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| string rewriting system: String-Rewriting Systems Ronald V. Book, Friedrich Otto, 2012-12-06 The subject of this book is string-rewriting systems. It is generally accepted that string-rewriting was first introduced by Axel Thue in the early part of this century. In the 1960's and early 1970's, it received renewed attention due to interest in formal language theory. In the 1980's and 1990's, it has received more interest since it can be viewed as a special case of term rewriting, a subject that has become important in the study of automated deduction. Today, string-rewriting is studied by researchers in theoretical computer science and also by researchers interested in the foundations of artificial intelligence. A sketch of the way that the subject has developed is contained in Chapter 0, and the reader is advised to begin with that chapter. Both authors have been active in the field and have lectured on the subject in several universities. Lecture notes have been produced and dis tributed. This monograph is a result of revising and rewriting those notes. It represents an attempt by the authors to present the concepts that the authors consider to be most fundamental and to gather together the most useful results in such a way that they can be understood and used in studies relating to more general rewriting, to automated deduction, and to algo rithmic problems of algebraic structures. This monograph is written for independent study by researchers in the oretical computer science or in the foundations of artificial intelligence. |
| string rewriting system: Term Rewriting Systems Terese, 2003-03-20 Term rewriting systems developed out of mathematical logic and are an important part of theoretical computer science. They consist of sequences of discrete transformation steps where one term is replaced with another and have applications in many areas, from functional programming to automatic theorem proving and computer algebra. This 2003 book starts at an elementary level with the earlier chapters providing a foundation for the rest of the work. Much of the advanced material appeared here for the first time in book form. Subjects treated include orthogonality, termination, completion, lambda calculus, higher-order rewriting, infinitary rewriting and term graph rewriting. Many exercises are included with selected solutions provided on the web. A comprehensive bibliography makes this book ideal both for teaching and research. A chapter is included presenting applications of term rewriting systems, with many pointers to actual implementations. |
| string rewriting system: An Introduction to the Theory of Computation Eitan M. Gurari, 1989 |
| string rewriting system: The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, Aristid Lindenmayer, 2012-12-06 The beauty of plants has attracted the attention of mathematicians for Mathematics centuries. Conspicuous geometric features such as the bilateral sym and beauty metry of leaves, the rotational symmetry of flowers, and the helical arrangements of scales in pine cones have been studied most exten sively. This focus is reflected in a quotation from Weyl [159, page 3], Beauty is bound up with symmetry. This book explores two other factors that organize plant structures and therefore contribute to their beauty. The first is the elegance and relative simplicity of developmental algorithms, that is, the rules which describe plant development in time. The second is self-similarity, char acterized by Mandelbrot [95, page 34] as follows: When each piece of a shape is geometrically similar to the whole, both the shape and the cascade that generate it are called self-similar. This corresponds with the biological phenomenon described by Herman, Lindenmayer and Rozenberg [61]: In many growthprocesses of living organisms, especially of plants, regularly repeated appearances of certain multicel lular structures are readily noticeable. . . . In the case of a compound leaf, for instance, some of the lobes (or leaflets), which are parts of a leaf at an advanced stage, have the same shape as the whole leaf has at an earlier stage. Thus, self-similarity in plants is a result of developmental processes. Growth and By emphasizing the relationship between growth and form, this book form follows a long tradition in biology. |
| string rewriting system: All About Maude - A High-Performance Logical Framework Manuel Clavel, Francisco Durán, Steven Eker, Patrick Lincoln, Narciso Martí-Oliet, José Meseguer, Carolyn Talcott, 2007-07-19 Maude is a language and system based on rewriting logic. In this comprehensive account, you’ll discover how Maude and its formal tool environment can be used in three mutually reinforcing ways: as a declarative programming language, as an executable formal specification language, and as a formal verification system. Examples used throughout the book illustrate key concepts, features, and the many practical uses of Maude. |
| string rewriting system: Term Rewriting and All That Franz Baader, Tobias Nipkow, 1998 Unified and self-contained introduction to term-rewriting; suited for students or professionals. |
| string rewriting system: Unconventional Computation and Natural Computation Ian McQuillan, Shinnosuke Seki, 2019-05-27 This book constitutes the proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Unconventional Computation and Natural Computation, UCNC 2019, held in Tokyo, Japan, in June 2019. The 19 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 32 submissions. The papers cover topics such as hypercomputation; chaos and dynamical systems based computing; granular, fuzzy and rough computing; mechanical computing; cellular, evolutionary, molecular, neural, and quantum computing; membrane computing; amorphous computing, swarm intelligence; artificial immune systems; physics of computation; chemical computation; evolving hardware; the computational nature of self-assembly, developmental processes, bacterial communication, and brain processes. |
| string rewriting system: JFLAP Susan H. Rodger, Thomas W. Finley, 2006 JFLAP: An Interactive Formal Languages and Automata Package is a hands-on supplemental guide through formal languages and automata theory. JFLAP guides students interactively through many of the concepts in an automata theory course or the early topics in a compiler course, including the descriptions of algorithms JFLAP has implemented. Students can experiment with the concepts in the text and receive immediate feedback when applying these concepts with the accompanying software. The text describes each area of JFLAP and reinforces concepts with end-of-chapter exercises. In addition to JFLAP, this guide incorporates two other automata theory tools into JFLAP: JellRap and Pate. |
| string rewriting system: Feedback Systems Karl Johan Åström, Richard Murray, 2021-02-02 The essential introduction to the principles and applications of feedback systems—now fully revised and expanded This textbook covers the mathematics needed to model, analyze, and design feedback systems. Now more user-friendly than ever, this revised and expanded edition of Feedback Systems is a one-volume resource for students and researchers in mathematics and engineering. It has applications across a range of disciplines that utilize feedback in physical, biological, information, and economic systems. Karl Åström and Richard Murray use techniques from physics, computer science, and operations research to introduce control-oriented modeling. They begin with state space tools for analysis and design, including stability of solutions, Lyapunov functions, reachability, state feedback observability, and estimators. The matrix exponential plays a central role in the analysis of linear control systems, allowing a concise development of many of the key concepts for this class of models. Åström and Murray then develop and explain tools in the frequency domain, including transfer functions, Nyquist analysis, PID control, frequency domain design, and robustness. Features a new chapter on design principles and tools, illustrating the types of problems that can be solved using feedback Includes a new chapter on fundamental limits and new material on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus plots Provides exercises at the end of every chapter Comes with an electronic solutions manual An ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate students Indispensable for researchers seeking a self-contained resource on control theory |
| string rewriting system: Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems Yousef Saad, 2003-04-01 Mathematics of Computing -- General. |
| string rewriting system: Theory of Reversible Computing Kenichi Morita, 2017-11-06 This book describes reversible computing from the standpoint of the theory of automata and computing. It investigates how reversibility can be effectively utilized in computing. A reversible computing system is a “backward deterministic” system such that every state of the system has at most one predecessor. Although its definition is very simple, it is closely related to physical reversibility, one of the fundamental microscopic laws of Nature. Authored by the leading scientist on the subject, this book serves as a valuable reference work for anyone working in reversible computation or in automata theory in general. This work deals with various reversible computing models at several different levels, which range from the microscopic to the macroscopic, and aims to clarify how computation can be carried out efficiently and elegantly in these reversible computing models. Because the construction methods are often unique and different from those in the traditional methods, these computing models as well as the design methods provide new insights for future computing systems. Organized bottom-up, the book starts with the lowest scale of reversible logic elements and circuits made from them. This is followed by reversible Turing machines, the most basic computationally universal machines, and some other types of reversible automata such as reversible multi-head automata and reversible counter machines. The text concludes with reversible cellular automata for massively parallel spatiotemporal computation. In order to help the reader have a clear understanding of each model, the presentations of all different models follow a similar pattern: the model is given in full detail, a short informal discussion is held on the role of different elements of the model, and an example with illustrations follows each model. |
| string rewriting system: Theory of Formal Languages with Applications Dan A. Simovici, Richard L. Tenney, 1999 Formal languages provide the theoretical underpinnings for the study of programming languages as well as the foundations for compiler design. They are important in such areas as data transmission and compression, computer networks, etc. This book combines an algebraic approach with algorithmic aspects and decidability results and explores applications both within computer science and in fields where formal languages are finding new applications such as molecular and developmental biology. It contains more than 600 graded exercises. While some are routine, many of the exercises are in reality supplementary material. Although the book has been designed as a text for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students, the comprehensive coverage of the subject makes it suitable as a reference for scientists. |
| string rewriting system: Computability, Complexity, and Languages Martin Davis, Ron Sigal, Elaine J. Weyuker, 1994-03-18 Computability, Complexity, and Languages is an introductory text that covers the key areas of computer science, including recursive function theory, formal languages, and automata. It assumes a minimal background in formal mathematics. The book is divided into five parts: Computability, Grammars and Automata, Logic, Complexity, and Unsolvability. - Computability theory is introduced in a manner that makes maximum use of previous programming experience, including a universal program that takes up less than a page. - The number of exercises included has more than tripled. - Automata theory, computational logic, and complexity theory are presented in a flexible manner, and can be covered in a variety of different arrangements. |
| string rewriting system: Advanced R Hadley Wickham, 2015-09-15 An Essential Reference for Intermediate and Advanced R Programmers Advanced R presents useful tools and techniques for attacking many types of R programming problems, helping you avoid mistakes and dead ends. With more than ten years of experience programming in R, the author illustrates the elegance, beauty, and flexibility at the heart of R. The book develops the necessary skills to produce quality code that can be used in a variety of circumstances. You will learn: The fundamentals of R, including standard data types and functions Functional programming as a useful framework for solving wide classes of problems The positives and negatives of metaprogramming How to write fast, memory-efficient code This book not only helps current R users become R programmers but also shows existing programmers what’s special about R. Intermediate R programmers can dive deeper into R and learn new strategies for solving diverse problems while programmers from other languages can learn the details of R and understand why R works the way it does. |
| string rewriting system: KI 2019: Advances in Artificial Intelligence Christoph Benzmüller, Heiner Stuckenschmidt, 2019-09-09 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 42nd German Conference on Artificial Intelligence, KI 2019, held in Kassel, Germany, in September 2019. The 16 full and 10 short papers presented together with 3 extended abstracts in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 82 submissions. KI 2019 has a special focus theme on AI methods for Argumentation and especially invited contributions that use methods from all areas of AI to understand, formalize or generate argument structures in natural language. |
| string rewriting system: The Mathematics of Language Makoto Kanazawa, Marcus Kracht, Hiroyuki Seki, András Kornai, 2011-10-01 This book constitutes the proceedings of the 12th Biennial Meeting on Mathematics in Language, MOL 12, held in Nara, Japan, in September 2011. Presented in this volume are 12 carefully selected papers, as well as the paper of the invited speaker Andreas Maletti. The papers cover such diverse topics as formal languages (string and tree transducers, grammar-independent syntactic structures, probabilistic and weighted context-free grammars, formalization of minimalist syntax), parsing and unification, lexical and compositional semantics, statistical language models, and theories of truth. |
| string rewriting system: Mathematica in Action Stan Wagon, S. Wagon, 1999 Mathematica in Action, 2nd Edition, is designed both as a guide to the extraordinary capabilities of Mathematica as well as a detailed tour of modern mathematics by one of its leading expositors, Stan Wagon. Ideal for teachers, researchers, mathematica enthusiasts. This second edition of the highly sucessful W.H. Freeman version includes an 8 page full color insert and 50% new material all organized around Elementary Topics, Intermediate Applications, and Advanced Projects. In addition, the book uses Mathematica 3.0 throughtout. Mathematica 3.0 notebooks with all the programs and examples discussed in the book are available on the TELOS web site (www.telospub.com). These notebooks contain materials suitable for DOS, Windows, Macintosh and Unix computers. Stan Wagon is well-known in the mathematics (and Mathematica) community as Associate Editor of the American Mathematical Monthly, a columnist for the Mathematical Intelligencer and Mathematica in Education and Research, author of The Banach-Tarski Paradox and Unsolved Problems in Elementary Geometry and Number Theory (with Victor Klee), as well as winner of the 1987 Lester R. Ford Award for Expository Writing. |
| string rewriting system: Translation, Rewriting, and the Manipulation of Literary Fame Andre Lefevere, 2016-10-26 Lefevere explores how the process of rewriting works of literature manipulates them to ideological and artistic ends, so that the rewritten text can be given a new, sometimes subversive, historical or literary status. |
| string rewriting system: Combinatorial Algebra: Syntax and Semantics Mark V. Sapir, 2014-10-09 Combinatorial Algebra: Syntax and Semantics provides comprehensive account of many areas of combinatorial algebra. It contains self-contained proofs of more than 20 fundamental results, both classical and modern. This includes Golod–Shafarevich and Olshanskii's solutions of Burnside problems, Shirshov's solution of Kurosh's problem for PI rings, Belov's solution of Specht's problem for varieties of rings, Grigorchuk's solution of Milnor's problem, Bass–Guivarc'h theorem about growth of nilpotent groups, Kleiman's solution of Hanna Neumann's problem for varieties of groups, Adian's solution of von Neumann-Day's problem, Trahtman's solution of the road coloring problem of Adler, Goodwyn and Weiss. The book emphasize several ``universal tools, such as trees, subshifts, uniformly recurrent words, diagrams and automata. With over 350 exercises at various levels of difficulty and with hints for the more difficult problems, this book can be used as a textbook, and aims to reach a wide and diversified audience. No prerequisites beyond standard courses in linear and abstract algebra are required. The broad appeal of this textbook extends to a variety of student levels: from advanced high-schoolers to undergraduates and graduate students, including those in search of a Ph.D. thesis who will benefit from the “Further reading and open problems” sections at the end of Chapters 2 –5. The book can also be used for self-study, engaging those beyond t he classroom setting: researchers, instructors, students, virtually anyone who wishes to learn and better understand this important area of mathematics. |
| string rewriting system: Rewriting Techniques and Applications Vincent van Oostrom, 2004-08-24 This volume contains the proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications (RTA 2004), which was held June 2- 5, 2004, at the RWTH Aachen in Germany. RTA is the major forum for the presentation of research on all aspects of rewriting. Previous RTA conferences took place in Dijon (1985), Bordeaux (1987), Chapel Hill (1989), Como (1991), Montreal (1993), Kaiserslautern (1995), Rutgers (1996), Sitges (1997), Tsukuba (1998), Trento (1999), Norwich (2000), Utrecht (2001), Copenhagen (2002), and Valencia (2003). The program committee selected 19 papers for presentation, including?ve system descriptions, from a total of 43 submissions. In addition, there were invited talks by Neil Jones, Aart Middeldorp, and Robin Milner. Many people helped to make RTA 2004 a success. I am grateful to the m- bers of the program committee and the external referees for reviewing the s- missionsandmaintainingthehighstandardsoftheRTAconferences. Itisagreat pleasure to thank the conference chair Jurgen · Giesl and the other members of the local organizing committee. They were in charge of the local organization of all events partaking in the Federated Conference on Rewriting, Deduction, and Programming (RDP). Apart from RTA 2004, these events were: - 2nd International Workshop on Higher-Order Rewriting (Delia Kesner, Femke van Raamsdonk, and Joe Wells), - 5th International Workshop on Rule-Based Programming (Slim Abdennadher and Christophe Ringeissen), - 13thInternationalWorkshoponFunctionaland(Constraint)LogicProgr- ming (Herbert Kuchen), - IFIP Working Group 1. |
| string rewriting system: Zero to Infinity Peter Rowlands, 2007 Unique in its field, this book uses a methodology that is entirely new, creating the simplest and most abstract foundations for physics to date. The author proposes a fundamental description of process in a universal computational rewrite system, leading to an irreducible form of relativistic quantum mechanics from a single operator. This is not only simpler, and more fundamental, but also seemingly more powerful than any other quantum mechanics formalism available. The methodology finds immediate applications in particle physics, theoretical physics and theoretical computing. In addition, taking the rewrite structure more generally as a description of process, the book shows how it can be applied to large-scale structures beyond the realm of fundamental physics. Sample Chapter(s). Chapter 1: Zero (228 KB). Contents: Zero; Why Does Physics Work?; The Emergence of Physics; Groups and Representations; Breaking the Dirac Code; The Dirac Nilpotent; Nonrelativistic Quantum Mechanics and the Classical Transition; The Classical and Special Relativistic Approximations; The Resolution of Paradoxes; Electric, Strong and Weak Interactions; QED and Its Analogues; Vacuum; Fermion and Boson Structures; A Representation of Strong and Weak Interactions; Grand Unification and Particle Masses; The Factor 2 and Duality; Gravity and Inertia; Dimensionality, Strings and Quantum Gravity; Nature''s Code; Nature''s Rule; Infinity. Readership: Researchers in quantum, theoretical and high energy physics. |
| string rewriting system: A New Kind of Science Stephen Wolfram, 2018-11-30 NOW IN PAPERBACK€Starting from a collection of simple computer experiments€illustrated in the book by striking computer graphics€Stephen Wolfram shows how their unexpected results force a whole new way of looking at the operation of our universe. |
| string rewriting system: Grammatical Inference Colin de la Higuera, 2010-04-01 The problem of inducing, learning or inferring grammars has been studied for decades, but only in recent years has grammatical inference emerged as an independent field with connections to many scientific disciplines, including bio-informatics, computational linguistics and pattern recognition. This book meets the need for a comprehensive and unified summary of the basic techniques and results, suitable for researchers working in these various areas. In Part I, the objects of use for grammatical inference are studied in detail: strings and their topology, automata and grammars, whether probabilistic or not. Part II carefully explores the main questions in the field: What does learning mean? How can we associate complexity theory with learning? In Part III the author describes a number of techniques and algorithms that allow us to learn from text, from an informant, or through interaction with the environment. These concern automata, grammars, rewriting systems, pattern languages or transducers. |
| string rewriting system: Modern Compiler Implementation in C Andrew W. Appel, Maia Ginsburg, 2004-07-08 Describes all phases of a modern compiler, including techniques in code generation and register allocation for imperative, functional and object-oriented languages. |
| string rewriting system: String Theory and M-Theory Katrin Becker, Melanie Becker, John H. Schwarz, 2006-12-07 String theory is one of the most exciting and challenging areas of modern theoretical physics. This book guides the reader from the basics of string theory to recent developments. It introduces the basics of perturbative string theory, world-sheet supersymmetry, space-time supersymmetry, conformal field theory and the heterotic string, before describing modern developments, including D-branes, string dualities and M-theory. It then covers string geometry and flux compactifications, applications to cosmology and particle physics, black holes in string theory and M-theory, and the microscopic origin of black-hole entropy. It concludes with Matrix theory, the AdS/CFT duality and its generalizations. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers in modern string theory, and will make an excellent textbook for a one-year course on string theory. It contains over 120 exercises with solutions, and over 200 homework problems with solutions available on a password protected website for lecturers at www.cambridge.org/9780521860697. |
| string rewriting system: Membrane Computing Gheorghe Paun, 2002-08-01 Membrane computing is an unconventional model of computation associated with a new computing paradigm. The field of membrane computing was initiated in 1998 by the author of this book; it is a branch of natural computing inspired by the structure and functioning of the living cell and devises distributed parallel computing models in the form of membrane systems. This book is the first monograph surveying the new field in a systematic and coherent way. It presents the central notions and results: the main classes of P systems, the main results about their computational power and efficiency, a complete bibliography, and a series of open problems and research topics. |
| string rewriting system: Lindenmayer Systems, Fractals, and Plants Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz, James Hanan, 2014-01-15 |
| string rewriting system: Real World Haskell Bryan O'Sullivan, John Goerzen, Donald Bruce Stewart, 2008-11-15 This easy-to-use, fast-moving tutorial introduces you to functional programming with Haskell. You'll learn how to use Haskell in a variety of practical ways, from short scripts to large and demanding applications. Real World Haskell takes you through the basics of functional programming at a brisk pace, and then helps you increase your understanding of Haskell in real-world issues like I/O, performance, dealing with data, concurrency, and more as you move through each chapter. |
| string rewriting system: The Mathematical Theory of L Systems , 1980-04-29 The Mathematical Theory of L Systems |
| string rewriting system: Rewriting Techniques and Applications Sophie Tison, 2002-07-10 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications, RTA 2002, held in Copenhagen, Denmark, in July 2002. The 20 regular papers, two application papers, and four system descriptions presented together with three invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected from 49 submissions. All current aspects of rewriting are addressed. |
| string rewriting system: Term Graph Rewriting M. R. Sleep, M. J. Plasmeijer, Marinus Jacobus Plasmeijer, M. C. J. D. van Eekelen, 1993-06-08 A comprehensive study and exposition on the benefits of graph and term rewriting. Contains such theoretical advances as a single pushout categorical model of graph rewriting, a new theory of transfinite term rewriting and an abstract interpretation for term graph rewriting. Includes a discussion of parallelism. |
| string rewriting system: Confluent String Rewriting Matthias Jantzen, 2012-12-06 Replacement systems, such as term rewriting systems, tree manipulat ing systems, and graph grammars, have been used in Computer Science in the context of theorem proving, program optimization, abstract data types, algebraic simplification, and symbolic comput ation. Replacement systems for strings arose about seventy years earlier in the area of combinatory logic and group theory. The most natural and appropriate formalism for dealing with string rewriting is the notion of a semi-Thue system and this monograph treats its central aspects. The reduction relation is here defined firstly by the direction of the rules and secondly by some metric that yields efficient algorithms. These systems are general enough to discuss the basic notions of arbitrary replacement systems, such as termination, confluence, and the Church-Rosser property in its original meaning. Confluent semi-Thue systems in which each and every derivation consists of finitely many steps only are called complete; they guarantee the existence of unique normal forms as canonical representatives of the Thue congruence classes. Each such system can be considered a nondeterministic algorithm for the word problem which works correctly without backtracking. This is often conceptually simpler and more elegant than an ad hoc construction. In many cases a replace ment system can be altered to a complete system by the Knuth-Bendix completion method. |
| string rewriting system: Designing Reliable Distributed Systems Peter Csaba Ölveczky, 2018-02-12 This classroom-tested textbook provides an accessible introduction to the design, formal modeling, and analysis of distributed computer systems. The book uses Maude, a rewriting logic-based language and simulation and model checking tool, which offers a simple and intuitive modeling formalism that is suitable for modeling distributed systems in an attractive object-oriented and functional programming style. Topics and features: introduces classical algebraic specification and term rewriting theory, including reasoning about termination, confluence, and equational properties; covers object-oriented modeling of distributed systems using rewriting logic, as well as temporal logic to specify requirements that a system should satisfy; provides a range of examples and case studies from different domains, to help the reader to develop an intuitive understanding of distributed systems and their design challenges; examples include classic distributed systems such as transport protocols, cryptographic protocols, and distributed transactions, leader election, and mutual execution algorithms; contains a wealth of exercises, including larger exercises suitable for course projects, and supplies executable code and supplementary material at an associated website. This self-contained textbook is designed to support undergraduate courses on formal methods and distributed systems, and will prove invaluable to any student seeking a reader-friendly introduction to formal specification, logics and inference systems, and automated model checking techniques. |
| string rewriting system: Formal Language Theory Ronald V. Book, 2014-05-10 Formal Language Theory: Perspectives and Open Problems focuses on the trends and major open problems on the formal language theory. The selection first ponders on the methods for specifying families of formal languages, open problems about regular languages, and generators of cones and cylinders. Discussions focus on cylinders of algebraic languages, cone of algebraic languages, regularity of noncounting classes, group complexity, specification formalism, and grammars. The publication then elaborates on very small families of algebraic nonrational languages and formal languages and their relation to automata. The book tackles morphisms on free monoids and language theory, homomorphisms, and survey of results and open problems in the mathematical theory of L systems. Topics include single finite substitutions iterated, single homomorphisms iterated, representation of language families, homomorphism equivalence on a language, and problems about infinite words. The selection is a valuable source of data for researchers interested in the formal language theory. |
| string rewriting system: Rewriting Techniques and Applications Paliath Narendran, Michael Rusinowitch, 2003-07-31 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications, RTA-99, held in Trento, Italy in July 1999 as part of FLoC'99. The 23 revised full papers presented were carefully selected from a total of 53 submissions. Also included are four system descriptions as well as three invited contributions. Among the topics covered are constraint solving, termination, deduction and higher order rewriting, graphs, complexity, tree automata, context-sensitive rewriting, string rewriting and numeration systems, etc. |
| string rewriting system: Rewriting Techniques and Applications Vincent van Oostrom, 2004-05-24 This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications, RTA 2004, held in Aachen, Germany in June 2004. |
| string rewriting system: Membrane Computing Gheorghe Paun, Grzegorz Rozenberg, Arto Salomaa, 2014-01-15 |
| string rewriting system: Educational Testing and Measurement Tom Kubiszyn, Gary D. Borich, 1987 |
| string rewriting system: Term Rewriting and Applications Franz Baader, 2007-06-21 The 18th International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications, held in Paris, France in June 2007, featured presentations and discussions centering on some of the latest advances in the field. This volume presents the proceedings from that meeting. Papers cover current research on all aspects of rewriting, including applications, foundational issues, frameworks, implementations, and semantics. |
| string rewriting system: Rewriting Techniques and Applications Nachum Dershowitz, 1989 Rewriting has always played an important role in symbolic manipulation and automated deduction systems. The theory of rewriting is an outgrowth of Combinatory Logic and the Lambda Calculus. Applications cover broad areas in automated reasoning, programming language design, semantics, and implementations, and symbolic and algebraic manipulation. The proceedings of the third International Conference on Rewriting Techniques and Applications contain 34 regular papers, covering many diverse aspects of rewriting (including equational logic, decidability questions, term rewriting, congruence-class rewriting, string rewriting, conditional rewriting, graph rewriting, functional and logic programming languages, lazy and parallel implementations, termination issues, compilation techniques, completion procedures, unification and matching algorithms, deductive and inductive theorem proving, Gröbner bases, and program synthesis). It also contains 12 descriptions of implemented equational reasoning systems. Anyone interested in the latest advances in this fast growing area should read this volume. |
What does ${} (dollar sign and curly braces) mean in a string in ...
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c# - What's does the dollar sign ($"string") do? - Stack Overflow
In String Interpolation, we simply prefix the string with a $ (much like we use the @ for verbatim strings). Then, we simply surround the expressions we want to interpolate with curly braces …
How do I get a substring of a string in Python? - Stack Overflow
Aug 31, 2016 · @gimel: Actually, [:] on an immutable type doesn't make a copy at all. While mysequence[:] is mostly harmless when mysequence is an immutable type like str, tuple, …
Differences between C++ string == and compare ()?
Internally, string::operator==() is using string::compare(). Please refer to: CPlusPlus - string::operator==() I wrote a small application to compare the performance, and apparently if …
string - How to get the position of a character in Python ... - Stack ...
Feb 19, 2010 · A character might appear multiple times in a string. For example in a string sentence, position of e is 1, 4, 7 (because indexing usually starts from zero). but what I find is …
How can you encode/decode a string to Base64 in JavaScript?
I have a PHP script that can encode a PNG image to a Base64 string. I'd like to do the same thing using JavaScript. I know how to open files, but I'm not sure how to do the encoding. I'm not …
c# - How to define an enum with string value? - Stack Overflow
Dec 21, 2011 · You can't - enum values have to be integral values. You can either use attributes to associate a string value with each enum value, or in this case if every separator is a single …
How do I check if a Sql server string is null or empty
Plus one for the first answer (5 years later) to use both NULLIF() and coalesce to an empty string if company.OfferText is null. However, the 2nd NULLIF() call here serves no purpose, as if that …
How to check whether a string contains a substring in JavaScript ...
Nov 24, 2009 · String.prototype.includes is case-sensitive and is not supported by Internet Explorer without a polyfill. In ECMAScript 5 or older environments, use …
Check if a variable is a string in JavaScript - Stack Overflow
// Test this approach: let isString = value => typeof value === 'string'; let falseCases = [ [ 'null', null ], [ 'undefined', undefined ], [ 'object', { a: 1, b: 2 ...
What does ${} (dollar sign and curly braces) mean in a string in ...
Mar 7, 2016 · Functionally, it looks like it allows you to nest a variable inside a string without doing concatenation using the + operator. I'm looking for documentation on this feature. I'm looking …
c# - What's does the dollar sign ($"string") do? - Stack Overflow
In String Interpolation, we simply prefix the string with a $ (much like we use the @ for verbatim strings). Then, we simply surround the expressions we want to interpolate with curly braces …
How do I get a substring of a string in Python? - Stack Overflow
Aug 31, 2016 · @gimel: Actually, [:] on an immutable type doesn't make a copy at all. While mysequence[:] is mostly harmless when mysequence is an immutable type like str, tuple, bytes …
Differences between C++ string == and compare ()?
Internally, string::operator==() is using string::compare(). Please refer to: CPlusPlus - string::operator==() I wrote a small application to compare the performance, and apparently if …
string - How to get the position of a character in Python ... - Stack ...
Feb 19, 2010 · A character might appear multiple times in a string. For example in a string sentence, position of e is 1, 4, 7 (because indexing usually starts from zero). but what I find is …
How can you encode/decode a string to Base64 in JavaScript?
I have a PHP script that can encode a PNG image to a Base64 string. I'd like to do the same thing using JavaScript. I know how to open files, but I'm not sure how to do the encoding. I'm not …
c# - How to define an enum with string value? - Stack Overflow
Dec 21, 2011 · You can't - enum values have to be integral values. You can either use attributes to associate a string value with each enum value, or in this case if every separator is a single …
How do I check if a Sql server string is null or empty
Plus one for the first answer (5 years later) to use both NULLIF() and coalesce to an empty string if company.OfferText is null. However, the 2nd NULLIF() call here serves no purpose, as if that …
How to check whether a string contains a substring in JavaScript ...
Nov 24, 2009 · String.prototype.includes is case-sensitive and is not supported by Internet Explorer without a polyfill. In ECMAScript 5 or older environments, use String.prototype.indexOf, …
Check if a variable is a string in JavaScript - Stack Overflow
// Test this approach: let isString = value => typeof value === 'string'; let falseCases = [ [ 'null', null ], [ 'undefined', undefined ], [ 'object', { a: 1, b: 2 ...
