactants in Solution (SIS) meeting. Each chapter provides an overview of a specific research area, with discussions on past, present, and future directions. The book is divided into six parts. Part I reviews the evolution of theoretical models for surfactant self-assembly, and introduces a model for interpreting ion-specific effects on aggregate properties. Part II focuses on interactions of surfactant solutions with solid supports; uses contact angles to understand hydrophobic/hydrophilic changes in a lipid layer; uses surface tension to understand molecular arrangements at interfaces; reviews spreading phenomena; discusses pattern formation on solid surfaces; and applies tensiometry to probe flavor components of espresso. Part III discusses novel DNA-based materials, multifunctional poly(amino acid)s–based graft polymers for drug delivery, and polymeric surfactants for stabilizing suspensions and emulsions. Part IV introduces farm-based biosurfactants from natural products and greener biosurfactants from bacteria. Part V explores lyotropic liquid crystals and their applications in triggered drug release; microemulsion properties and controlled drug release; the role of hydrotopes in formulations and in enhancing solubilization in liquid crystals; the potential of ionic liquids to generate tunable and selective reaction media; and provides an overview of stimuli-responsive surfactants. Focusing on emulsions, Part VI reviews the design of emulsion properties for various commercial applications, the role of surfactants in the oil and gas industries, and surfactant mechanisms for soil removal via microemulsions and emulsification. |
| the ion effect book: Mineral Dissolution Kinetics: New Perspectives Victor W Truesdale, Jim E Greenwood, Tim G Southern, 2025-05-09 Mineral Dissolution Kinetics: New Perspectives is, at its core, a search for a universal rate equation for mineral dissolutions. It documents and details the journey undertaken by its authors, appealing not only to specialists and experts in related fields but also to novice readers seeking to learn more about this unique subject. The book reveals how the compounding of many otherwise subtle misunderstandings has resulted in the under-development of fundamental concepts in mineral dissolution kinetics, despite its long history of study. By examining a wide cross-section of existing studies, it uncovers these misunderstandings and forges a new way forward.Although mineral dissolution kinetics has been immensely important in explaining continental weathering, landform development, and the maintenance of water supplies for agricultural and human use, it remains a critically undervalued field of chemistry. It is also foundational to our understanding of the marine environment and serves as an essential tool in the long-term storage of CO2 and radionuclide waste. More recently, it has helped address the human-induced rise in tropospheric CO2, a key cause of global warming and ocean acidification.Complex subjects such as the hydrodynamics of dissolution, the thermodynamics of the aqueous carbonate system, and central omissions at the very core of homogeneous kinetics are explained clearly and simply, while still remaining at the cutting edge of the field. |
| the ion effect book: Radiation Effects in Solids Kurt E. Sickafus, Eugene A. Kotomin, Blas P. Uberuaga, 2007-05-22 This book contains proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study nd Institute (ASI): The 32 Course of the International School of Solid State Physics entitled Radiation Effects in Solids, held in Erice, Sicily, Italy, July 17-29, 2004, at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture (EMCSC). The Course had 83 participants (68 students and 15 instructors) representing 23 countries. The purpose of this Course was to provide ASI students with a comprehensive overview of fundamental principles and relevant technical issues associated with the behavior of solids exposed to high-energy radiation. These issues are important to the development of materials for existing fission reactors or future fusion and advanced reactors for energy production; to the development of electronic devices such as high-energy detectors; and to the development of novel materials for electronic and photonic applications (particularly on the nanoscale). The Course covered a broad range of topics, falling into three general categories: Radiation Damage Fundamentals Energetic particles and energy dissipation Atomic displacements and cascades Damage evolution Defect aggregation Microstructural evolution Material Dependent Radiation Damage Phenomena (metals, alloys, semiconductors, intermetallics, ceramics, polymers, biomaterials) Atomic and microstructural effects (e.g., point defects, color centers, extended defects, dislocations, voids, bubbles, colloids, phase transformations, amorphization) Macroscopic phenomena (e.g., swelling, embrittlement, cracking, thermal conductivity degradation) vii viii Preface Special Topics Swift ion irradiation effects Ion beam modification of materials Nanostructure design via irradiation Nuclear fuels and waste forms Radiation detectors, dosimeters, phosphors, luminescent materials, etc. |
| the ion effect book: Handbook of Electrochemistry Cynthia G. Zoski, 2007-02-07 Electrochemistry plays a key role in a broad range of research and applied areas including the exploration of new inorganic and organic compounds, biochemical and biological systems, corrosion, energy applications involving fuel cells and solar cells, and nanoscale investigations. The Handbook of Electrochemistry serves as a source of electrochemical information, providing details of experimental considerations, representative calculations, and illustrations of the possibilities available in electrochemical experimentation. The book is divided into five parts: Fundamentals, Laboratory Practical, Techniques, Applications, and Data. The first section covers the fundamentals of electrochemistry which are essential for everyone working in the field, presenting an overview of electrochemical conventions, terminology, fundamental equations, and electrochemical cells, experiments, literature, textbooks, and specialized books. Part 2 focuses on the different laboratory aspects of electrochemistry which is followed by a review of the various electrochemical techniques ranging from classical experiments to scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrogenerated chemiluminesence and spectroelectrochemistry. Applications of electrochemistry include electrode kinetic determinations, unique aspects of metal deposition, and electrochemistry in small places and at novel interfaces and these are detailed in Part 4. The remaining three chapters provide useful electrochemical data and information involving electrode potentials, diffusion coefficients, and methods used in measuring liquid junction potentials. * serves as a source of electrochemical information * includes useful electrochemical data and information involving electrode potentials, diffusion coefficients, and methods used in measuring liquid junction potentials * reviews electrochemical techniques (incl. scanning electrochemical microscopy, electrogenerated chemiluminesence and spectroelectrochemistry) |
| the ion effect book: Engineering Thin Films and Nanostructures with Ion Beams Emile Knystautas, 2018-10-03 While ion-beam techniques have been used to create thin films in the semiconductor industry for several decades, these methods have been too costly for other surface treatment applications. However, as manufacturing devices become increasingly smaller, the use of a directed-energy ion beam is finding novel industrial applications that require the custom tailoring of new materials and devices, including magnetic storage devices, photonics, opto-electronics, and molecular transport. Engineering Thin Films and Nanostructures with Ion Beams offers a thorough narrative of the recent advances that make this technology relevant to current and future applications. Featuring internationally recognized researchers, the book compiles their expertise in a multidimensional source that: Highlights the mechanisms and visual evidence of the effects of single-ion impacts on metallic surfaces Considers how ion-beam techniques can help achieve higher disk-drive densities Introduces gas-cluster ion-beam technology and reviews its precedents Explains how ion beams are used to aggregate metals and semiconductors into nanoclusters with nonlinear optical properties Addresses current challenges in building equipment needed to produce nanostructures in an industrial setting Examines the combination of ion-beam techniques, particularly with physical vapor deposition Delineates the fabrication of nanopillars, nanoflowers, and interconnected nanochannels in three dimensions by using atomic shadowing techniques Illustrates the production of nanopores of varying dimensions in polymer films, alloys, and superconductors using ion-beam irradiation Shows how fingerprints can be made more reliable as forensic evidence by recoil-mixing them into the substrate using ion beams From the basics of the ion-beam modification of materials to state-of-the-art applications, Engineering Th |
| the ion effect book: Water John J. Palmer, Colin Kaminski, 2013-09-16 Water is arguably the most critical and least understood of the foundation elements in brewing. For many brewers used to choosing from a wide selection of hops and grain, water seems like an ingredient for which they have little choice but to accept what comes out of their faucet. But brewers in fact have many opportunities to modify their source water or to obtain mineral-free water and build their own brewing water from scratch. Much of the relevant information can be found in texts on physical and inorganic chemistry or water treatment and analysis, but these resources seldom, if ever, speak to brewers. Water: A Comprehensive Guide for Brewers takes the mystery out of water's role in the brewing process. This book is not just about brewing liquor. Whether in a brewery or at home, water is needed for every part of the brewing process: chilling, diluting, cleaning, boiler operation, wastewater treatment, and even physically pushing wort or beer from one place to another. The authors lead the reader from an overview of the water cycle and water sources, to adjusting water for different beer styles and brewery processes, to wastewater treatment. It covers precipitation, groundwater, and surface water, and explains how municipal water is treated to make it safe to drink but not always suitable for brewing. The parameters measured in a water report are explained, along with their impact on the mash and the final beer. Understand ion concentrations, temporary and permanent hardness, and pH. The concept of residual alkalinity is covered in detail and the causes of alkalinity in water are explored, along with techniques to control alkalinity. Ultimately, residual alkalinity is the major effector on mash pH, and this book addresses how to predict and target a specific mash pH—a key skill for any brewer wishing to raise their beer to the next level. But minerals in brewing water also determine specific flavor attributes. Ionic species important to beer are discussed and concepts like the sulfate-to-chloride ratio are explained. Examples illustrate how to tailor your brewing water to suit any style of beer. To complete the subject, the authors focus on brewery operations relating to source water treatment, such as the removal of particulates, dissolved solids, gas and liquid contaminants, organic contaminants, chlorine and chloramine, and dissolved oxygen. This section considers the pros and cons of various technologies, including membrane technologies such as filtration, ion-exchange systems, and reverse osmosis. |
| the ion effect book: FTC Oversight United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, 1981 |
| the ion effect book: Ion Channels in Health and Sickness Fatima Shad Kaneez, 2018-10-10 Ion channels are proteins that make pores in the membranes of excitable cells present both in the brain and the body. These cells are not only responsible for converting chemical and mechanical stimuli into the electrical signals but are also liable for monitoring vital functions. All our activities, from the blinking of our eyes to the beating of our heart and all our senses from smell to sight, touch, taste and hearing are regulated by the ion channels. This book will take us on an expedition describing the role of ion channels in congenital and acquired diseases and the challenges and limitations scientist are facing in the development of drugs targeting these membrane proteins. |
| the ion effect book: Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes Bertil Hille, 1992 This new, fully revised and expanded edition of Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes includes new chapters on fast chemical synapses, modulation through G protein coupled receptors and second messenger systems, molecules cloning, site directed mutagenesis, and cell biology. It begins with the classical biophysical work of Hodgkin and Huxley and then weaves a description of the known ionic channels together with their biological functions. The book continues by developing the physical and molecular principles needed for explaining permeation, gating, pharmacological modification, and molecular diversity, and ends with a discussion of channel evolution. Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes is written to be accessible and interesting to biological and physical scientists of all kinds. |
| the ion effect book: Introductory College Chemistry Harry Nicholls Holmes, 1926 |
| the ion effect book: The Tunnel Effect in Chemistry Ronald Percy Bell, 2013-11-11 The suggestion that quantum-mechanical tunnelling might be a significant factor in some chemical reactions was first made fifty years ago by Hund, very soon after the principles of wave mechanics had been established by de Broglie, Schrodinger and Heisenberg, and similar ideas were put forward during the following thirty years by a number of authors. It was realised from the beginning that such effects would be particularly prominent in reactions involving the movement of protons or hydrogen atoms, and both theoretical and experimental work received a powerful stimulus in the discovery of deuterium in 1932. During the last twenty years theoretical predictions about the tunnel effect have been supported by an increasing body of experimental evidence, derived especially from studies of hydrogen isotope effects. The present book presents an attempt to summarize this evidence and to indicate the main lines of the basic theory. Details of mathematical manipu lation are restricted mainly to Chapter 2 and the Appendices, and many readers may prefer to confine themselves to the results obtained. The main emphasis has been on the kinetics of chemical reactions involving the transfer of protons, hydrogen atoms or hydride ions, although Chapter 6 gives an account of the role of the tunnel effect in molecular spectra, and Chapter 7 makes some mention of tunnelling in solid state phenomena, biological processes and the electrolytic discharge of hydrogen. Only passing references have been made to tunnelling by electrons. |
| the ion effect book: Popular Mechanics , 1980-03 Popular Mechanics inspires, instructs and influences readers to help them master the modern world. Whether it’s practical DIY home-improvement tips, gadgets and digital technology, information on the newest cars or the latest breakthroughs in science -- PM is the ultimate guide to our high-tech lifestyle. |
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