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| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Sophie's World Jostein Gaarder, 1994 The protagonists are Sophie Amundsen, a 14-year-old girl, and Alberto Knox, her philosophy teacher. The novel chronicles their metaphysical relationship as they study Western philosophy from its beginnings to the present. A bestseller in Norway. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Ethics - Part 3 Benedictus De Spinoza, 2021-09-24 Ethics - Part 3, is many of the old books which have been considered important throughout the human history. They are now extremely scarce and very expensive antique. So that this work is never forgotten we republish these books in high quality, using the original text and artwork so that they can be preserved for the present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work and hence the text is clear and readable. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Ethics - Part 2 Benedictus de Spinoza, 2016-06-21 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: An Analysis of Baruch Spinoza's Ethics Gary Slater, Andreas Vrahimis, 2018-02-21 Baruch Spinoza’s Ethics is a dense masterpiece of sustained argumentative reasoning. It earned its place as one of the most important and influential books in Western philosophy by virtue of its uncompromisingly direct arguments about the nature of God, the universe, free will, and human morals. Though it remains one of the densest and most challenging texts in the entire canon of Western philosophy, Ethics is also famous for Spinoza’s unique approach to ordering and constructing its arguments. As its full title – Ethics, Demonstrated in Geometrical Order – suggests, Spinoza decided to use the rigorous format of mathematical-style propositions to lay out his arguments, just as the Ancient Greek mathematician Euclid had used geometrical propositions to lay out the basic rules of geometry. In choosing such a systematic method, Spinoza’s masterwork shows the crucial aspects of good reasoning skills being employed at the highest level. The key use of reasoning is the production of an argument that is well-organised, supports its conclusions and proceeds logically towards its end. Just as a mathematician might demonstrate a geometrical proof, Spinoza sought to lay out a comprehensive philosophy for human existence – an attempt that has influenced generations of philosophers since. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Ethics Part Benedictus de Spinoza, 2010-01 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Consuming Life Zygmunt Bauman, 2013-05-08 With the advent of liquid modernity, the society of producers is transformed into a society of consumers. In this new consumer society, individuals become simultaneously the promoters of commodities and the commodities they promote. They are, at one and the same time, the merchandise and the marketer, the goods and the travelling salespeople. They all inhabit the same social space that is customarily described by the term the market. The test they need to pass in order to acquire the social prizes they covet requires them to recast themselves as products capable of drawing attention to themselves. This subtle and pervasive transformation of consumers into commodities is the most important feature of the society of consumers. It is the hidden truth, the deepest and most closely guarded secret, of the consumer society in which we now live. In this new book Zygmunt Bauman examines the impact of consumerist attitudes and patterns of conduct on various apparently unconnected aspects of social life politics and democracy, social divisions and stratification, communities and partnerships, identity building, the production and use of knowledge, and value preferences. The invasion and colonization of the web of human relations by the worldviews and behavioural patterns inspired and shaped by commodity markets, and the sources of resentment, dissent and occasional resistance to the occupying forces, are the central themes of this brilliant new book by one of the worlds most original and insightful social thinkers. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Methods of Ethics Henry Sidgwick, 2022-05-29 The Threshold Covenant is a scholarly work by Henry Clay Trumbull. It delves into the origins of religious rituals. Henry Clay Trumbull (1830 –1903) was an American clergyman and author. He became a world-famous editor, author, and pioneer of the Sunday School Movement. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Spinoza's 'Theological-Political Treatise' Yitzhak Y. Melamed, Michael A. Rosenthal, 2013-05-30 Spinoza's Theological-Political Treatise was published anonymously in 1670 and immediately provoked huge debate. Its main goal was to claim that the freedom of philosophizing can be allowed in a free republic and that it cannot be abolished without also destroying the peace and piety of that republic. Spinoza criticizes the traditional claims of revelation and offers a social contract theory in which he praises democracy as the most natural form of government. This new Critical Guide presents new essays by well-known scholars in the field and covers a broad range of topics, including the political theory and the metaphysics of the work, religious toleration, the reception of the text by other early modern philosophers, and the relation of the text to Jewish thought. It offers valuable new perspectives on this important and influential work. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Deleuze and Ethics Nathan Jun, 2011-05-09 Deleuze is perhaps best known for his influential works in philosophical interpretation; epistemology; metaphysics; and political economy. The essays in this collection explore, uncover, and trace the ethical dimension of Deleuzian philosophy along divers |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Cambridge History of Moral Philosophy Sacha Golob, Jens Timmermann, 2017-12-31 With fifty-four chapters charting the development of moral philosophy in the Western world, this volume examines the key thinkers and texts and their influence on the history of moral thought from the pre-Socratics to the present day. Topics including Epicureanism, humanism, Jewish and Arabic thought, perfectionism, pragmatism, idealism and intuitionism are all explored, as are figures including Aristotle, Boethius, Spinoza, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and Rawls, as well as numerous key ideas and schools of thought. Chapters are written by leading experts in the field, drawing on the latest research to offer rigorous analysis of the canonical figures and movements of this branch of philosophy. The volume provides a comprehensive yet philosophically advanced resource for students and teachers alike as they approach, and refine their understanding of, the central issues in moral thought. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Courage to Be Paul Tillich, 2023-12-26 The Courage to Be introduced issues of theology and culture to a general readership. The book examines ontic, moral, and spiritual anxieties across history and in modernity. The author defines courage as the self-affirmation of one's being in spite of a threat of nonbeing. He relates courage to anxiety, anxiety being the threat of non-being and the courage to be what we use to combat that threat. Tillich outlines three types of anxiety and thus three ways to display the courage to be. Tillich writes that the ultimate source of the courage to be is the God above God, which transcends the theistic idea of God and is the content of absolute faith (defined as the accepting of the acceptance without somebody or something that accepts). |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Practical Ethics Peter Singer, 2011-02-21 For thirty years, Peter Singer's Practical Ethics has been the classic introduction to applied ethics. For this third edition, the author has revised and updated all the chapters and added a new chapter addressing climate change, one of the most important ethical challenges of our generation. Some of the questions discussed in this book concern our daily lives. Is it ethical to buy luxuries when others do not have enough to eat? Should we buy meat from intensively reared animals? Am I doing something wrong if my carbon footprint is above the global average? Other questions confront us as concerned citizens: equality and discrimination on the grounds of race or sex; abortion, the use of embryos for research and euthanasia; political violence and terrorism; and the preservation of our planet's environment. This book's lucid style and provocative arguments make it an ideal text for university courses and for anyone willing to think about how she or he ought to live. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Better Never to Have Been David Benatar, 2008 Most people believe that they were either benefited or at least not harmed by being brought into existence. David Benatar presents a startling challenge to these assumptions. He argues that people systematically overestimate the quality of their life, and suffer quite serious harms by coming into existence. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Dominion Tom Holland, 2019-10-29 A “marvelous” (Economist) account of how the Christian Revolution forged the Western imagination. Crucifixion, the Romans believed, was the worst fate imaginable, a punishment reserved for slaves. How astonishing it was, then, that people should have come to believe that one particular victim of crucifixion-an obscure provincial by the name of Jesus-was to be worshipped as a god. Dominion explores the implications of this shocking conviction as they have reverberated throughout history. Today, the West remains utterly saturated by Christian assumptions. As Tom Holland demonstrates, our morals and ethics are not universal but are instead the fruits of a very distinctive civilization. Concepts such as secularism, liberalism, science, and homosexuality are deeply rooted in a Christian seedbed. From Babylon to the Beatles, Saint Michael to #MeToo, Dominion tells the story of how Christianity transformed the modern world. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Think Like a Feminist: The Philosophy Behind the Revolution Carol Hay, 2020-09-01 An audacious and accessible guide to feminist philosophy—its origins, its key ideas, and its latest directions. Think Like a Feminist is an irreverent yet rigorous primer that unpacks over two hundred years of feminist thought. In a time when the word feminism triggers all sorts of responses, many of them conflicting and misinformed, Professor Carol Hay provides this balanced, clarifying, and inspiring examination of what it truly means to be a feminist today. She takes the reader from conceptual questions of sex, gender, intersectionality, and oppression to the practicalities of talking to children, navigating consent, and fighting for adequate space on public transit, without deviating from her clear, accessible, conversational tone. Think Like a Feminist is equally a feminist starter kit and an advanced refresher course, connecting longstanding controversies to today’s headlines. Think Like a Feminist takes on many of the essential questions that feminism has risen up to answer: Is it nature or nurture that’s responsible for our gender roles and identities? How is sexism connected to racism, classism, homophobia, transphobia, and other forms of oppression? Who counts as a woman, and who gets to decide? Why have men gotten away with rape and other forms of sexual violence for so long? What responsibility do women themselves bear for maintaining sexism? What, if anything, can we do to make society respond to women’s needs and desires? Ferocious, insightful, practical, and unapologetically opinionated, Think Like a Feminist is the perfect book for anyone who wants to understand the continuing effects of misogyny in society. By exploring the philosophy underlying the feminist movement, Carol Hay brings today’s feminism into focus, so we can deliberately shape the feminist future. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Triumphs of Experience George E. Vaillant, 2012-10-30 At a time when people are living into their tenth decade, the longest longitudinal study of human development ever undertaken offers welcome news for old age: our lives evolve in our later years and often become more fulfilling. Among the surprising findings: people who do well in old age did not necessarily do so well in midlife, and vice versa. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Wall (Intimacy) and Other Stories Jean-Paul Sartre, 1969 One of Sartre's greatest existentialist works of fiction, The Wall contains the only five short stories he ever wrote. Set during the Spanish Civil War, the title story crystallizes the famous philosopher's existentialism. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Ethics of Authenticity Charles Taylor, 2018-08-06 Everywhere we hear of decline, of a world that was better before the influence of modernity. While some lament Western culture’s slide into relativism and nihilism and others celebrate the trend as a liberating sort of progress, Taylor calls on us to face the moral and political crises of our time, and to make the most of modernity’s challenges. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Parmenidean Ascent Michael Della Rocca, 2020 The Parmenidean Ascent is a full-throated and wide-ranging defense of an extreme form of monism or the denial of all distinctions, a form of monism rarely seen since the time of the pre-Socratic philosopher, Parmenides. At once historically sensitive and deeply engaged with trends in recent and contemporary metaphysics, philosophy of action, epistemology, and philosophy of language, The Parmenidean Ascent aims, on rationalist grounds and in a skeptical spirit, to challenge the content of-and to overturn the methods of much of contemporary philosophy. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Consolations of Philosophy Alain De Botton, 2013-01-23 From the author of How Proust Can Change Your Life, a delightful, truly consoling work that proves that philosophy can be a supreme source of help for our most painful everyday problems. Perhaps only Alain de Botton could uncover practical wisdom in the writings of some of the greatest thinkers of all time. But uncover he does, and the result is an unexpected book of both solace and humor. Dividing his work into six sections -- each highlighting a different psychic ailment and the appropriate philosopher -- de Botton offers consolation for unpopularity from Socrates, for not having enough money from Epicurus, for frustration from Seneca, for inadequacy from Montaigne, and for a broken heart from Schopenhauer (the darkest of thinkers and yet, paradoxically, the most cheering). Consolation for envy -- and, of course, the final word on consolation -- comes from Nietzsche: Not everything which makes us feel better is good for us. This wonderfully engaging book will, however, make us feel better in a good way, with equal measures of wit and wisdom. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Myth of Sisyphus And Other Essays Albert Camus, 2012-10-31 One of the most influential works of this century, The Myth of Sisyphus and Other Essays is a crucial exposition of existentialist thought. Influenced by works such as Don Juan and the novels of Kafka, these essays begin with a meditation on suicide; the question of living or not living in a universe devoid of order or meaning. With lyric eloquence, Albert Camus brilliantly posits a way out of despair, reaffirming the value of personal existence, and the possibility of life lived with dignity and authenticity. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Moral Philosophy from Montaigne to Kant J. B. Schneewind, 2003 This anthology contains excerpts from some thirty-two important 17th and 18th century moral philosophers. Including a substantial introduction and extensive bibliographies, the anthology facilitates the study and teaching of early modern moral philosophy in its crucial formative period. As well as well-known thinkers such as Hobbes, Hume, and Kant, there are excerpts from a wide range of philosophers never previously assembled in one text, such as Grotius, Pufendorf, Nicole, Clarke, Leibniz, Malebranche, Holbach and Paley. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: A Short History of Ethics Alasdair MacIntyre, 2017-10-15 A Short History of Ethics is a significant contribution written by one of the most important living philosophers. For the second edition Alasdair MacIntyre has included a new preface in which he examines his book “thirty years on” and considers its impact. It remains an important work, ideal for all students interested in ethics and morality. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Comfort of Things Daniel Miller, 2013-04-24 What do we know about ordinary people in our towns and cities, about what really matters to them and how they organize their lives today? This book visits an ordinary street and looks into thirty households. It reveals the aspirations and frustrations, the tragedies and accomplishments that are played out behind the doors. It focuses on the things that matter to these people, which quite often turn out to be material things – their house, the dog, their music, the Christmas decorations. These are the means by which they express who they have become, and relationships to objects turn out to be central to their relationships with other people – children, lovers, brothers and friends. If this is a typical street in a modern city like London, then what kind of society is this? It’s not a community, nor a neighbourhood, nor is it a collection of isolated individuals. It isn’t dominated by the family. We assume that social life is corrupted by materialism, made superficial and individualistic by a surfeit of consumer goods, but this is misleading. If the street isn’t any of these things, then what is it? This brilliant and revealing portrayal of a street in modern London, written by one the most prominent anthropologists, shows how much is to be gained when we stop lamenting what we think we used to be and focus instead on what we are now becoming. It reveals the forms by which ordinary people make sense of their lives, and the ways in which objects become our companions in the daily struggle to make life meaningful. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Philosophy of Spinoza as Contained in the First, Second, and Fifth Parts of the "Ethics" and in Extracts from the Third and Fourth Benedictus de Spinoza, 1892 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Gilles Deleuze's Difference and Repetition James Williams, 2013-01-31 A new edition of this introduction to Deleuze's seminal work, Difference and Repetition, with new material on intensity, science and action and new engagements with Bryant, Sauvagnargues, Smith, Somers-Hall and de Beistegui. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Modernity and Ambivalence Zygmunt Bauman, 1991 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Of Human Bondage William Somerset Maugham, 1956 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Philosophy of Benedict de Spinoza Benedict de Spinoza, 2009-07 This scarce antiquarian book is a facsimile reprint of the original. Due to its age, it may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. Because we believe this work is culturally important, we have made it available as part of our commitment for protecting, preserving, and promoting the world's literature in affordable, high quality, modern editions that are true to the original work. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Right Side of History Ben Shapiro, 2019 Conservative commentator Ben Shapiro arues that America has a God-shaped hole in its heart--one we shouldn't fill with politics and hate. Too many have lost sight of our moral purpose and our duty to work together for the greater good. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Ethics and the Search for Values Luis E. Navia, Eugene Kelly, 1980 An essential introduction to ethics and values, this comprehensive anthology places the perennial human search for ethical values into historical perspective. The philosophers included are: Aristotle, Marcus Aurelius, Bentham, Cicero, Dewey, Hartman, Hume, James, Kant, Kierkegaard, Mill, Moore, Nietzsche, Plato, Sartre, Scheler, Schopenhauer, Spencer, Spinoza, St. Augustine, and Stevenson. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: A Study of Spinoza's Ethics Jonathan Bennett, Jonathan Francis Bennett, 1984-01-01 With an astonishing erudition . . . and in a direct no-nonsense style, Bennett expounds, compares, and criticizes Spinoza's theses. . . . No one can fail to profit from it. Bennett has succeeded in making Spinoza a philosopher of our time. --W. N. A. Klever, Studia Spinoza |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Road to Inner Freedom Benedictus de Spinoza, 1957 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Ethics Benedictus de Spinoza, 1941 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Great Conversation Norman Melchert, 2002 This best-selling introductory text presents philosophy as an ongoing conversation about humankind's deepest and most persistent concerns. The Great Conversation traces the exchange of ideas between history's key philosophers, demonstrating that while constructing an argument or making a claim, one philosopher almost always has others in mind.The Great Conversation is available in two separate volumes: Volume I covers Hesiod through Descartes (Chapters 1-13); Volume II includes Moving from Medieval to Modern (Chapter 12), and coverage of Descartes through Derrida and Quine (Chapters 13-25). |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: A Free Man's Worship Bertrand Russell, 1923 |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: On the Tranquility of the Mind Seneca, 2017-06-22 Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC - AD 65), fully Lucius Annaeus Seneca and also known simply as Seneca, was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and--in one work--humorist of the Silver Age of Latin literature. As a tragedian, he is best-known for his Medea and Thyestes. He was a tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was forced to take his own life for alleged complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate Nero. However, some sources state that he may have been innocent. His father was Seneca the Elder, his elder brother was Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus, and his nephew was the poet Lucan.In this work, the dialogue takes up the causes of man's restlessness and boredom, then moves on to Seneca's practical rules for happiness and peace of mind, rules based upon reason and virtue. The work is a timeless classic on the ultimate pursuit of happiness. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy Donald M. Borchert, 1996 The first English-language reference of its kind, The Encyclopedia of Philosophy was hailed as 'a remarkable and unique work' (Saturday Review) that contained 'the international who's who of philosophy and cultural history' (Library Journal). |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: The Enlightenment (1650-1800) (SparkNotes History Note) SparkNotes, 2014-08-12 The Enlightenment (1650-1800) (SparkNotes History Note) Making the reading experience fun! SparkNotes History Guides help students strengthen their grasp of history by focusing on individual eras or episodes in U.S. or world history. Breaking history up into digestible lessons, the History Guides make it easier for students to see how events, figures, movements, and trends interrelate. SparkNotes History Guides are perfect for high school and college history classes, for students studying for History AP Test or SAT Subject Tests, and simply as general reference tools.Each note contains a general overview of historical context, a concise summary of events, lists of key people and terms, in-depth summary and analysis with timelines, study questions and suggested essay topics, and a 50-question review quiz. |
| spinoza ethics sparknotes: Spinoza Richard Mason, 2007 Approaching the central themes of Spinoza's thought from both a historical and analytical perspective, this book examines the logical-metaphysical core of Spinoza's philosophy, its epistemology and its ramifications for his much disputed attitude towards religion. Opening with a discussion of Spinoza's historical and philosophical location as the appropriate context for the interpretation of his work, the book goes on to present a non-'logical' reading of Spinoza's metaphysics, a consideration of Spinoza's radical repudiation of Cartesian subjectivism and an examination of how Spinoza wanted religion to be understood in the context of his wider thinking and the influence of his non-Christian background. Mason also assesses Spinoza's significance and importance for philosophy now. |
Baruch Spinoza - Wikipedia
Baruch (de) Spinoza [b] (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, who was born …
Baruch Spinoza - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jun 29, 2001 · Any adequate analysis of Spinoza’s identification of God and Nature will show clearly that Spinoza cannot be a pantheist in the second, immanentist sense. For Spinoza, there is …
Benedict de Spinoza | Biography, Ethics, & Facts | Britannica
May 23, 2025 · Benedict de Spinoza, Dutch Jewish philosopher, one of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal figures of the Enlightenment. His …
Summary of Spinoza’s Philosophy - Reason and Meaning
Dec 13, 2019 · Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) is best known for identifying God with Nature. He does not see God as the transcendent creator of the world. Rather, he views him as the same as …
Baruch Spinoza and the Art of Thinking in Dangerous Times
Feb 5, 2024 · Although Spinoza, then in his late thirties, had previously published only one book, a guide to the fashionable philosophy of René Descartes, he was one of Amsterdam’s most …
Spinoza, Benedict De - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for his Ethics, a monumental work that presents an ethical vision unfolding out of a monistic metaphysics in which God and Nature are identified.
Baruch Spinoza - World History Encyclopedia
Jan 29, 2024 · Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch philosopher who combined rationalism and metaphysics to create a unique system of thought.
Spinoza on Free Will and Freedom - Internet Encyclopedia of …
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch Jewish rationalist philosopher who is most famous for his Ethics and Theological-Political Treatise.
Spinoza’s Life, Works, and Philosophy - The Spinoza Web
The Spinoza Web is a website that seeks to make the Dutch philosopher Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) accessible to a wide range of users from interested novices to advanced scholars, …
Baruch Spinoza’s Philosophy - philosophiesoflife.org
Baruch Spinoza, born on November 24, 1632, in Amsterdam, is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures of early modern philosophy. Spinoza's life and work unfolded during a period of …
Baruch Spinoza - Wikipedia
Baruch (de) Spinoza [b] (24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, who was born …
Baruch Spinoza - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Jun 29, 2001 · Any adequate analysis of Spinoza’s identification of God and Nature will show clearly that Spinoza cannot be a pantheist in the second, immanentist sense. For Spinoza, there is …
Benedict de Spinoza | Biography, Ethics, & Facts | Britannica
May 23, 2025 · Benedict de Spinoza, Dutch Jewish philosopher, one of the foremost exponents of 17th-century Rationalism and one of the early and seminal figures of the Enlightenment. His …
Summary of Spinoza’s Philosophy - Reason and Meaning
Dec 13, 2019 · Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) is best known for identifying God with Nature. He does not see God as the transcendent creator of the world. Rather, he views him as the same as …
Baruch Spinoza and the Art of Thinking in Dangerous Times
Feb 5, 2024 · Although Spinoza, then in his late thirties, had previously published only one book, a guide to the fashionable philosophy of René Descartes, he was one of Amsterdam’s most …
Spinoza, Benedict De - Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for his Ethics, a monumental work that presents an ethical vision unfolding out of a monistic metaphysics in which God and Nature are identified.
Baruch Spinoza - World History Encyclopedia
Jan 29, 2024 · Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch philosopher who combined rationalism and metaphysics to create a unique system of thought.
Spinoza on Free Will and Freedom - Internet Encyclopedia of …
Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) was a Dutch Jewish rationalist philosopher who is most famous for his Ethics and Theological-Political Treatise.
Spinoza’s Life, Works, and Philosophy - The Spinoza Web
The Spinoza Web is a website that seeks to make the Dutch philosopher Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) accessible to a wide range of users from interested novices to advanced scholars, …
Baruch Spinoza’s Philosophy - philosophiesoflife.org
Baruch Spinoza, born on November 24, 1632, in Amsterdam, is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures of early modern philosophy. Spinoza's life and work unfolded during a period of …
