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| subjective moral reasoning: Ethics Done Right Elijah Millgram, 2005-07-14 Examines how practical reasoning can be put into the service of ethical and moral theory. |
| subjective moral reasoning: The Moral Landscape Sam Harris, 2010-10-05 New York Times bestselling author Sam Harris’s first book, The End of Faith, ignited a worldwide debate about the validity of religion. In the aftermath, Harris discovered that most people—from religious fundamentalists to non-believing scientists—agree on one point: science has nothing to say on the subject of human values. Indeed, our failure to address questions of meaning and morality through science has now become the primary justification for religious faith. In this highly controversial book, Sam Harris seeks to link morality to the rest of human knowledge. Defining morality in terms of human and animal well-being, Harris argues that science can do more than tell how we are; it can, in principle, tell us how we ought to be. In his view, moral relativism is simply false—and comes at an increasing cost to humanity. And the intrusions of religion into the sphere of human values can be finally repelled: for just as there is no such thing as Christian physics or Muslim algebra, there can be no Christian or Muslim morality. Using his expertise in philosophy and neuroscience, along with his experience on the front lines of our “culture wars,” Harris delivers a game-changing book about the future of science and about the real basis of human cooperation. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Ethics J.L. Mackie, 1990-08-30 An insight into moral skepticism of the 20th century. The author argues that our every-day moral codes are an 'error theory' based on the presumption of moral facts which, he persuasively argues, don't exist. His refutation of such facts is based on their metaphysical 'queerness' and the observation of cultural relativity. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Moral Anatomy and Moral Reasoning Robert V. Hannaford, 1993 Hannaford shows that doing (reasoning and acting morally) and being (our moral anatomy or essential nature) do not exist in a vacuum but are rooted in community, in our relations with others. Moral reasoning, he argues, focuses on what we ought to do in a situation where we must consider the needs, desires, and expectations of others. |
| subjective moral reasoning: An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals David Hume, 1751 |
| subjective moral reasoning: The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory Richard A. Posner, 2009-06-01 Ambitious legal thinkers have become mesmerized by moral philosophy, believing that great figures in the philosophical tradition hold the keys to understanding and improving law and justice and even to resolving the most contentious issues of constitutional law. They are wrong, contends Richard Posner in this book. Posner characterizes the current preoccupation with moral and constitutional theory as the latest form of legal mystification--an evasion of the real need of American law, which is for a greater understanding of the social, economic, and political facts out of which great legal controversies arise. In pursuit of that understanding, Posner advocates a rebuilding of the law on the pragmatic basis of open-minded and systematic empirical inquiry and the rejection of cant and nostalgia--the true professionalism foreseen by Oliver Wendell Holmes a century ago. A bracing book that pulls no punches and leaves no pieties unpunctured or sacred cows unkicked, The Problematics of Moral and Legal Theory offers a sweeping tour of the current scene in legal studies--and a hopeful prospect for its future. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Messy Morality C. A. J. Coady, 2008-11-06 Tony Coady explores the challenges that morality poses to politics. He confronts the complex intellectual tradition known as realism, which seems to deny any relevance of morality to politics, especially international politics. He argues that, although realism has many serious faults, it has lessons to teach us: in particular, it cautions us against the dangers of moralism in thinking about politics and particularly foreign affairs. Morality must not be confused with moralism: Coady characterizes various forms of moralism and sketches their distorting influence on a realistic political morality. He seeks to restore the concept of ideals to an important place in philosophical discussion, and to give it a particular pertinence in the discussion of politics. He deals with the fashionable idea of 'dirty hands', according to which good politics will necessarily involve some degree of moral taint or corruption. Finally, he examines the controversial issue of the role of lying and deception in politics. Along the way Coady offers illuminating discussion of historical and current political controversies. This lucid book will provoke and stimulate anyone interested in the interface of morality and politics. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Hume, Reason and Morality Sophie Botros, 2006-04-18 Covering an important theme in Humean studies, this book focuses on Hume's hugely influential attempt in book three of his Treatise of Human Nature to derive the conclusion that morality is a matter of feeling, not reason, from its link with action. Claiming that Hume's argument contains a fundamental contradiction that has gone unnoticed in modern debate, this fascinating volume contains a refreshing combination of historical-scholarly work and contemporary analysis that seeks to expose this contradiction and therefore provide a significant contribution to current scholarship in the area. Sophie Botros begins by pointing out that a contradiction concerning whether reason can influence action, or is wholly powerless, occurs in the intermediary premiss. She then moves on to draw out the consequences for recent meta-ethics of the failure to acknowledge this contradiction. Finally, highlighting the root of the argument's power in an article of naturalistic dogma, she suggests how it may be possible to restore to our moral concepts their traditional and integral link with both truth and motivation. A significant and thought-provoking addition to this popular field of study, Hume, Reason and Morality is undoubtedly an important resource for moral philosophers interested in meta-ethics and practical reason, as well as Humean scholars. |
| subjective moral reasoning: The Role of Moral Reasoning on Socioscientific Issues and Discourse in Science Education Dana L. Zeidler, 2007-04-29 This is the first book to address moral reasoning and socioscientific discourse. It provides a theoretical framework to reconsider what a functional view of scientific literacy entails, by examining how nature of science issues, classroom discourse issues, cultural issues, and science-technology-society-environment case-based issues contribute to habits of mind about socioscientific content. The text covers philosophical, psychological and pedagogical considerations underpinning moral reasoning, as well as the status of socioscientific issues in science education. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Reason and Ethics Joel Marks, 2020-10-01 Reason and Ethics defends the theoretical claim that all values are subjective and the practical claim that human affairs can be conducted fruitfully in full awareness of this. Joel Marks goes beyond his previous work defending moral skepticism to question the existence of all objective values. This leads him to suggest a novel answer to the Companions in Guilt argument that the denial of morality would mean relinquishing rationality as well. Marks disarms the argument by conceding the irreality of both morality and logic, but is still able to rescue rationality while dispensing with morality on pragmatic grounds. He then offers a positive account of how life may be lived productively without recourse to attributions and assertions of right and wrong, good and bad, and even truth and falsity. Written in an accessible and engaging style, Reason and Ethics will be of interest to scholars and students working in metaethics as well as to the generally intellectually curious. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Beyond Moral Judgment Alice Crary, 2009-09-30 What is moral thought and what kinds of demands does it impose? Alice Crary's book Beyond Moral Judgment claims that even the most perceptive contemporary answers to these questions offer no more than partial illumination, owing to an overly narrow focus on judgments that apply moral concepts (for example, good, wrong, selfish, courageous) and a corresponding failure to register that moral thinking includes more than such judgments. Drawing on what she describes as widely misinterpreted lines of thought in the writings of Wittgenstein and J. L. Austin, Crary argues that language is an inherently moral acquisition and that any stretch of thought, without regard to whether it uses moral concepts, may express the moral outlook encoded in a person's modes of speech. She challenges us to overcome our fixation on moral judgments and direct attention to responses that animate all our individual linguistic habits. Her argument incorporates insights from McDowell, Wiggins, Diamond, Cavell, and Murdoch and integrates a rich set of examples from feminist theory as well as from literature, including works by Jane Austen, E. M. Forster, Tolstoy, Henry James, and Theodor Fontane. The result is a powerful case for transforming our understanding of the difficulty of moral reflection and of the scope of our ethical concerns. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Squashed Philosophers Glyn Hughes, 2016-10-03 45 Classics of Philosophy, in their own words, abridged into readable little epitomes. Including: The Ancient Greeks, Confucius, Plato, Aristotle, Aristotle, Marcus Tullius Cicero, Marcus Aurelius, St Augustine, Severinus Boethius, Thomas More, Niccolò Machiavelli, Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Thomas Hobbes, Baruch Spinoza, Isaac Newton, John Locke, Gottfried Leibniz, George Berkeley, David Hume, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Paine, Mary Wollstonecraf, Auguste Comte, G.W.F Hegel, Marx And Engels, Arthur Schopenhauer, Henry D Thoreau, John Stuart Mill, Charles Darwin, Friedrich Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, Ludwig Wittgenstein, A.J. Ayer, Jean-Paul Sartre. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Teaching Moral Reasoning Jack Braeden Arbuthnot, David Faust, 1981 |
| subjective moral reasoning: Morality Bernard Gert, 1998 Bernard Gert's classic work Morality, in which he argues his distinctive and comprehensive moral theory, is now in its sixth edition. Gert argues that morality is an informal system that does not provide answers to every moral question but does always limit the range of morally acceptable options and so explains why some moral questions cannot be resolved. Gert describes the two-step procedure that is used in moral decisions and judgments, and he shows that moral rules cannot be understood independently of the system in which they are embedded. Although his moral theory is sophisticated, it is presented with a clarity that will appeal to undergraduate and graduate students alike, as well as anyone with a general interest in applied ethics.In this new edition, Gert perfects the consistency of his views by presenting his argument in greater detail; he also revises the text in light of a critical book and two symposia dedicated to his theory that have surfaced since the book's last publication. This is the definitive edition to the work that has received so much attention and acclaim. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Utilitarianism John Stuart Mill, 2012-03-12 A landmark of moral philosophy and an ideal introduction to ethics, this famous work balances the claims of individuals and society, declaring that actions should produce the greatest happiness overall. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Ethics beyond Rules Keith D Stanglin, 2021-08-17 An introduction to ethics that will help Christians rediscover a moral reasoning rooted in Scripture and navigate the ethical crises of our time. How should Christians live? How should we interact with one another? Why do we think the way we do about right and wrong? How should we approach today's complex moral questions? Keith Stanglin realigns our ethical thinking around the central question: What does real love require? applying it to our ethical reasoning on many of the social issues present in today's culture: abortion sexual ethics consumerism technology race and politics Moral evaluation must be based on more than our subjective feelings or the received wisdom or majority opinion of our community. But thinking objectively and reasonably about our ethical commitments is a process that's rarely taught in contemporary education or even in churches. Ethics Beyond Rules is a clear and accessible introduction for thoughtful Christians who want to lead moral lives—who want to define their moral code by firm biblical standards while acknowledging the complex nature of the issues at hand. Stanglin's love-based framework for moral decision-making engages Scripture and the historic Christian faith, giving Christians the tools to clear-mindedly consider the ethical problems of today and the foundation to confront new issues in the years to come. |
| subjective moral reasoning: What We Owe to Each Other T. M. Scanlon, 2000-11-15 “This magnificent book...opens up a novel, arresting position on matters that have been debated for thousands of years.” —Times Literary Supplement How do we judge whether an action is morally right or wrong? If an action is wrong, what reason does that give us not to do it? Why should we give such reasons priority over our other concerns and values? In this book, T. M. Scanlon offers new answers to these questions, as they apply to the central part of morality that concerns what we owe to each other. According to his contractualist view, thinking about right and wrong is thinking about what we do in terms that could be justified to others and that they could not reasonably reject. He shows how the special authority of conclusions about right and wrong arises from the value of being related to others in this way, and he shows how familiar moral ideas such as fairness and responsibility can be understood through their role in this process of mutual justification and criticism. Scanlon bases his contractualism on a broader account of reasons, value, and individual well-being that challenges standard views about these crucial notions. He argues that desires do not provide us with reasons, that states of affairs are not the primary bearers of value, and that well-being is not as important for rational decision-making as it is commonly held to be. Scanlon is a pluralist about both moral and non-moral values. He argues that, taking this plurality of values into account, contractualism allows for most of the variability in moral requirements that relativists have claimed, while still accounting for the full force of our judgments of right and wrong. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Critique of Practical Reason Immanuel Kant, 2012-06-11 This 1788 work, based on belief in the immortality of the soul, established Kant as a vindicator of the truth of Christianity. It offers the most complete statement of his theory of free will. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant, 1949 |
| subjective moral reasoning: Reason, Morality, and Beauty Bindu Puri, Heiko Sievers, 2007 Publisher description |
| subjective moral reasoning: God and Moral Obligation C. Stephen Evans, 2013-02-28 C. Stephen Evans defends the claim that moral obligations are best understood as divine commands or requirements; hence an important part of morality depends on God. God's requirements are communicated in a variety of ways, including conscience, and that natural law ethics and virtue ethics provide complementary perspectives to this view. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Moral Status Mary Anne Warren, 1997-11-13 Mary Anne Warren explores a theoretical question which lies at the heart of practical ethics: what are the criteria for having moral status? In other words, what are the criteria for being an entity towards which people have moral obligations? Some philosophers maintain that there is one intrinsic property—for instance, life, sentience, humanity, or moral agency. Others believe that relational properties, such as belonging to a human community, are more important. In Part I of the book, Warren argues that no single property can serve as the sole criterion for moral status; instead, life, sentience, moral agency, and social and biotic relationships are all relevant, each in a different way. She presents seven basic principles, each focusing on a property that can, in combination with others, legitimately affect an agent's moral obligations towards entities of a given type. In Part II, these principles are applied in an examination of three controversial ethical issues: voluntary euthanasia, abortion |
| subjective moral reasoning: Emotion, Reason, and Action in Kant Maria Borges, 2019-04-18 This book is open access and available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by Knowledge Unlatched. Though Kant never used the word 'emotion' in his writings, it is of vital significance to understanding his philosophy. This book offers a captivating argument for reading Kant considering the importance of emotion, taking into account its many manifestations in his work including affect and passion. Emotion, Reason, and Action in Kant explores how, in Kant's world view, our actions are informed, contextualized and dependent on the tension between emotion and reason. On the one hand, there are positive moral emotions that can and should be cultivated. On the other hand, affects and passions are considered illnesses of the mind, in that they lead to the weakness of the will, in the case of affects, and evil, in the case of passions. Seeing the role of these emotions enriches our understanding of Kant's moral theory. Exploring the full range of negative and positive emotions in Kant's work, including anger, compassion and sympathy, as well as moral feeling, Borges shows how Kant's theory of emotion includes both physiological and cognitive aspects. This is an important new contribution to Kant Studies, suitable for students of Kant, ethics, and moral psychology. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Kant's Search for the Supreme Principle of Morality Samuel J. Kerstein, 2002-05-02 At the core of Kant's ethics lies the claim that if there is a supreme principle of morality then it cannot be a principle based on utilitarianism or Aristotelian perfectionism or the Ten Commandments. The only viable candidate for such a principle is the categorical imperative. This book is the most detailed investigation of this claim. It constructs a new, criterial reading of Kant's derivation of one version of the categorical imperative: the Formula of Universal Law. This reading shows this derivation to be far more compelling than contemporary philosophers tend to believe. It also reveals a novel approach to deriving another version of the categorical imperative, the Formula of Humanity, a principle widely considered to be the most attractive Kantian candidate for the supreme principle of morality. This book will be important not just for Kant scholars but for a broad swathe of students of philosophy. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Nineteen eighty-four George Orwell, 2022-11-22 This is a dystopian social science fiction novel and morality tale. The novel is set in the year 1984, a fictional future in which most of the world has been destroyed by unending war, constant government monitoring, historical revisionism, and propaganda. The totalitarian superstate Oceania, ruled by the Party and known as Airstrip One, now includes Great Britain as a province. The Party uses the Thought Police to repress individuality and critical thought. Big Brother, the tyrannical ruler of Oceania, enjoys a strong personality cult that was created by the party's overzealous brainwashing methods. Winston Smith, the main character, is a hard-working and skilled member of the Ministry of Truth's Outer Party who secretly despises the Party and harbors rebellious fantasies. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Society's Choices Institute of Medicine, Committee on the Social and Ethical Impacts of Developments in Biomedicine, 1995-03-27 Breakthroughs in biomedicine often lead to new life-giving treatments but may also raise troubling, even life-and-death, quandaries. Society's Choices discusses ways for people to handle today's bioethics issues in the context of America's unique history and cultureâ€and from the perspectives of various interest groups. The book explores how Americans have grappled with specific aspects of bioethics through commission deliberations, programs by organizations, and other mechanisms and identifies criteria for evaluating the outcomes of these efforts. The committee offers recommendations on the role of government and professional societies, the function of commissions and institutional review boards, and bioethics in health professional education and research. The volume includes a series of 12 superb background papers on public moral discourse, mechanisms for handling social and ethical dilemmas, and other specific areas of controversy by well-known experts Ronald Bayer, Martin Benjamin, Dan W. Brock, Baruch A. Brody, H. Alta Charo, Lawrence Gostin, Bradford H. Gray, Kathi E. Hanna, Elizabeth Heitman, Thomas Nagel, Steven Shapin, and Charles M. Swezey. |
| subjective moral reasoning: A Refutation of Moral Relativism Peter Kreeft, 1999 No issue is more fateful for civilization than moral relativism. History knows not one example of a successful society which repudiated moral absolutes. Yet most attacks on relativism have been either pragmatic (looking at its social consequences) or exhorting (preaching rather than proving), and philosophers' arguments against it have been specialized, technical, and scholarly. In his typical unique writing style, Peter Kreeft lets an attractive, honest, and funny relativist interview a Muslim fundamentalist absolutist so as not to stack the dice personally for absolutism. In an engaging series of personal interviews, every conceivable argument the sassy Black feminist reporter Libby gives against absolutism is simply and clearly refuted, and none of the many arguments for moral absolutism is refuted. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Risk, Technology, and Moral Emotions Sabine Roeser, 2020-08-14 This book offers a new philosophical theory of risk emotions, arguing why and how moral emotions should play an important role in decisions surrounding risky technologies. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Reforming Apologetics J. V. Fesko, 2019-03-19 Challenging the dominant Van Tillian approach in Reformed apologetics, this book by a leading expert in contemporary Reformed theology sets forth the principles that undergird a classic Reformed approach. J. V. Fesko's detailed exegetical, theological, and historical argument takes as its starting point the classical Reformed understanding of the two books of God's revelation: nature and Scripture. Believers should always rest on the authority of Scripture but also can and should appeal to the book of nature in the apologetic task. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Morality by Degrees Alastair Norcross, 2020-03-25 In Morality by Degrees, Alastair Norcross articulates and defends a radical new approach to ethical theory. Consequentialist theories of the right connect the rightness and wrongness (and related notions) of actions with the intrinsic goodness and badness of states of affairs consequential on those actions. The most popular such theory is maximization, which is said to demand of agents that they maximize the good, that they do the best they can, at all times. Thus it may seem that consequentialist theories are overly demanding, and, relatedly, that they cannot accommodate the phenomenon of going above and beyond the demands of duty. However, a clear understanding of consequentialism leaves no room for a theory of the right, at least not at the fundamental level of the theory. A consequentialist theory, such as utilitarianism, is a theory of how to rank outcomes, and derivatively actions, which provides reasons for choosing some actions over others. It is thus a purely scalar theory, with no demands that certain actions be performed, and no fundamental classification of actions as right or wrong. However, such notions may have pragmatic benefits at the level of application, since many people find it easier to guide their conduct by simple commands, rather than to think in terms of reasons of varying strength to do one thing rather than another. A contextualist semantics for various terms, such as right, permissible, harm, when combined with the scalar approach to consequentialism, allows for the expression of truth-apt propositions with sentences containing such terms. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Liberalism and Socialism Matthew McManus, 2021-08-31 In times of pandemic and global economic crisis, little more than a decade after the last, there are serious questions about how the liberal order can stand, who its friends are, and what the future will look like. This edited collection provides a comprehensive overview of the principles and stakes at play in the dispute between liberalism and socialism. It explores the 21st century appeal of socialism, particularly to millennials and other relatively young citizens, and shows why modern classical liberalism and neoliberalism have generated tepid support, leading to the resurgence of socialism after it was thought dead and buried due to the dramatic failures of statist models in 1989. The authors put modern socialism and liberalism into renewed dialogue with another to examine whether the two can coexist peacefully, or even reach an overlapping consensus on social reform going forward. It delves into the history and theory of both liberalism and socialism to determine points of overlap and tension, in addition to a cross-disciplinary interpretive analysis of the present epoch to determine how both traditions have evolved since the 20th century. The book is interdisciplinary and provides a broad array of perspectives including a diversity of ideological perspectives ranging from committed Marxists to libertarians. It will be of interest to academics and students in economics and contemporary political culture. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Being and Intelligibility Albert Peter Pacelli, 2017-10-03 What do we mean when we say that something is? What is the meaning of human experience? These two most elementary philosophical questions have perplexed thinkers for thousands of years. Being and Intelligibility explores them from the simple premise that all entities are essentially logical in their being. The book develops its three central theses: that the beingness of beings, called “Being,” and the intelligibility of Being are one and the same; that nothingness (i.e., absolute not-Being) is self-contradictory and unintelligible and, therefore, Being is logically necessary; and that the fullness of human rational experience cannot be explained in materially reducible terms and requires recognition of the existence of transcendent reality, which includes God (as self-grounding good will), moral obligation and freedom, and the souls of men. Being and Intelligibility thoroughly investigates the implications of the essential logicality of Being, including that human Being shows itself to itself from within itself as a substantive, persistent, morally obligated unity among the ordered manifold of its life experiences, whose essential Being is orientation toward God. |
| subjective moral reasoning: The Bloomsbury Handbook of Solitude, Silence and Loneliness Julian Stern, Christopher A. Sink, Wong Ping Ho, Malgorzata Walejko, 2021-11-18 The Bloomsbury Handbook of Solitude, Silence and Loneliness is the first major account integrating research on solitude, silence and loneliness from across academic disciplines and across the lifespan. The editors explore how being alone – in its different forms, positive and negative, as solitude, silence and loneliness – is learned and developed, and how it is experienced in childhood and youth, adulthood and old age. Philosophical, psychological, historical, cultural and religious issues are addressed by distinguished scholars from Europe, North and Latin America, and Asia. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Concepts and Theories of Human Development Richard M. Lerner, 2013-05-13 A classic in the field, this third edition will continue to be the book of choice for advanced undergraduate and graduate-level courses in theories of human development in departments of psychology and human development. This volume has been substantially revised with an eye toward supporting applied developmental science and the developmental systems perspectives. Since the publication of the second edition, developmental systems theories have taken center stage in contemporary developmental science and have provided compelling alternatives to reductionist theoretical accounts having either a nature or nurture emphasis. As a consequence, a developmental systems orientation frames the presentation in this edition. This new edition has been expanded substantially in comparison to the second edition. Special features include: * A separate chapter focuses on the historical roots of concepts and theories of human development, on philosophical models of development, and on developmental contextualism. * Two new chapters surrounding the discussion of developmental contextualism--one on developmental systems theories wherein several exemplars of such models are discussed and a corresponding chapter wherein key instances of such theories--life span, life course, bioecological, and action theoretical ones--are presented. * A new chapter on cognition and development is included, contrasting systems' approaches to cognitive development with neo-nativist perspectives. * A more differentiated treatment of nature-oriented theories of development is provided. There are separate chapters on behavior genetics, the controversy surrounding the study of the heritability of intelligence, work on the instinctual theory of Konrad Lorenz, and a new chapter on sociobiology. * A new chapter concentrates on applied developmental science. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Festschrift for Howard E. Gruber Mark Runco, 2018-12-07 Howard E. Gruber has changed the domain of creative studies in several ways: by making it more realistic with his systems theory, introducing the idea of a theory of the individual and developing a method to this ends, and positioning the domain of creative studies where it can build on the domain of morality. He has opened more than a few eyes to a new domain--moral creativity--and this special issue shows Gruber's influence in this regard. As a result, this first Festschrift of Creativity Research Journal provides readers with unique, novel, and creative ideas. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Handbook of Crime Correlates Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright, 2009-05-07 Over the past two centuries, many aspects of criminal behavior have been investigated. Finding this information and making sense of it all is difficult when many studies would appear to offer contradictory findings. The Handbook of Crime Correlates collects in one source the summary analysis of crime research worldwide. It provides over 400 tables that divide crime research into nine broad categories: - Pervasiveness and intra-offending relationships - Demographic factors - Ecological and macroeconomic factors - Family and peer factors - Institutional factors - Behavioral and personality factors - Cognitive factors - Biological factors - Crime victimization and fear of crime Within these broad categories, tables identify regions of the world and how separate variables are or are not positively or negatively associated with criminal behavior. Criminal behavior is broken down into separate offending categories of violent crime, property crime, drug offenses, sex offenses, delinquency, general and adult offenses, and recidivism. Accompanying each table is a description of what each table indicates in terms of the positive or negative association of specific variables with specific types of crime by region. This book should serve as a valuable resource for criminal justice personnel and academics in the social and life sciences interested in criminal behavior. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Gen SeXYZ Jeff Grenell, 2021-02-02 “Corrupt the young. Get them away from religion. Encourage their interest in sex.…”—Vladimir Lenin, 1921, How to Destroy the West Going through each of the prophetic statements made by Lenin in 1921 shows why America is where it is today. Only 4 percent of Gen Z think about life through a biblical lens. To them, sexuality is more important than friends, family, or their faith. Jeff Grenell’s goal in Gen SeXYZ: Love, Sexuality & Youth is to reach youth, youth leaders, families, and the church with a message that responds to the sexual revolution tsunami and restores sexuality to its God-given origins. When the church failed to respond to the sexual revolution of the 1960s and the present one of the 21st century, its role in society crumbled. The media stopped censoring, the government redefined marriage, schools taught progressive sex education, and the list of genders grew. Jeff provides practical knowledge and tools to launch a spiritual revolution of love and truth that will grow the church to reach younger generations and combat the loveless, godless sexuality ethic in our culture that’s misleading them. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela, 2008-03-11 Essential reading for anyone who wants to understand history – and then go out and change it. –President Barack Obama Nelson Mandela was one of the great moral and political leaders of his time: an international hero whose lifelong dedication to the fight against racial oppression in South Africa won him the Nobel Peace Prize and the presidency of his country. After his triumphant release in 1990 from more than a quarter-century of imprisonment, Mandela was at the center of the most compelling and inspiring political drama in the world. As president of the African National Congress and head of South Africa's antiapartheid movement, he was instrumental in moving the nation toward multiracial government and majority rule. He is still revered everywhere as a vital force in the fight for human rights and racial equality. Long Walk to Freedom is his moving and exhilarating autobiography, destined to take its place among the finest memoirs of history's greatest figures. Here for the first time, Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela told the extraordinary story of his life -- an epic of struggle, setback, renewed hope, and ultimate triumph. The book that inspired the major motion picture Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Hegel's Ladder H. S. Harris, 1997-03-10 A two-volume set. Print edition available in cloth only. Awarded the Nicholas Hoare/Renaud-Bray Canadian Philosophical Association Book Prize, 2001 From the Preface: Hegel's Ladder aspires to be . . . a ‘literal commentary’ on Die Phänomenologie des Geistes. . . . It was the conscious goal of my thirty-year struggle with Hegel to write an explanatory commentary on this book; and with its completion I regard my own ‘working’ career as concluded. . . . The prevailing habit of commentators . . . is founded on the general consensus of opinion that whatever else it may be, Hegel’s Phenomenology is not the logical ‘Science’ that he believed it was. This is the received view that I want to overthrow. But if I am right, then an acceptably continuous chain of argument, paragraph by paragraph, ought to be discoverable in the text. |
| subjective moral reasoning: Privacy, a Vanishing Value? William Christian Bier, 1980 There can be little doubt that privacy emerges as one of the central problems of our times particularly so in the countries of the Western world. In some primitive cultures the opportunities for escaping almost continuous surveillance are very limited, but such is the resilience of human nature that the people in such societies seems able to adjust to this situation and not to be disturbed by it. The role of privacy in ancient civilizations aside, there is a long history of the esteem for the reality of privacy, even though the term itself may not have been used, in the religious traditions of both East and West, where withdrawal from the world into solitude has consistently been viewed as the most efficacious route to union with the Divine. With increasing attention to, and recognition of, human dignity in Western society in recent centuries and particularly in recent years, there ahs come a parallel emphasis on human rights, and central to the cluster of human rights is the right to privacy. It is doubtful whether individual privacy has ever been more highly esteemed than it is today in the democracies of the Western world. |
“Subjective” vs. “Objective”: What’s The Difference?
Jul 7, 2021 · Subjective most commonly means based on the personal perspective or preferences of a person—the subject who’s observing something. In contrast, objective most commonly …
SUBJECTIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of SUBJECTIVE is of, relating to, or constituting a subject. How to use subjective in a sentence.
SUBJECTIVE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
SUBJECTIVE definition: 1. influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts: 2…. Learn more.
subjective adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and …
Definition of subjective adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair. Everyone's opinion is …
SUBJECTIVE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. The way they interpreted their past was highly …
subjective - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Apr 24, 2025 · subjective (comparative more subjective, superlative most subjective) Formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, rather than upon observation or purely …
Subjective - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Subjective things depend on your own ideas and opinions: there isn't any universal truth. Subjective is the opposite of objective , which refers to things that are more clear-cut. That …
Subjective Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
SUBJECTIVE meaning: 1 : relating to the way a person experiences things in his or her own mind; 2 : based on feelings or opinions rather than facts
Subjective - definition of subjective by The Free Dictionary
1. existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought (opposed to objective). 2. pertaining to or characteristic of an individual; personal: a subjective …
What does Subjective mean? - Definitions.net
Subjective refers to ideas, feelings, or perceptions that are based on an individual's personal perspectives, feelings, beliefs, or opinions rather than facts or evidence. It is often influenced …
“Subjective” vs. “Objective”: What’s The Difference?
Jul 7, 2021 · Subjective most commonly means based on the personal perspective or preferences of a person—the subject who’s observing something. In contrast, objective most commonly …
SUBJECTIVE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of SUBJECTIVE is of, relating to, or constituting a subject. How to use subjective in a sentence.
SUBJECTIVE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
SUBJECTIVE definition: 1. influenced by or based on personal beliefs or feelings, rather than based on facts: 2…. Learn more.
subjective adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and …
Definition of subjective adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. based on your own ideas or opinions rather than facts and therefore sometimes unfair. Everyone's opinion is …
SUBJECTIVE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Something that is subjective is based on personal opinions and feelings rather than on facts. We know that taste in art is a subjective matter. The way they interpreted their past was highly …
subjective - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Apr 24, 2025 · subjective (comparative more subjective, superlative most subjective) Formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, rather than upon observation or purely …
Subjective - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Subjective things depend on your own ideas and opinions: there isn't any universal truth. Subjective is the opposite of objective , which refers to things that are more clear-cut. That …
Subjective Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
SUBJECTIVE meaning: 1 : relating to the way a person experiences things in his or her own mind; 2 : based on feelings or opinions rather than facts
Subjective - definition of subjective by The Free Dictionary
1. existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought (opposed to objective). 2. pertaining to or characteristic of an individual; personal: a subjective …
What does Subjective mean? - Definitions.net
Subjective refers to ideas, feelings, or perceptions that are based on an individual's personal perspectives, feelings, beliefs, or opinions rather than facts or evidence. It is often influenced …
