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| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction Christopher Hammond, 2009-05-07 This book provides a clear introduction to topics which are essential to students in a wide range of scientific disciplines but which are otherwise only covered in specialised and mathematically detailed texts. It shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and co-ordination, it develops the concepts of crystal symmetry, point and space groups by way of two dimensional examples of patterns and tilings, it explains the concept of the reciprocal lattice in simple terms and shows its importance in an understanding of light, X-ray and electron diffraction. Practical examples of the applications of these techniques are described and also the importance of diffraction in the performance of optical instruments. The book is also of value to the general reader since it shows, by biographical and historical references, how the subject has developed and thereby indicates some of the excitement of scientific discovery. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction Christopher Hammond, 2001 This is a clear and comprehensive introduction to the topics of crystallography and diffraction for undergraduate and beginning graduate students and lecturers in physics, chemistry, materials, and earth sciences. It shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and co-ordination, and develops the concepts of crystal symmetry, point and space groups by way of two-dimensional examples of patterns and tilings. The concept of the reciprocal lattice is explained in simple terms and its importance in an understanding o light, x-ray and electron diffraction. Finally, the book covers practical examples of the applications of these techniques and describes the importance of diffraction in the performance of optical instruments. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Introduction to Crystallography Donald E. Sands, 2012-06-14 Clear, concise explanation of logical development of basic crystallographic concepts. Topics include crystals and lattices, symmetry, x-ray diffraction, and more. Problems, with answers. 114 illustrations. 1969 edition. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Transmission Electron Microscopy C. Barry Carter, David B. Williams, 2016-08-24 This text is a companion volume to Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science by Williams and Carter. The aim is to extend the discussion of certain topics that are either rapidly changing at this time or that would benefit from more detailed discussion than space allowed in the primary text. World-renowned researchers have contributed chapters in their area of expertise, and the editors have carefully prepared these chapters to provide a uniform tone and treatment for this exciting material. The book features an unparalleled collection of color figures showcasing the quality and variety of chemical data that can be obtained from today’s instruments, as well as key pitfalls to avoid. As with the previous TEM text, each chapter contains two sets of questions, one for self assessment and a second more suitable for homework assignments. Throughout the book, the style follows that of Williams & Carter even when the subject matter becomes challenging—the aim is always to make the topic understandable by first-year graduate students and others who are working in the field of Materials Science Topics covered include sources, in-situ experiments, electron diffraction, Digital Micrograph, waves and holography, focal-series reconstruction and direct methods, STEM and tomography, energy-filtered TEM (EFTEM) imaging, and spectrum imaging. The range and depth of material makes this companion volume essential reading for the budding microscopist and a key reference for practicing researchers using these and related techniques. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Introduction to Crystallography Christopher Hammond, 1990 This new volume provides a clearly illustrated introduction to the basic concepts of crystallography. Readers will find a description of simple crystal structures with an explanation of how more complex structures can be considered in terms of these basic units. Simple two-dimensional patterns are used to introduce the concepts of the lattice and the motif, as well as the ideas of symmetry. Three-dimensional patterns are covered with a discussion of the 14 Bravais lattices, and the division of crystals into seven systems. The description of crystal structures in terms of Miller indices and zone axis symbols is examined, and the concept of the reciprocal lattice is explained. Useful exercises are provided at the end of every chapter, and useful geometric relationships are summarized in an appendix. Many suggestions for further reading are included. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: The Essence Of Crystallography Mark Ladd, 2019-11-19 'To summarise, Professor Ladd has written a highly engaging text designed to provide the underlying principles of crystal structure determination through X-ray diffraction data. This text would be most appropriate for an early stage postgraduate or researcher interested in learning both the underlying principles of crystallography and gaining some practice with structure-solving software.'Contemporary PhysicsDesigned for those who wish to understand and engage with the principles behind the process of crystal structure determination by X-ray diffraction, this title contains a comprehensive series of chapters, each of which concludes with a set of problems, for which solutions are provided. An ideal resource for senior undergraduates and early-stage postgraduates, The Essence of Crystallography has an accompanying website with programs written for the text, including an interactive simulation of crystal structure determination using prepared intensity data sets. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Electron Crystallography Xiaodong Zou, Sven Hovmöller, Peter Oleynikov, 2011-08-18 In the modern world of ever smaller devices and nanotechnology, electron crystallography emerges as the most important method capable of determining the structure of minute objects down to the size of individual atoms. Crystals of only a few millionths of a millimetre are studied. This is the first textbook explaining how this is done. Great attention is given to symmetry in crystals and how it manifests itself in electron microscopy and electron diffraction, and how this symmetry can be determined and taken advantage of in achieving improved electron microscopy images and solving crystal structures from electron diffraction patterns. Theory and practice are combined; experimental images, diffraction patterns, formulae and numerical data are discussed in parallel, giving the reader a complete understanding of what goes on inside the black boxes of computer programs. This up-to-date textbook contains the newest techniques in electron crystallography, including detailed descriptions and explanations of the recent remarkable successes in determining the very complex structures of zeolites and intermetallics. The controversial issue of whether there is phase information present in electron micrsocopy images or not is also resolved once and for all. The extensive appendices include computer labs which have been used at various courses at Stockholm University and international schools in electron crystallography, with applications to the textbook. Students can download image processing programs and follow these lab instructions to get a hands-on experience of electron crystallography. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Crystal Structure Analysis Jenny Pickworth Glusker, Kenneth N. Trueblood, 2010-05-27 The purpose of this book is to explain why molecular structure can be determined by single-crystal diffraction of X rays. It is not an account of the practical procedural details, but rather an account of the underlying physical principles, and the kinds of experiments and methods of handling the experimental data that are used. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Symmetry of Crystals and Molecules Mark Ladd, 2014-02-20 This book provides a comprehensive study of the symmetry and geometry of crystals and molecules, starting from first principles. The pre-knowledge assumed is mathematics and physical science to about A-level; additional mathematical topics are discussed in appendices. It is copiously illustrated, including many stereoviews, with instructions both for stereoviewing and for constructing a stereoviewer. Problems for each chapter are provided, with fully worked tutorial solutions. A suite of associated computer programs has been devised and placed on-line, for assisting both the study of the text and the solutions of the problems. The programs are easily executed, and instructions are provided in the text and on the monitor screen. The applicability of symmetry in everyday life as well as in science is stressed. Point groups and space groups are first discussed and derived in a semi-analytical manner, and later by use of group theory. The basic principles of group theory are discussed, together with applications to symmetry, chemical bonding and aspects of vibrations of molecules and crystals. The book is addressed to those studying the physical sciences and meeting the subject for the first time, and it brings the reader to a level of appreciation for the definitive works produced by the International Union of Crystallography, such as the International Tables for X-ray Crystallography, Vol 1 (1965) and the International Tables for Crystallography, Vol A (2006). |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: X-ray Crystallography William Clegg, 2015 X-ray crystallography, a powerful technique for structure determination, plays a major role in modern research. This primer gives a concise and accessible account of the technique, emphasising its wide-ranging practical application to engineering and the physical and biological sciences. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Structure of Materials Marc De Graef, Michael E. McHenry, 2012-10-08 A new edition of the highly readable textbook applying the fundamentals of crystallography, symmetry and diffraction to a range of materials. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Powder Diffraction , 1995 |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Tuning, Timbre, Spectrum, Scale William A. Sethares, 2005-01-03 Table2. 2. Each note consists of three partials. If the sequence is played ascending, then the ?rst virtual pitch tends to be perceived, whereas if played descending, the second, lower virtual pitch tends to be heard. Only one virtual pitch is audible at a time. This can be heard in sound examples [S: 6] and [S: 7]. Note First Second Third Virtual Pitch Virtual Pitch partial partial partial ascending descending 1 600 800 1000 200. 0 158. 9 2 620 820 1020 205. 2 163. 0 3 640 840 1040 210. 4 167. 1 4 660 860 1060 215. 6 171. 2 5 680 880 1080 220. 9 175. 3 6 700 900 1100 226. 1 179. 4 7 720 920 1120 231. 3 183. 6 8 740 940 1140 236. 6 187. 7 9 760 960 1160 241. 8 191. 8 10 780 980 1180 247. 0 195. 9 11 800 1000 1200 252. 2 200. 0 Pitch and virtual pitch are properties of a single sound. For instance, a chord played by the violin, viola, and cello of a string quartet is not usually thoughtofashavingapitch;rather,pitchisassociatedwitheachinstrumental tone separately. Thus, determining the pitch or pitches of a complex sound source requires that it ?rst be partitioned into separate perceptual entities. Only when a cluster of partials fuse into a single sound can it be assigned a pitch. When listening analytically, for instance, there may be more “notes” presentthaninthesamesoundwhenlisteningholistically. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Fivefold Symmetry Istv n Hargittai, 1992 Fivefold symmetry is common in flowers, fruits, molecules, logos, and buildings, but it is a forbidden symmetry in the world of crystals. A few years ago, the so-called quasicrystals were discovered displaying fivefold symmetry, and it caused a minirevolution in crystallography. There has been increased awareness of fivefold symmetry in all domains of human interest ever since. The present book brings together authors and ideas on a common theme from mathematics, the sciences, design, and anthropology to history, literature, and the arts. Its 29 chapters are an offering by scientists and humanists from 13 countries to a broad readership of professionals and laypersons about fivefold symmetry and the areas that are being bridged by this unique concept. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Microanalysis of Solids B.G. Yacobi, D.B. Holt, L.L. Kazmerski, 1994-02-28 This book systematically describes the most widely used techniques for the microanalysis of the physical, structural, and compositional properties of solids. Covering electron beams, ion beams, photon beams, and acoustic waves, it will provide physicists, materials scientists, electrical engineers, chemists, and their students with a comprehensive reference source. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data William I. F. David, 2002 Our understanding of the properties of materials, from drugs and proteins to catalysts and ceramics, is almost always based on structural information. This book describes the new developments in the realm of powder diffraction which make it possible for scientists to obtain such information even from polycrystalline materials. Written and edited by experts active in the field, and covering both the fundamental and applied aspects of structure solution from powder diffraction data, this book guides both novices and experienced practitioners alike through the maze of possibilities. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Polyurethane Elastomers Cristina Prisacariu, 2011-07-03 A comprehensive account of the physical / mechanical behaviour of polyurethanes (PU ́s) elastomers, films and blends of variable crystallinity. Aspects covered include the elasticity and inelasticity of amorphous to crystalline PUs, in relation to their sensitivity to chemical and physical structure. A study is made of how aspects of the constitutive responses of PUs vary with composition: the polyaddition procedure, the hard segment, soft segment and chain extender (diols and diamines) are varied systematically in a large number of systems of model and novel crosslinked andthermoplastic PUs. Results will be related to: microstructural changes, on the basis of evidence from x-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), and also dynamic mechanical analyses (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and IR dichroism. Inelastic effects will be investigated also by including quantitative correlations between the magnitude of the Mullins effect and the fractional energy dissipation by hysteresis under cyclic straining, giving common relations approached by all the materials studied. A major structural feature explored is the relationship between the nature of the hard segment (crystallising or not) and that of the soft segments. Crystallinity has been sometimes observed in the commercial PUs hard phase but this is usually limited to only a few percent for most hard segment structures when solidified from the melt. One particular diisocyanate, 4,4’-dibenzyl diisocyanate (DBDI) that, in the presence of suitable chain extenders ( diols or diamines), gives rise to significant degrees of crystallinity [i-iii] and this is included in the present work. Understanding the reaction pathways involved, in resolving the subtle morphological evolution at the nanometre level, and capturing mathematically the complex, large-deformation nonlinear viscoelastic mechanical behaviour areassumed to bring new important insights in the world basic research in polyurethanes and towards applied industrial research in this area. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Crystal Structure Analysis Alexander J Blake, 2009-06-18 By choosing an approach that avoids undue emphasis on the mathematics involved, this book gives practical advice on topics such as growing crystals, solving and refining structures, and understanding and using the results. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Nanoscale Materials Luis M. Liz-Marzán, Prashant V. Kamat, 2007-05-08 Organized nanoassemblies of inorganic nanoparticles and organic molecules are building blocks of nanodevices, whether they are designed to perform molecular level computing, sense the environment or improve the catalytic properties of a material. The key to creation of these hybrid nanostructures lies in understanding the chemistry at a fundamental level. This book serves as a reference book for researchers by providing fundamental understanding of many nanoscopic materials. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Biopolymers from Renewable Resources David L. Kaplan, 2013-03-09 Biopolymers from Renewable Resources is a compilation of information on the diverse and useful polymers derived from agricultural, animal, and microbial sources. The volume provides insight into the diversity of polymers obtained directly from, or derived from, renewable resources. The beneficial aspects of utilizing polymers from renewable resources, when considering synthesis, pro cessing, disposal, biodegradability, and overall material life-cycle issues, suggests that this will continue to be an important and growing area of interest. The individual chapters provide information on synthesis, processing and properties for a variety of polyamides, polysaccharides, polyesters and polyphenols. The reader will have a single volume that provides a resource from which to gain initial insights into this diverse field and from which key references and contacts can be drawn. Aspects of biology, biotechnology, polymer synthesis, polymer processing and engineering, mechanical properties and biophysics are addressed to varying degrees for the specific biopolymers. The volume can be used as a reference book or as a teaching text. At the more practical level, the range of important materials derived from renewable resources is both extensive and impressive. Gels, additives, fibers, coatings and films are generated from a variety of the biopolymers reviewed in this volume. These polymers are used in commodity materials in our everyday lives, as well as in specialty products. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics Salvatore Califano, 2012-05-26 In this historical volume Salvatore Califano traces the developments of ideas and theories in physical and theoretical chemistry throughout the 20th century. This seldom-told narrative provides details of topics from thermodynamics to atomic structure, radioactivity and quantum chemistry. Califano’s expertise as a physical chemist allows him to judge the historical developments from the point of view of modern chemistry. This detailed and unique historical narrative is fascinating for chemists working in the fields of physical chemistry and is also a useful resource for science historians who will enjoy access to material not previously dealt with in a coherent way. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Solid State Characterization of Pharmaceuticals Richard A. Storey, Ingvar Ymén, 2011-03-31 The field of solid state characterization is central to the pharmaceutical industry, as drug products are, in an overwhelming number of cases, produced as solid materials. Selection of the optimum solid form is a critical aspect of the development of pharmaceutical compounds, due to their ability to exist in more than one form or crystal structure (polymorphism). These polymorphs exhibit different physical properties which can affect their biopharmaceutical properties. This book provides an up-to-date review of the current techniques used to characterize pharmaceutical solids. Ensuring balanced, practical coverage with industrial relevance, it covers a range of key applications in the field. The following topics are included: Physical properties and processes Thermodynamics Intellectual guidance X-ray diffraction Spectroscopy Microscopy Particle sizing Mechanical properties Vapour sorption Thermal analysis & Calorimetry Polymorph prediction Form selection |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Ionic Liquids II Barbara Kirchner, Eva Perlt, 2018-09-03 The series Topics in Current Chemistry Collections presents critical reviews from the journal Topics in Current Chemistry organized in topical volumes. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science. The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience. Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field. The chapters “Ionic Liquid–Liquid Chromatography: A New General Purpose Separation Methodology”, “Proteins in Ionic Liquids: Current Status of Experiments and Simulations”, “Lewis Acidic Ionic Liquids” and Quantum Chemical Modeling of Hydrogen Bonding in Ionic Liquids are available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Nanoscale Science and Technology Robert Kelsall, Ian W. Hamley, Mark Geoghegan, 2005-11-01 Nanotechnology is a vital new area of research and development addressing the control, modification and fabrication of materials, structures and devices with nanometre precision and the synthesis of such structures into systems of micro- and macroscopic dimensions. Future applications of nanoscale science and technology include motors smaller than the diameter of a human hair and single-celled organisms programmed to fabricate materials with nanometer precision. Miniaturisation has revolutionised the semiconductor industry by making possible inexpensive integrated electronic circuits comprised of devices and wires with sub-micrometer dimensions. These integrated circuits are now ubiquitous, controlling everything from cars to toasters. The next level of miniaturisation, beyond sub-micrometer dimensions into nanoscale dimensions (invisible to the unaided human eye) is a booming area of research and development. This is a very hot area of research with large amounts of venture capital and government funding being invested worldwide, as such Nanoscale Science and Technology has a broad appeal based upon an interdisciplinary approach, covering aspects of physics, chemistry, biology, materials science and electronic engineering. Kelsall et al present a coherent approach to nanoscale sciences, which will be invaluable to graduate level students and researchers and practising engineers and product designers. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Crystallography Anthony Michael Glazer, 2016 A long history -- Symmetry -- Crystal structures -- Diffraction -- Seeing atoms -- Sources of radiation |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Fundamentals of Crystallography Carmelo Giacovazzo, 1992 Offers a rigorous treatment of the theory of crystallography and detailed descriptions of experimental applications in a wide range of sciences, including computational aspects, protein crystallography and crystal physics. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Space Groups for Solid State Scientists Michael Glazer, Gerald Burns, Alexander N. Glazer, 2012-12-02 This Second Edition provides solid state scientists, who are not necessarily experts in crystallography, with an understandable and comprehensive guide to the new International Tables for Crystallography. The basic ideas of symmetry, lattices, point groups, and space groups are explained in a clear and detailed manner. Notation is introduced in a step-by-step way so that the reader is supplied with the tools necessary to derive and apply space group information. Of particular interest in this second edition are the discussions of space groups application to such timely topics as high-temperature superconductors, phase transitions, semiconductor superlattices, incommensurate modulation, and icosahedral symmetry. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Physical Metallurgy Principles Robert E. Reed-Hill, 1964 |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Symmetry in Crystallography Paolo Radaelli, 2016-06-23 This book presents the reader with a fresh and unconventional approach to teaching crystallographic symmetry. Whereas traditional crystallography textbooks make a heavy use of algebra and rapidly become very technical, this book adopts in the first few chapters a 'pictorial' approach based on the symmetry diagrams of the International Tables for Crystallography. Readers are led step-by-step through simple 'frieze' and 'wallpaper' patterns, with many examples from the visual arts. At the end of chapter 3 they should be able to identify and analyse all these simple symmetries and apply to them the nomenclature and symbols of the International Tables. Mathematical formalism is introduced later on in the book, and by that time the reader will have gained a solid intuitive grasp of the subject matter. This book will provide graduate students, advanced undergraduate students and practitioners in physics, chemistry, earth sciences and structural biology with a solid foundation to master the International Tables of Crystallography, and to understand the relevant literature. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Bioinorganic Chemistry of Copper K.D. Karlin, Z. Tyeklar, 2012-12-06 Bioinorganic Chemistry of Copper focuses on the vital role of copper ions in biology, especially as an essential metalloenzyme cofactor. The book is highly interdisciplinary in its approach--the outstanding list of contributors includes coordination chemists, biochemists, biophysicists, and molecular biologists. Chapters are grouped into major areas of research interest in inorganic copper chemistry, spectroscopy, oxygen chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. The book also discusses basic research of great potential importance to pharmaceutical scientists. This book is based on the first Johns Hopkins University Copper Symposium, held in August 1992. Researchers in chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicinal chemistry will find it to be an essential reference on its subject. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: The Oxford Solid State Basics Steven H. Simon, 2013-06-21 The study of solids is one of the richest, most exciting, and most successful branches of physics. While the subject of solid state physics is often viewed as dry and tedious this new book presents the topic instead as an exciting exposition of fundamental principles and great intellectual breakthroughs. Beginning with a discussion of how the study of heat capacity of solids ushered in the quantum revolution, the author presents the key ideas of the field while emphasizing the deep underlying concepts. The book begins with a discussion of the Einstein/Debye model of specific heat, and the Drude/Sommerfeld theories of electrons in solids, which can all be understood without reference to any underlying crystal structure. The failures of these theories force a more serious investigation of microscopics. Many of the key ideas about waves in solids are then introduced using one dimensional models in order to convey concepts without getting bogged down with details. Only then does the book turn to consider real materials. Chemical bonding is introduced and then atoms can be bonded together to crystal structures and reciprocal space results. Diffraction experiments, as the central application of these ideas, are discussed in great detail. From there, the connection is made to electron wave diffraction in solids and how it results in electronic band structure. The natural culmination of this thread is the triumph of semiconductor physics and devices. The final section of the book considers magnetism in order to discuss a range of deeper concepts. The failures of band theory due to electron interaction, spontaneous magnetic orders, and mean field theories are presented well. Finally, the book gives a brief exposition of the Hubbard model that undergraduates can understand. The book presents all of this material in a clear fashion, dense with explanatory or just plain entertaining footnotes. This may be the best introductory book for learning solid state physics. It is certainly the most fun to read. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Membrane Protein Crystallization , 2009-05-29 This volume of Current Topics in Membranes focuses on Membrane Protein Crystallization, beginning with a review of past successes and general trends, then further discussing challenges of mebranes protein crystallization, cell free production of membrane proteins and novel lipids for membrane protein crystallization. This publication also includes tools to enchance membrane protein crystallization, technique advancements, and crystallization strategies used for photosystem I and its complexes, establishing Membrane Protein Crystallization as a needed, practical reference for researchers. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Crystallography Made Crystal Clear Gale Rhodes, 2012-12-02 Crystallography Made Crystal Clear is designed to meet the need for an X-ray analysis that is between brief textbook sections and complete treatments. The book provides non-crystallographers with an intellectually satisfying explanation of the principles of how protein models are gleaned from X-ray analysis. The understanding of these concepts will foster wise use of the models, including the recognition of the strengths and weaknesses of pictures or computer graphics. Since proteins comprise the majority of the mass of macromolecules in cells and carry out biologically important tasks, the book will be of interest to biologists.Provides accessible descriptions of principles of x-ray crystallography, built on simple foundations for anyone with a basic science backgroundLeads the reader through clear, thorough, unintimidating explanations of the mathematics behind crystallographyExplains how to read crystallography papers in research journalsIf you use computer-generated models of proteins or nucleic acids for:Studying molecular interactionsDesigning ligands, inhibitors, or drugsEngineering new protein functionsInterpreting chemical, kinetic, thermodynamic, or spectroscopic dataStudying protein foldingTeaching macromolecule structure,and if you want to read new structure papers intelligently; become a wiser user of macromolecular models; and want to introduce undergraduates to the important subject of x-ray crystallography, then this book is for you. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: High Resolution X-Ray Diffractometry and Topography D K Bowen, Brian K Tanner, 2019-08-30 The study and application of electronic materials has created an increasing demand for sophisticated and reliable techniques for examining and characterizing these materials. This comprehensive book looks at the area of x-ray diffraction and the modern techniques available for deployment in research, development, and production. It provides the theoretical and practical background for applying these techniques in scientific and industrial materials characterization. The main aim of the book is to map the theoretical and practical background necessary to the study of single crystal materials by means of high-resolution x-ray diffraction and topography. It combines mathematical formalisms with graphical explanations and hands-on practical advice for interpreting data. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Crystallography and Crystal Defects Anthony Kelly, G. W. Groves, P. Kidd, 2000-04-17 Crystallography and Crystal Defects Revised Edition A. Kelly, Churchill College, Cambridge, UK G. W. Groves, Exeter College, Oxford, UK and P. Kidd, Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London, UK The concepts of crystallography are introduced here in such a way that the physical properties of crystals, including their mechanical behaviour, can be better understood and quantified. A unique approach to the treatment of crystals and their defects is taken in that the often separate disciplines of crystallography, tensor analysis, elasticity and dislocation theory are combined in such a way as to equip materials scientists with knowledge of all the basic principles required to interpret data from their experiments. This is a revised and updated version of the widely acclaimed book by Kelly and Groves that was first published nearly thirty years ago. The material remains timely and relevant and the first edition still holds an unrivalled position at the core of the teaching of crystallography and crystal defects today. Undergraduate readers will acquire a rigorous grounding, from first principles, in the crystal classes and the concept of a lattice and its defects and their descriptions using vectors. Researchers will find here all the theorems of crystal structure upon which to base their work and the equations necessary for calculating interplanar spacings, transformation of indices and manipulations involving the stereographic projection and transformations of tensors and matrices. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: New Trends in Fluorescence Spectroscopy Bernard Valeur, Jean-Claude Brochon, 2012-12-06 Fluorescence is more and more widely used as a tool of investigation, analysis, control and diagnosis in many fields relevant to physical, chemical, biological and medical sciences. New technologies con tinuously emerge thanks to the progress in the design of light sources (e.g. laser diodes), detectors (3D, 4D) and compact ultrafast elec tronic devices. In particular, much progress has been made in time resolved fluorescence microscopy (FUM: Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy; FCS: Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy). Furthermore, the sensitivity now allows one to detect a single mole cule in the restricted field of a confocal microscope, which actually offers the possibility to study phenomena at a molecular level. The development of new fluorescent probes is still a necessity. In particular, the growing use of lasers implies high resistance to photo degradation. Fluorescence emission at long wavelengths is also a distinct advantage. Furthermore, in vivo inclusion of new fluorescent aromatic residues in proteins offer new potentialities in biology. of ions and molecules is Fluorescence-based selective detection still the object of special attention. Considerable effort is being made in the design of supramolecular systems in which the recognition event is converted into a fluorescence signal easily detected. New fluorescent sensors for clinical diagnosis and detection of pollutants in atmosphere and water are extensively developed. All these developments justify the regular publication of books giving the state-of-the-art of the methods and applications of fluo rescence spectroscopy. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Dictionary of Microscopy Julian P. Heath, 2005-09-12 The past decade has seen huge advances in the application of microscopy in all areas of science. This welcome development in microscopy has been paralleled by an expansion of the vocabulary of technical terms used in microscopy: terms have been coined for new instruments and techniques and, as microscopes reach even higher resolution, the use of terms that relate to the optical and physical principles underpinning microscopy is now commonplace. The Dictionary of Microscopy was compiled to meet this challenge and provides concise definitions of over 2,500 terms used in the fields of light microscopy, electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, x-ray microscopy and related techniques. Written by Dr Julian P. Heath, Editor of Microscopy and Analysis (http://www.microscopy-analysis.com), the dictionary is intended to provide easy navigation through the microscopy terminology and to be a first point of reference for definitions of new and established terms. The Dictionary of Microscopy is an essential, accessible resource for: students who are new to the field and are learning about microscopes equipment purchasers who want an explanation of the terms used in manufacturers' literature scientists who are considering using a new microscopical technique experienced microscopists as an aide mémoire or quick source of reference librarians, the press and marketing personnel who require definitions for technical reports. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Fundamentals of Crystallography, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Scientists Dong ZhiLi, 2022-05-23 The structure–property relationship is a key topic in materials science and engineering. To understand why a material displays certain behaviors, the first step is to resolve its crystal structure and reveal its structure characteristics. Fundamentals of Crystallography, Powder X-ray Diffraction, and Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Scientists equips readers with an in-depth understanding of using powder x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy for the analysis of crystal structures. Introduces fundamentals of crystallography Covers XRD of materials, including geometry and intensity of diffracted x-ray beams and experimental methods Describes TEM of materials and includes atomic scattering factors, electron diffraction, and diffraction and phase contrasts Discusses applications of HRTEM in materials research Explains concepts used in XRD and TEM lab training Based on the author’s course lecture notes, this text guides materials science and engineering students with minimal reliance on advanced mathematics. It will also appeal to a broad spectrum of readers, including researchers and professionals working in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, applied physics, and chemical engineering. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Fabrication Engineering at the Micro and Nanoscale Stephen A. Campbell, 2008-01-10 Designed for advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate courses in semiconductor or microelectronic fabrication, the third edition of Fabrication Engineering at the Micro and Nanoscale provides a thorough and accessible introduction to all fields of micro and nano fabrication. |
| the basics of crystallography and diffraction christopher hammond: Polymorphism in Molecular Crystals Joel Bernstein, 2002 Polymorphism - the multiplicity of structures or forms - is a term that is used in many disciplines. In chemistry it refers to the existence of more than one crystal structure for a particular chemical substance. The properties of a substance are determined by its composition and by its structure. In the last two decades, there has been a sharp rise in the interest in polymorphic systems, as an intrinsically interesting phenomenon and as an increasingly important component in the development and marketing of a variety of materials based on organic molecules (e.g. pharmaceuticals, dyes and pigments, explosives, etc.). This book summarizes and brings up to date the current knowledge and understanding of polymorphism of molecular crystals, and concentrates it in one comprehensive source. The book will be an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and professionals in the field. |
BASICS | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
BASICS meaning: 1. the simplest and most important facts, ideas, or things connected with something: 2. If you get…. Learn more.
BASIC Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of BASIC is of, relating to, or forming the base or essence : fundamental. How to use basic in a sentence.
basics noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes ...
basics (of something) the most important and necessary facts, skills, ideas, etc. from which other things develop. the basics of computer programming; This range of books for young children …
BASICS definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
The basics of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones. They will concentrate on teaching the basics of reading, …
Basics - definition of basics by The Free Dictionary
basics - principles from which other truths can be derived; "first you must learn the fundamentals"; "let's get down to basics"
Basics - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
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Basic Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
basics [plural]: the simplest and most important parts of something (such as a subject of study) He's teaching me the basics of Japanese cooking. the basics of computers = computer basics
Learn Python Basics - GeeksforGeeks
Apr 12, 2025 · C++ runs on lots of platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac, etc.Before explaining the basics of C++, we would like to clarify. 8 min read. 10 Best Beginner's Tips for Learning …
What does basics mean? - Definitions.net
Basics refer to the fundamental, essential, or simplest aspects, knowledge, principles, or elements of a subject, concept, or skill set. They form the foundation or starting point for further …
BASICS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
BASICS definition: 1. the simplest and most important facts, ideas, or things connected with something: 2. If you get…. Learn more.
BASICS | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
BASICS meaning: 1. the simplest and most important facts, ideas, or things connected with something: 2. If you …
BASIC Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of BASIC is of, relating to, or forming the base or essence : fundamental. How to use basic in a …
basics noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and u…
basics (of something) the most important and necessary facts, skills, ideas, etc. from which other things …
BASICS definition and meaning | Collins English Dict…
The basics of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to …
Basics - definition of basics by The Free Dictionary
basics - principles from which other truths can be derived; "first you must learn the fundamentals"; "let's get …
