The Mummy Book Of Amun Ra Replica

  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Handbook of Mummy Studies Dong Hoon Shin, Raffaella Bianucci, 2020 Owing to their unique state of preservation, mummies provide us with significant historical and scientific knowledge of mankind's past. This handbook, written by prominent international experts in mummy studies, offers readers a comprehensive guide to new understandings of the field's most recent trends and developments. It provides invaluable information on the health states and pathologies of historic populations and civilizations, as well as their socio-cultural and religious characteristics. Addressing the developments in mummy studies that have taken place over the past two decades -- which have been neglected for as long a time -- the authors excavate the ground-breaking research that has transformed scientific and cultural knowledge of our ancient predecessors. The handbook investigates the many new biotechnological tools that are routinely applied in mummy studies, ranging from morphological inspection and endoscopy to minimally invasive radiological techniques that are used to assess states of preservation. It also looks at the paleoparasitological and pathological approaches that have been employed to reconstruct the lifestyles and pathologic conditions of ancient populations, and considers the techniques that have been applied to enhance biomedical knowledge, such as craniofacial reconstruction, chemical analysis, stable isotope analysis and ancient DNA analysis. This interdisciplinary handbook will appeal to academics in historical, anthropological, archaeological and biological sciences, and will serve as an indispensable companion to researchers and students interested in worldwide mummy studies.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Architecture, Astronomy and Sacred Landscape in Ancient Egypt Giulio Magli, 2013-07-22 This book examines the interplay between astronomy and dynastic power in the course of ancient Egyptian history, focusing on the fundamental role of astronomy in the creation of the pyramids and the monumental temple and burial complexes. Bringing to bear the analytical tools of archaeoastronomy, a set of techniques and methods that enable modern scholars to better understand the thought, religion and science of early civilizations, Giulio Magli provides in-depth analyses of the pyramid complexes at Giza, Abusir, Saqqara and Dahshur, as well as of the Early Dynastic necropolis at Abydos and the magnificent new Kingdom Theban temples. Using a variety of data retrieved from study of the sky and measurements of the buildings, he reconstructs the visual, symbolic and spiritual world of the ancient Egyptians and thereby establishes an intimate relationship among celestial cycles, topography and architecture. He also shows how they were deployed in the ideology of the pharaoh's power in the course of Egyptian history.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt Toby Wilkinson, 2013-01-08 NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • “Magisterial . . . [A] rich portrait of ancient Egypt’s complex evolution over the course of three millenniums.”—Los Angeles Times NAMED ONE OF THE BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR BY The Washington Post • Publishers Weekly In this landmark volume, one of the world’s most renowned Egyptologists tells the epic story of this great civilization, from its birth as the first nation-state to its absorption into the Roman Empire. Drawing upon forty years of archaeological research, award-winning scholar Toby Wilkinson takes us inside a tribal society with a pre-monetary economy and decadent, divine kings who ruled with all-too-recognizable human emotions. Here are the legendary leaders: Akhenaten, the “heretic king,” who with his wife Nefertiti brought about a revolution with a bold new religion; Tutankhamun, whose dazzling tomb would remain hidden for three millennia; and eleven pharaohs called Ramesses, the last of whom presided over the militarism, lawlessness, and corruption that caused a political and societal decline. Filled with new information and unique interpretations, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt is a riveting and revelatory work of wild drama, bold spectacle, unforgettable characters, and sweeping history. “With a literary flair and a sense for a story well told, Mr. Wilkinson offers a highly readable, factually up-to-date account.”—The Wall Street Journal “[Wilkinson] writes with considerable verve. . . . [He] is nimble at conveying the sumptuous pageantry and cultural sophistication of pharaonic Egypt.”—The New York Times
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: After Dead Charlaine Harris, 2013-10-31 DEAD EVER AFTER marked the end of the Sookie Stackhouse novels - a series that garnered millions of fans and spawned the hit HBO television show TRUE BLOOD. It also stoked a hunger that will never die... A hunger to know what happened next. With characters arranged alphabetically - from the Ancient Pythoness to Bethany Zanelli - bestselling author Charlaine Harris takes fans into the future of their favourite residents of Bon Temps and environs. You'll learn how Michele and Jason's marriage fared, what happened to Sookie's cousin Hunter, and whether Tara and JB's twins grew up to be solid citizens. This coda provides the answers to your lingering questions - including details of Sookie's own happily-ever-after... The book will feature extensive interior art by acclaimed Sookie artist Lisa Desimini, including a Sookieverse Alphabet, colour endpapers, and several full-page black and white interior illustrations.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: House of Eternity John K. McDonald, 1996 Over 3000 years ago, Nefertari, the favourite queen of Ramesses II, was buried in a tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Queens. The discovery of the tomb by Ernesto Schiaparelli in 1904 began a process of drastic deterioration which remained unchecked until 1988 when emergancy consolidation and restoration began.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Predecessors of Cleopatra Leigh North, 1906
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology Paul T. Nicholson, Ian Shaw, 2000-03-23 The book describes current research into all aspects of craftwork in ancient Egypt.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Theology of Hathor of Dendera Barbara A. Richter, 2016-04-15 The Ptolemaic period witnessed an enormous increase in the number of hieroglyphic signs and iconographic elements (composite crowns, scepters, and cult objects). The ancient scribes exploited this complexity when composing the reliefs used in temple decoration, selecting particular words, hieroglyphic signs, and iconographic elements in order to create interconnected multiple layers of meaning, forming a tapestry of sound and sight. The Theology of Hathor of Dendera examines these techniques on both micro- and macro-levels, from their smallest details to their broadest thematic connections, foregrounding individual techniques to determine the words and phrases singled out for emphasis. By synthesizing their use in the three-dimensional space of the most important cult chamber in the Temple of Hathor at Dendera, this new method of analysis not only reveals the most essential characteristics of the local theology, but also shows how the ancient scribes envisioned the universe and the place of humankind within it.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Spirit of Ancient Egypt Ana Ruiz, 2001 This work is filled with a mosaic of details and charming tales, and an intriguing portrait of life in the oldest of civilizations.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Grail Diary Henry Jones, 2016-07-28 This is a prop replica of Dr. Henry Jones personal dairy filled with notes and sketches from his many years of searching for the Holy Grail. There are 180 screen accurate pages for fans of Indiana Jones to enjoy. PLEASE NOTE: NO additional inserts included with this version and the cover is printed softcover paper, no leather.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Eternal Egypt Edna R. Russmann, 2001 The book is published in conjunction with a traveling exhibition organized by the American Federation of Arts and The British Museum and drawn exclusively from the collection of The British Museum, which is among the finest in the world. Illustrated with images of the works in the exhibition, as well as comparative materials, Eternal Egypt is that rare book of interest and value to the general and scholarly audience alike.--BOOK JACKET.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Picture Yourself Legend Tripping Jeff Belanger, 2010-06-25 What is legend tripping? There's a good chance you've already done it. Remember sneaking off into that cemetery at night as a kid to see if there were any ghosts? What about hearing there was a monster lurking in that old abandoned building and wanting to check it out? Or reading about a UFO landing site and wanting to plan your next vacation in the area so you could stand where the craft was said to have left its mark? That's legend tripping. But it's also so much more. Any television program you've ever seen that explores haunted places, ancient mysteries, UFO sightings, or strange creatures is legend tripping. First there was a story: a legend that was born and grew because people had unexplained experiences and shared what they saw, heard, and felt. In Picture Yourself Legend Tripping: Your Complete Guide to Finding UFOs, Monsters, Ghosts, and Urban Legends in Your Own Backyard, you'll learn how to find, explore, and document these amazing, and often paranormal, occurrences. And you don't need expensive equipment or training, because this book will show you how to have an incredible adventure in your own backyard this weekend. Bring your open mind and your sense of wonder. Get ready for legend tripping!
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Scanning the Pharaohs Zahi Hawass, Sahar Saleem, 2015-12-30 Named an Outstanding Academic Title of the Year by CHOICE A gripping analysis of the results of the groundbreaking imaging technology used to examine the royal mummies of the New Kingdom, now in paperback Essential. A superb, semi-popular account of the results of CT imaging performed on several New Kingdom Egyptian royal mummies. . . . The results are sometimes surprising but always fascinating. . . . This book will be of great interest not only to scholars but to anyone else fascinated by Egyptian mummies.—Choice [A] remarkable book. The scans are reproduced for all to see and an extensive section of color images provides information never before reported. The comprehensive bibliography is also a contribution. This volume sets a high standard for future scans of the mummies of ancient Egypt.— Bob Brier, Journal of the American Oriental Society This publication is certainly a great step forward on the path to the discovery and understanding of the life and thought of the ancient Egyptians through multidisciplinary research on the royal mummies.— Bretislav Vachala, Archiv Orientální Fascinating and well-organized . . . incredibly appealing. Imaging professionals and those who are interested in ancient history will find this book fascinating.—Patti Hensel, Radiologic Technology
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Metu Neter Ra Un Nefer Amen, 1990
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible Karel van der Toorn, 1999 The Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible (DDD) is the single major reference work on the gods, angels, demons, spirits, and semidivine heroes whose names occur in the biblical books. Book jacket.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Scattered Finds Alice Stevenson, 2019-01-22 Between the 1880s and 1980s, British excavations at locations across Egypt resulted in the discovery of hundreds of thousands of ancient objects that were subsequently sent to some 350 institutions worldwide. These finds included unique discoveries at iconic sites such as the tombs of ancient Egypt's first rulers at Abydos, Akhenaten and Nefertiti’s city of Tell el-Amarna and rich Roman Era burials in the Fayum. Scattered Finds explores the politics, personalities and social histories that linked fieldwork in Egypt with the varied organizations around the world that received finds. Case studies range from Victorian municipal museums and women’s suffrage campaigns in the UK, to the development of some of the USA’s largest institutions, and from university museums in Japan to new institutions in post-independence Ghana. By juxtaposing a diversity of sites for the reception of Egyptian cultural heritage over the period of a century, Alice Stevenson presents new ideas about the development of archaeology, museums and the construction of Egyptian heritage. She also addresses the legacy of these practices, raises questions about the nature of the authority over such heritage today, and argues for a stronger ethical commitment to its stewardship. Praise for Scattered Finds 'Scattered Finds is a remarkable achievement. In charting how British excavations in Egypt dispersed artefacts around the globe, at an unprecedented scale, Alice Stevenson shows us how ancient objects created knowledge about the past while firmly anchored in the present. No one who reads this timely book will be able to look at an Egyptian antiquity in the same way again.' Professor Christina Riggs, UEA
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: A Book of the Beginnings Gerald Massey, 1881
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Melancholy Android Eric G. Wilson, 2012-02-01 The Melancholy Android is a psychological study of the impulses behind the creation of androids. Exploring three imaginative figures—the mummy, the golem, and the automaton—and their appearances in myth, religion, literature, and film, Eric G. Wilson tracks the development of android-building and examines the lure of artificial doubles untroubled by awareness of self. Drawing from the works of philosophers Ficino, Kleist, Freud, and Jung; writers Goethe, Coleridge, Shelley, and Poe; and movies such as Metropolis, The Mummy, and Blade Runner, this book not only offers a range of sites from which to analyze the relationship between mind and machine, but also considers a pressing paradoxical dilemma—loving machines we want to hate.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Echoes of Egypt Colleen Manassa, 2013 For thousands of years, ancient Egypt has echoed around the world. This full colour paperback is the catalogue of a current exhibition at the Yale Peabody Museum. The exhibition takes you on a journey through two thousand years of fascination with ancient Egypt, the land of the pharaohs. Visitors will discover how a culture that flourished thousands of years ago has impacted on our own world. Echoes of ancient Egypt appear in art, architecture, and literature around the world from ancient Africa to medieval Europe and the Middle East, to modern North America. 0Exhibition: Yale Peabody Museum, New Haven, USA (13.4.2013-4.1.2014).0.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Good Kings Kara Cooney, 2021-11-02 Written in the tradition of historians like Stacy Schiff and Amanda Foreman who find modern lessons in ancient history, this provocative narrative explores the lives of five remarkable pharaohs who ruled Egypt with absolute power, shining a new light on the country's 3,000-year empire and its meaning today.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Valley of the Queens Assessment Report Martha Demas, Neville Agnew, 2017-07-15 The Valley of the Queens Project is a collaboration of the Supreme Council of Antiquities and the Getty Conservation Institute from 2006-2011. The project involved comprehensive research, planning and assessment culminating in the development of detailed plans for conservation and management of the site. Volume 2 of the report is the condition summary of the 111 tombs from the 18th,19th, and 20th Dynasties in the Valley of the Queens. This includes a summary of tomb architectural development, the geological and hydrological context, wall painting technique and condition assessment of the paintings and structural stability of the tombs.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Secret in the Bible Tony Bushby, 2003-01-01 Provides insight into the lost history of the Giza Plateau and how Temple priests of the Great Pyramid preserved the evidence of life beyond death.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Orgy of the Dead Edward Davis Wood, Forrest J. Ackerman, 2015 Darkness and a raging storm plunge Bob and Shirley into a nightmare orgy before the death throne of the Prince and Princess of Darkness, forcing them to witness the judgment of the long dead. A screaming banshee, decaying mummy, monstrous undertaker, and wanton voodoo girl are all here in this shamless orgy of the dead-- http://www.centipedepress.com/horror/orgyofthedead.html (as viewed on September 3, 2015).
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Passionate Curiosities Lauren Elizabeth Talalay, Margaret Cool Root, 2015 Passionate Curiosities explores the collections held in the University of Michigan's Kelsey Museum of Archaeology through the lens of the people whose intellectual interests, financial backing, and social networks brought artifacts to Ann Arbor from the 1880s to the 1990s. Through purchases and expeditions, these individuals shaped the Museum's internationally recognized antiquities from the ancient civilizations of Greece, Rome, North Africa, Egypt, and the Near East, extensive photographic documentation of these regions from the early 1900s, and significant assemblages of early Christian and Islamic visual culture. An intriguing array of personalities--from archaeologists, missionaries, and diplomats to industrialists, bankrollers, and inventors--weave through these pages. They include Ernst Herzfeld, the eminent Orientalist who helped forge antiquities legislation in Iran; Luigi Cesnola, the rapacious harvester of Cypriot sites; Esther Van Deman, the pioneering feminist and scholar of Roman construction techniques; and Samuel Goudsmit, the renowned nuclear physicist and avid Egyptologist. World-famous dealers who established standards in antiquities connoisseurship likewise populate these sagas. Readers will encounter Edgar J. Banks, a swashbuckling purveyor of Mesopotamian antiquities and entrepreneur of biblical documentary films; Maurice Nahman, the lion of Cairo; and the colorful members of the Tano dealer dynasty in Egypt. This copiously illustrated book will interest general readers as well as scholars curious about the holdings of the Kelsey, early collectors and dealers, and the history of museums.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Archaeoastronomy Giulio Magli, 2020-09-29 This is a second edition of a textbook that provides the first comprehensive, easy-to-read, and up-to-date account of the fascinating discipline of archaeoastronomy, in which the relationship between ancient constructions and the sky is studied in order to gain a better understanding of the ideas of the architects of the past and of their religious and symbolic worlds. The book is divided into three sections, the first of which explores the past relations between astronomy and people, power, the afterworld, architecture, and landscape. The second part then discusses in detail the fundamentals of archaeoastronomy, including the celestial coordinates; the apparent motion of the sun, moon, stars, and planets; observation of celestial bodies at the horizon; the use of astronomical software in archaeoastronomy; and current methods for making and analyzing measurements. The final section reviews what archaeoastronomy can now tell us about the nature and purpose of such sites and structures as Stonehenge, the Pyramids of Giza, Chichen Itza, the Angkor Temples, the Campus Martius, and the Valley of the Temples of Agrigento. In addition, it provides a set of exercises that can be performed using non-commercial free software, e.g., Google Earth and Stellarium, and that will equip readers to conduct their own research. This new edition features a completely new chapter on archaeoastronomy in Asia and an “augmented reality” framework, which on the one hand enhances the didactic value of the book using direct links to the relevant sections of the author’s MOOC (online) lessons and, on the other, allows readers to directly experience – albeit virtually –many of the spectacular archaeological sites described in the book. This is an ideal introduction to what has become a wide-ranging multidisciplinary science.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Sekhmet & Bastet Lesley Jackson, 2020-04-30 Sekhmet & Bastet: The Feline Powers of Egypt is a detailed study of the history, mythology, symbolism and worship of the lion and cat goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Author Lesley Jackson traces the evolution of Sekhmet and Bastet within the context of Ancient Egyptian religious rituals, beliefs and practices.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Ramesses III Eric H. Cline, David B. O'Connor, 2012 The first comprehensive treatment of Ramesses III in English by top scholars in the field
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Celestial Ship of the North E. Valentia Straiton, 2013-10 This is a new release of the original 1927 edition.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings Bertha Porter, Rosalind L. B. Moss, 1934
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians Manly Palmer Hall, 1937 Interprets the Freemasonry of the ancient Egyptians as set forth in the teachings of the State Mysteries. Among the subjects discussed are Egyptian magic, the Osirian cycle, the secret doctrine of Egypt, and the initiation of Plato. The appendix is The Crata Repoa, a restoration of the ancient Egyptian mysteries, describing the initiation ceremonies which took place in the old Egyptian temples. This has been translated into English by Dr. John Yarker from the French edition of 1778.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Stories from Ancient Egypt Joyce A. Tyldesley, Julian Heath, 2012-10-31 Collection of stories about the ancient Egyptians and their gods.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Heart of Wisdom Rogério Sousa, 2011 Cross-referencing visual depictions with the more meagre archaeological record, this study presents a typology of this significant artefact. It examines the ritual uses of the amulet, and discusses its symbolic place in Egyptian theology, drawing on the work of Jan Assman.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: Ancient Egyptian Furniture Geoffrey Killen, 2017 Major synthesis and catalogue of surviving items of Egyptian furniture of 4000 - 1300 BC, together with detailed analyses of the materials, tools and joinery
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Ancient Egyptians Jill Kamil, 1984
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Sum of Things Paul Martyn-Smith, 2007-04 Paul Martyn-Smith presents a study of mathematics and psychology, centred on an investigation of ancient texts.
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt Richard H. Wilkinson, 2003
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Scepter of Egypt: The Hyksos period and the New Kingdom (1675-1080 B.C.) (4th printing, rev.) William Christopher Hayes, 1990
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Scepter of Egypt: The Hyksos period and the New Kingdom (1675-1080) William Christopher Hayes, 1953
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Mummy Michael Dean, David Levithan, 2001
  the mummy book of amun ra replica: The Book of Amun Ra Amilcar Triste, 2020-07-20 333 Blank Notebook Pages Ask and you shall receive. Write to your wishes they will all come true.The Book of Amun-Ra was an Ancient Egyptian book made of pure gold.Known colloquially as the Book of the Living or the Golden Book, the Book of Amun-Ra contained ancient spells and incantations that could take life away from mortals. To keep it safe from interference from unworthy men, the ancient Egyptians kept the Book inside a statue of Horus at Hamunaptra, where it was declared forbidden to use. The Book of Amun-Ra was fashioned so that only one with a key might open it: indeed, the Book had a small puzzle-box-like object that, when opened, acted as the key with which to open the Book.
Mummy - Wikipedia
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack of …

Mummy | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica
May 20, 2025 · Mummy, body embalmed, naturally preserved, or treated for burial with preservatives after the manner of the ancient Egyptians. The process varied from age to age in …

Egyptian Mummies - Smithsonian Institution
About 2600 BCE, during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, Egyptians probably began to mummify the dead intentionally. The practice continued and developed for well over 2,000 years, into the …

Mummy History
Sep 21, 2017 · A mummy is a person or animal whose body has been dried or otherwise preserved after death.

Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt | Smithsonian National Museum of …
Enter a Mummy's Tomb For more than 3,000 years, ancient Egyptians embalmed, preserved and entombed their dead with materials they would need for life in the next world. Offerings to the …

Egyptian death and afterlife: mummies - British Museum
Listen on the Audio app, available on the App Store and Google Play. This gallery explores death and the afterlife, something which held particular significance and meaning for the ancient …

7 famous mummies and secrets they've revealed about the ancient …
Jul 20, 2022 · Autopsies conducted by modern-day scientists can reveal what these ancient people ate, what diseases they suffered from, and ultimately what killed them. From King Tut to Lady …

8 Facts about Mummies — Google Arts & Culture
When people think of mummies, they often think of ancient Egypt, perhaps because of rich grave goods buried with Egyptian mummies, and the wealth of information left in hieroglyphs. But...

Mummy - New World Encyclopedia
A mummy is a dead body whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved over an extended time period. This may be accomplished by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals , …

The Mummification Process: How Ancient Egyptians Preserved …
Mar 9, 2021 · Egyptian mummification became a lost art around the 4th century A.D., as Rome ruled over Egypt and Christianity was on the rise. But because Egyptians were masters at preserving …

Mummy - Wikipedia
A mummy is a dead human or an animal whose soft tissues and organs have been preserved by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals, extreme cold, very low humidity, or lack …

Mummy | Definition, History, & Facts | Britannica
May 20, 2025 · Mummy, body embalmed, naturally preserved, or treated for burial with preservatives after the manner of the ancient Egyptians. The process varied from age to age in …

Egyptian Mummies - Smithsonian Institution
About 2600 BCE, during the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, Egyptians probably began to mummify the dead intentionally. The practice continued and developed for well over 2,000 years, into …

Mummy History
Sep 21, 2017 · A mummy is a person or animal whose body has been dried or otherwise preserved after death.

Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt | Smithsonian National Museum of …
Enter a Mummy's Tomb For more than 3,000 years, ancient Egyptians embalmed, preserved and entombed their dead with materials they would need for life in the next world. Offerings to the …

Egyptian death and afterlife: mummies - British Museum
Listen on the Audio app, available on the App Store and Google Play. This gallery explores death and the afterlife, something which held particular significance and meaning for the ancient …

7 famous mummies and secrets they've revealed about the ancient …
Jul 20, 2022 · Autopsies conducted by modern-day scientists can reveal what these ancient people ate, what diseases they suffered from, and ultimately what killed them. From King Tut …

8 Facts about Mummies — Google Arts & Culture
When people think of mummies, they often think of ancient Egypt, perhaps because of rich grave goods buried with Egyptian mummies, and the wealth of information left in hieroglyphs. But...

Mummy - New World Encyclopedia
A mummy is a dead body whose skin and dried flesh have been preserved over an extended time period. This may be accomplished by either intentional or accidental exposure to chemicals , …

The Mummification Process: How Ancient Egyptians Preserved …
Mar 9, 2021 · Egyptian mummification became a lost art around the 4th century A.D., as Rome ruled over Egypt and Christianity was on the rise. But because Egyptians were masters at …