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| targum: The Targums Paul V.M. Flesher, Bruce D. Chilton, 2011-08-25 This remarkable survey introduces critical knowledge and insights that have emerged over the past forty years, including targum manuscripts discovered this century and targums known in Aramaic but only recently translated into English. Prolific scholars Flesher and Chilton guide readers in understanding the development of the targums; their relationship to the Hebrew Bible; their dates, language, and place in the history of Christianity and Judaism; and their theologies and methods of interpretation. |
| targum: Studies in the Targum to the Twelve Prophets Robert Gordon, 2014-09-03 This volume is concerned with the origin and development of the Targum to the Prophets, focusing for this purpose upon the Twelve Prophets (from Nahum to Malachi). A wide-ranging introductory chapter sets current research in context by surveying almost two centuries of Targumic study. It is argued that the evidence in the extant text for a Second Commonwealth phase in the Targum's history is meagre and that, in particular, the Qumran Habakkuk pesher is not dependent upon the Targum to Habakkuk. Other issues discussed are the Hebrew Vorlage of the Targum, incipit formulae, 'Additional Targum' and the standard Targum, the haggadah in the Targum to Zechariah 3 in the light of a (so-called) Eastern Aramaic linguistic element, Targum and Peshiṭta, land and divine presence, and the final redaction of the Targum. |
| targum: Alternative Targum Traditions Alberdina Houtman, Harry Sysling, 2009-09-30 The present study explores the possibility of using variant readings of the Targum of the Prophets to get a better insight into the origin and history of Targum Jonathan. The focus is on two sorts of variant readings: the Tosefta Targums and the targumic quotations in rabbinic and medieval Jewish literature. The chapter on the Tosefta Targums concentrates on variants from the book of Samuel. The chapter on the targumic quotations includes quotations of all the Prophets in early Jewish literature. In the Appendix a full list is given of all quotations of Targums of the Prophets presently known. The book is useful for the study of the genesis of Targum Jonathan as well as for its later developments. |
| targum: Targum and Scripture Paul V.M. Flesher, 2021-11-15 If Greek was the language by which Palestinian Jews talked to the Empire, then Aramaic and Hebrew were the languages by which they talked to themselves. In this context, what resulted when they translated the Hebrew Bible into Aramaic? Moments of the inner Jewish conversation about the meaning and relevance of Hebrew Scriptures frozen in Aramaic renditions. The scholars in this volume use these Aramaic translations, known as the Targums, like dioramas, peering through them to glimpse these moments in the development of Judaism and its theology. Dedicated to Ernest G. Clarke, the essays explore the variety of interpretations preserved in the different Targums from the Second Temple and post-Temple periods during which they were composed. |
| targum: Targum Chronicles and Its Place Among the Late Targums Leeor Gottlieb, 2020-06-08 Targum Chronicles and Its Place Among the Late Targums heralds a paradigm shift in the understanding of many of the Jewish-Aramaic translations of individual biblical books and their origins. Leeor Gottlieb provides the most extensive study of Targum Chronicles to date, leading to conclusions that challenge long-accepted truisms with regard to the origin of Targums. This book’s trail of evidence convincingly points to the composition of Targums in a time and place that was heretofore not expected to be the provenance of these Aramaic gems of biblical interpretation. This study also offers detailed comparisons to other Targums and fascinating new explanations for dozens of aggadic expansions in Targum Chronicles, tying them to their rabbinic sources. |
| targum: The Isaiah Targum , 2024-05-15 Designed for those who are beginning Targum study, this book also provides material for those who have already made some progress. Beginners will have recourse first of all to the Translation, and the Notes are intended to help orient them in the message conveyed by the Targum in its two levels. Students with recourse to Aramaic will perhaps require remarks of a linguistic and textual nature; these are given in the Apparatus. Additional material for more advanced students is also offered in the Notes, to help relate the exegesis of the Targum to the intertestamental document, Rabbinica, and the New Testament. |
| targum: Targum and Testament Revisited Martin McNamara, 2010-07-26 Updated ed. of: Targum and Testament. 1972. |
| targum: Targum Yerushalmi, Or Targum Pseudo-Jonathan J W Etheridge, 2020-11-27 Targum Yerushalmi, erroneously called Targum Jonathan, is an in-depth commentary on the Book of Genesis, containing oral traditions of the Jews. |
| targum: Studies in Targum Jonathan to the Prophets Leivy Smolar, Moses Aberbach, 1983 |
| targum: The Targum of Judges Willem Smelik, 2021-12-06 This book forms a contribution to the vexing question of the origin and growth of the Targum to the Prophets. It provides an in-depth analysis of the Targum of Judges on the basis of new materials (unpublished manuscripts), a new tool (bilingual concordance) and a new method (analysis of consistency). A critical review of previous research concerning the Targum's origin and growth is followed by an analysis and collations of many Western manuscripts, a systematic comparison of the Targum with the ancient translations, a study of its exegetical traditions and a thorough examination of its consistency. On this basis it is suggested that the Targum assumed its basic form in the second century CE, due to the emergency of the rabbinic tradition, but outside the context of the synagogue. |
| targum: The Targum of Lamentations , 2024-05-15 This work provides a definitive translation into English of the Targum of Lamentations, based on a critical reading of all the extant versions, with textual annotations and extensive notes. An appendix offers, in addition, a translation and annotation of the Yemenite version. |
| targum: Alternative Targum Traditions Alberdina Houtman, Harry Sysling, 2009 The present study explores the possibility of using variant readings of the Targum of the Prophets to get a better insight into the origin and history of Targum Jonathan. The focus is on two sorts of variant readings: the Tosefta Targums and the targumic quotations in rabbinic and medieval Jewish literature. The chapter on the Tosefta Targums concentrates on variants from the book of Samuel. The chapter on the targumic quotations includes quotations of all the Prophets in early Jewish literature. In the Appendix a full list is given of all quotations of Targums of the Prophets presently known. The book is useful for the study of the genesis of Targum Jonathan as well as for its later developments. |
| targum: The Targum of Zephaniah , 2009 This seminal and comprehensive study of Targum Jonathan to Zephaniah focuses on two major facets of exegesis: The twenty-one manuscripts from five different provenances, reflecting a variety of textual traditions and scribal erudition, thus revealing distinct stemmas; and the history of transmission of Targum Jonathan. Divergences from the literality of the MT unveil the emotions a fear, dismay, and hope a and the prayers of the meturgeman, as he reacts to historical events in the near past and in his own time. |
| targum: Targum and New Testament Martin McNamara, 2011 The relevance of the Targums (Aramaic translations of the Hebrew Bible) for the understanding of the New Testament has been a matter of dispute over the past three hundred years, principally by reason of the late date of the Targum manuscripts and the nature of the Aramaic. The debate has become more focused by reason of the Qumran finds of pre-Christian Aramaic documents (1947) and the identification of a complete text of the Palestinian Targum of the Pentateuch in the Vatican Library (Codex Neofiti, 1956). Martin McNamara traces the history of the debate down to our own day and the annotated translation of all the Targums into English. He studies the language situation (Aramaic and Greek) in New Testament Palestine and the interpretation of the Scriptures in the Targums, with concepts and language similar to the New Testament. Against this background relationships between the Targums and the New Testament are examined. A way forward is suggested by regarding the tell-like structure of the Targums (with layers from different ages) and a continuum running through for certain texts. |
| targum: The Targum of Psalms , 2024-05-15 This work provides the first translation into English of the Targum of Psalms, together with an introduction, a critical apparatus listing variants from several manuscripts and their printed editions, and annotations. |
| targum: Targum and Translation David Shepherd, 2018-07-17 For nearly half a century, the Aramaic version of Job found amongst the scrolls at Qumran has been celebrated as the earliest example of that unique genre of Jewish bible translation known to the Rabbis as targum. In this groundbreaking study, the author challenges this assumption by re-evaluating this significant Qumran text in light of other ancient Aramaic versions of Job, including the Peshitta and Targum. After a fresh review of five decades of research on the Qumran text, the author draws on recent work in the study of the ancient Aramaic versions to chart a new course in its exploration. While both similarities and differences of approach among the respective Aramaic translators are illuminated by a series of examples drawn directly from the texts, the rigorous scrutiny of each version's re-presentation of its source text provides a firm basis for a reassessment of the relationship between the Qumran Aramaic version of Job and its Syriac and Targumic counterparts. By situating the Qumran version within the broader context of other ancient Aramaic versions, the author makes a significant contribution to our understanding of Aramaic idiom and style in the time of the Second Temple. More importantly, however, he offers a radical revision of the Aramaic version of Job's classification and a new and innovative perspective on its place in the panoply of ancient bible versions originating in this crucial period. |
| targum: A Grammar of the Palestinian Targum Fragments from the Cairo Genizah Steven Ellis Fassberg, 2018-08-14 Preliminary Material /Steven E. Fassberg -- Introduction /Steven E. Fassberg -- Description and Classification of Manuscripts /Steven E. Fassberg -- Orthography and Phonology /Steven E. Fassberg -- Syllable Structure /Steven E. Fassberg -- Rule of Shewa /Steven E. Fassberg -- Morphology /Steven E. Fassberg -- Two Syntactic Features /Steven E. Fassberg -- Tables /Steven E. Fassberg -- Indices /Steven E. Fassberg -- Bibliography /Steven E. Fassberg -- Addenda and Corrigenda /Steven E. Fassberg. |
| targum: Studies in Targum Isaiah Alberdina Houtman, 2025-04-17 Studies in Targum Isaiah: Textual Witnesses, Translation Techniques, and Theological Explorations is the culmination of 30 years of in-depth research into Targum studies. This comprehensive work offers a detailed description and comparison of available manuscripts, an analysis of translation techniques, and essays exploring the theological perspectives of the translators. The final chapter delves into the risks and opportunities of intertextual comparison with the New Testament, providing a thoughtful perspective for scholars and students alike. Essential for anyone interested in biblical studies, this book offers valuable insights into the complexities of Targum Isaiah and its relevance in theological discourse. |
| targum: Targum Jonathan to the Prophets Pinkhos Churgin, 1907 |
| targum: Targum Neofiti 1: Genesis Martin McNamara, MSC, 2024-04-24 Beginning with an introduction of the Palestinian Targums, or Targum Yerushalmi, the author relates the history of the term, research in the field, and other background information on the Palestinian Pentateuch Targums before providing a verse-by-verse translation of Neofiti 1. |
| targum: Septuagint, Targum and Beyond , 2019-11-11 In Septuagint, Targum and Beyond leading experts in the fields of biblical textual criticism and reception history explore the relationship between the two major Jewish translation traditions of the Hebrew Bible. In comparing these Greek and Aramaic versions from Jewish antiquity the essays collected here not only tackle the questions of mutual influence and common exegetical traditions, but also move beyond questions of direct dependence, applying insights from modern translation studies and comparing corpora beyond the Old Greek and Targum, including, for instance, Greek and Aramaic translations found at Qumran, the Samareitikon, and later Greek versions. |
| targum: The Aramaic and Palestinian Targum Zen Garcia, 2014-09-02 Targum meaning translation references the various language transliterations of the original Hebrew Torah, which came about according to need. The Aramaic and Palestinian versions printed here are acknowledged to be the oldest and most widely used renderings of the ancient language translations of the original Hebrew Torah. Though they are accepted to date back to at least the first century CE, I believe them to be half a millennia older as they first came into being to accommodate the Israelite's assimilation of Aramaic when exiled to Babylon in 597 BCE. It was during the 70 years of that diaspora that Aramaic became the predominant colloquial language and accepted vernacular of use by the Hebraic peoples. During this 70 years of assimilation, the Israelite's use of Hebrew as lexicon dwindled from being the primary dialect of everyday conversation, to being one of mostly scholastic application utilized intellectually by the priestly class. |
| targum: Neophyti 1, Targum Palestinense manuscrito de la Biblioteca Vaticana. Tomo III. Levítico Alejandro Díez Macho, 1971 |
| targum: The Yemenite Tradition of the Targum of Lamentations A. van der Heide, 2022-07-11 |
| targum: A Jewish Targum in a Christian World Alberdina Houtman, E. van Staalduine-Sulman, Hans-Martin Kirn, 2014-02-20 What is the use of a Targum in a cultural setting where Aramaic is not a common language anymore? And why would Christians be interested in a typically Jewish text in an otherwise anti-Jewish milieu? These and related questions have served as guides for Alberdina Houtman, Eveline van Staalduine-Sulman and Hans-Martin Kirn in bringing together the articles for the present book, which consists of three parts: 1. Uses and Functions of Targum in Europe; 2. Editing Targums and their Latin Translations; 3. Targums and Christianity. A number of the articles deal with the codicological and paratextual aspects of the relevant manuscripts and editions as witnesses of their cultural historical situations. The intended readership includes specialists in Targum, Jewish and medieval studies, (church) historians, codicologists and (Christian) theologians. |
| targum: The Targum to Canticles Raphael Hai Melamed, 1921 |
| targum: Studies on Translation and Interpretation in the Targum to the Books of Kings Carol A. Dray, 2006 Divergences from the biblical text have been systematically compared with translations in the other ancient versions |
| targum: The Targum Onqelos to Genesis , 2024-04-24 The Onqelos Targums are the most literal translations of the Targumim. When translated by Bernard Grossfeld-the foremost scholar of Aramaic in the United States-these Torah volumes represent some of the most scholarly and accurate translations in existence. |
| targum: A Targumist Interprets the Torah: Contradictions and Coherence in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan Iosif J Zhakevich, 2022-01-17 This book conducts a focused study of contradictions and coherence in Targum Pseudo-Jonathan. The first section of this study examines the apparent disruption of congruity with regard to the vertical dimension of the Targum, that is, between the Torah (the Hebrew Vorlage) and the Targum (the Aramaic translation). The second section addresses the apparent disruption of congruity with regard to the horizontal dimension of the Targum, that is, within the boundaries of the TgPsJ corpus. Ultimately, this work suggests that the contradictions are given to resolution, once the greater context of biblical and Jewish tradition is taken into consideration. |
| targum: The Targum of the Minor Prophets , 2024-05-15 Although the term minor prophets is a familiar one in English Bible translations, it is not a felicitous one, since it applies as much to Hosea as to Haggai and to Amos as to Obadiah. The Targum offers no such pecking order. Nuggets of importance are as likely to be found in a Targumized minor prophet as a major one. Included in this volume are the books of Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. The authors' apparatus in the introduction provides the translational characteristics, theology, life-setting, text and versions, language, rabbinic citations and parallels, dating, manuscripts, and bibliography. A series of indices is also included. |
| targum: Fragments of a Samaritan Targum John William Nutt, 1874 |
| targum: The Targum of Onkelos to Genesis Henry Barnstein, 1896 |
| targum: Targum Onkelos to Numbers Onḳelos, Alexander Sperber, Israel Drazin, 1998 |
| targum: "The Targum to the Song of Songs." , 1909 |
| targum: Fragments of a Samaritan Targum, Edited from a Bodleian Ms. With an Introduction, Containing a Sketch of Samaritan History, Dogma and Literature by John W. Nutt John W. NUTT, 1874 |
| targum: Beautiful and Terrible Things Christian M. M. Brady, 2020-09-01 Bible scholar Christian Brady, an expert on Old Testament lament, was as prepared as a person could be for the death of a child—which is to say, not nearly well enough. When his eight-year-old son died suddenly from a fast-moving blood infection, Brady heard the typical platitudes about accepting God's will and knew that quiet acceptance was not the only godly way to grieve. With deep faith, knowledge of Scripture, and the wisdom that comes only from experience, Brady guides readers grieving losses and setbacks of all kinds in voicing their lament to God, reflecting on the nature of human existence, and persevering in hope. Brady finds that rather than an image of God managing every event and action in our lives, the biblical account describes the very real world in which we all live, a world full of hardship and calamity that often comes unbidden and unmerited. Yet, it also is a world into which God lovingly intrudes to bring comfort, peace, and grace. |
| targum: The Aramaic Bible Derek R. G. Beattie, Martin McNamara, 1994-08 The twenty-six essays in this volume represent the papers read at the international Conference on the Aramiac Bible held in Dublin (1992). The purpose of the Conference was to bring together leading specialists on the Targums and related topics to discuss issues in the light of recent developments, for instance Second Temple interpretation of the Scriptures, Qumran Literature, targumic and Palestinian Aramaic, new Genizah manuscripts, Jewish tradition, Origen's Hexapla, Pseudepigrapha, Apocrypha and the Christian West. The papers are arranged under seven headings: Targum Texts and Editions; The Aramaic Language: The Targums and Jewish Biblical Interpretation; Targums of the Pentateuch; Targums of the Hagiographa; Targums and New Testament; Jewish Traditions and Christian Writings. The international team, drawn from nine countries, is as follows (following the order of the papers); M. Klein, S. Reif, L. Diez Merino, R. Gordon, M. McNamara, S.A. Kaufman, E. Cook, M. Hengel, O. Betz, A. Shinan, J. Ribera, B. Grossfeld, P.V.M. Flesher, G. Boccaccini, M. Maher, R. Hayward, R. Syren, P.S. Alexander, D.R.G. Beattie, C. Mangan, B. Ego, M. Wilcox, B. Chilton, G.J. Norton, B. Kedar Kopstein, M. Stone. |
| targum: The Targum on the Book of Lamentations , 1893 |
| targum: Targum Onkelos Onkelos, 2016-01-23 Targum Onkelos (or Unkelus) is the official eastern (Babylonian) targum (Aramaic translation) to the Torah. However, its early origins may have been western, in Israel. Its authorship is attributed to Onkelos, a famous convert to Judaism in Tannaic times (c. 35-120 CE). According to Jewish tradition, the content of Targum Onkelos was originally conveyed by God to Moses at Mount Sinai. However, it was later forgotten by the masses, and rerecorded by Onkelos. Some identify this translation as the work of Aquila of Sinope in an Aramaic translation (Zvi Hirsch Chajes), or believe that the name Onkelos originally referred to Aquila but was applied in error to the Aramaic instead of the Greek translation. The translator is unique in that he avoids any type of personification. Samuel D. Luzzatto suggests that the translation was originally meant for the simple people. This view was strongly rebutted by Nathan Marcus Adler in his introduction to Netinah La-Ger. In Talmudic times, and to this day in Yemenite Jewish communities, Targum Onkelos was recited by heart as a verse-by-verse translation alternately with the Hebrew verses of the Torah in the synagogue. The Talmud states that a person should complete his portions of scripture along with the community, reading the scripture twice and the targum once (Shnayim mikra ve-echad targum). This passage is taken by many to refer to Targum Onkelos. |
| targum: A Glossary of Targum Onkelos Edward M. Cook, 2008 Targum Onkelos is the oldest complete Jewish Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, and it has played a major role in Jewish exegesis throughout the centuries. Although the vocabulary of Onkelos has been included in the major rabbinic dictionaries, there has never been a volume devoted solely to the vocabulary of Onkelos. This glossary, based on the standard critical edition, includes all of the vocabulary of the targum, plus geographical names, with bibliographical references to cognates in other Aramaic dialects. It will be a major help both to students first encountering the language of the Targum, as well as to specialists seeking a thorough treatment of its lexical features. |
Targum - Wikipedia
Besides its public function in the synagogue, the Babylonian Talmud also mentions targum in the context of a personal study requirement: "A person should always …
What is the Jewish Targum? - GotQuestions.org
Jan 4, 2022 · The Targum (plural, Targumim) is an Aramaic paraphrase/explanation/interpretation of the Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures …
Targum | Ancient Jewish Biblical Interpretation & Translation | Brit…
Targum, (Aramaic: “Translation,” or “Interpretation”), any of several translations of the Hebrew Bible or portions of it into the Aramaic language. The word originally …
Tanakh, Targum - Sefaria
Targum (“translation”) is the name of a category of texts that translate the Tanakh into Aramaic, originally transmitted orally and committed to writing between the first and …
TARGUM - JewishEncyclopedia.com
It forms a part of the Jewish traditional literature, and in its inception is as early as the time of the Second Temple. The verb , from which the noun is formed, is used in …
Targum - Wikipedia
Besides its public function in the synagogue, the Babylonian Talmud also mentions targum in the context of a personal study requirement: "A person should always review his portions of …
What is the Jewish Targum? - GotQuestions.org
Jan 4, 2022 · The Targum (plural, Targumim) is an Aramaic paraphrase/explanation/interpretation of the Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures provided by the rabbis in the course of teaching.
Targum | Ancient Jewish Biblical Interpretation & Translation
Targum, (Aramaic: “Translation,” or “Interpretation”), any of several translations of the Hebrew Bible or portions of it into the Aramaic language. The word originally indicated a translation of …
Tanakh, Targum - Sefaria
Targum (“translation”) is the name of a category of texts that translate the Tanakh into Aramaic, originally transmitted orally and committed to writing between the first and the sixth centuries CE.
TARGUM - JewishEncyclopedia.com
It forms a part of the Jewish traditional literature, and in its inception is as early as the time of the Second Temple. The verb , from which the noun is formed, is used in Ezra iv. 7 in reference to …
Topical Bible: Targum
These translations emerged during the Second Temple period when Aramaic had become the lingua franca of the Jewish people, and many were no longer fluent in Hebrew. The Targums …
The Targums - Accordance
Introducing the Targum. The word “targum” refers to translations of the Bible into Jewish Aramaic. In the post-exilic period, Aramaic began to be widely spoken in the Jewish community …
Targum - Encyclopedia of The Bible - Bible Gateway
Targumanu, “interpreter” or “translator,” occurs in Akkad. as early as the El-Amarna tablets (c. 1400-1350 b.c.). The attempt has been made, quite without warrant, to derive it from the Heb. …
Targum Meaning - Bible Definition and References
Discover the meaning of Targum in the Bible. Study the definition of Targum with multiple Bible Dictionaries and Encyclopedias and find scripture references in the Old and New Testaments.
What Are the Targums and Why Are They Important for Old …
What Are the Targums and Why Are They Important for Old Testament Textual Criticism? The study of the Old Testament involves not only analyzing the Hebrew text but also understanding …
