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| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Encyclopedia of Child Behavior and Development Sam Goldstein, Jack A. Naglieri, 2010-11-23 This reference work breaks new ground as an electronic resource. Utterly comprehensive, it serves as a repository of knowledge in the field as well as a frequently updated conduit of new material long before it finds its way into standard textbooks. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Language Development and Social Interaction in Blind Children Miguel Perez Pereira, Gina Conti-Ramsden, 2019-12-09 The Classic Edition of this foundational text includes a new preface from Miguel Pérez-Pereira, examining how the field has developed since first publication. The volume provides an in-depth account of blind children's developing communicative abilities, with particular emphasis on social cognition and language acquisition from infancy to early school age. It provides insights into why the development of blind children may differ from that of sighted children and explores development of theory of mind and perspective taking in language learning. It also discusses the caregiver–child interaction, research on early intervention and practical strategies for blind children that can assist parents and practitioners. The up-to-date preface discusses recent neurological research and the comparison between the psychological development of visually impaired and autistic children. Language Development and Social Interaction in Blind Children continues to facilitate dialogue between those interested in the study of typically developing children and those interested in the development of children who are blind, and challenges some widely held beliefs about the development of communication in blind children. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Introduction to Instructed Second Language Acquisition Shawn Loewen, 2014-07-21 Introduction to Instructed Second Language Acquisition is the first book to present a cohesive view of the different theoretical and pedagogical perspectives that comprise instructed second language acquisition (ISLA), defined as any type of learning that occurs as a result of the manipulating the process and conditions of second language acquisition. The book begins by considering the effectiveness of ISLA and the differences between ISLA and naturalistic L2 learning. It then goes on to discuss the theoretical, empirical, and pedagogical aspects of such key issues in ISLA as grammar learning; interaction in the classroom; focus on form, function and meaning; vocabulary learning; pronunciation learning; pragmatics learning; learning contexts; and individual differences. This timely and important volume is ideally suited for the graduate level ISLA course, and provides valuable insights for any SLA scholar interested in the processes involved in second language learning in classroom settings. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition Marysia Johnson, 2008-10-01 divdivHow does a person learn a second language? In this provocative book, Marysia Johnson proposes a new model of second language acquisition (SLA)—a model that shifts the focus from language competence (the ability to pass a language exam) to language performance (using language competently in real-life contexts). Johnson argues that current SLA theory and research is heavily biased in the direction of the cognitive and experimental scientific tradition. She shows that most models of SLA are linear in nature and subscribe to the conduit metaphor of knowledge transfer: the speaker encodes a message, the hearer decodes the sent message. Such models establish a strict demarcation between learners’ mental and social processes. Yet the origin of second language acquisition is located not exclusively in the learner’s mind but also in a dialogical interaction conducted in a variety of sociocultural and institutional settings, says the author. Drawing on Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s literary theory, she constructs an alternative framework for second language theory, research, teaching, and testing. This approach directs attention toward the investigation of dynamic and dialectical relationships between the interpersonal (social) plane and the intrapersonal (individual) plane. Johnson’s model shifts the focus of SLA away from a narrow emphasis on language competence toward a broader view that encompasses the interaction between language competence and performance. Original and controversial, A Philosophy of Second Language Acquisition offers: · an introduction to Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory and Bakhtin’s literary theory, both of which support an alternative framework for second language acquisition; · an examination of the existing cognitive bias in SLA theory and research; · a radically new model of second language acquisition. /DIV/DIV |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Language and Social Situations Joseph P. Forgas, 2012-12-06 Most of our interactions with others occur within the framework of recurring social situations, and the language choices we make are intimately tied to situational features. Although the interdependence between language and social situations has been well recognized at least since G. H. Mead developed his symbolic interactionist theory, psychologists have been reluctant to devote much interest to this domain until recently. Yet it is arguable that a detailed understanding of the subtle links between situational features and language use must lie at the heart of any genuinely social psychology. This volume contains original contributions from psychologists, linguists and philosophers from the United States, Canada, Europe, Israel, and Australia who share an interest in the social-psychological aspects of language. Their work represents one of the first concentrated attempts to chart the possibilities of this exciting field. It is perhaps in order to say a few words about the origins of this book. The need for a volume integrating research on language and social situations first emerged during the 2nd International Conference of Language and Social Psychology at Bristol University in 1983, at which I was convening a symposium with a similar title at the request of the organizers, Peter Robinson and Howard Giles. When they first approached me with this idea in 1982, I gladly accepted, since my own research on cognitive representations of social episodes seemed eminently relevant to a symposium on language and social situations. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Language and Social Minds Vittorio Tantucci, 2021-04-15 Proposes a new empirical model to analyse how humans can express social cognition at different levels of complexity. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Social Turn in Second Language Acquisition David Block, 2003 This book offers an extended critique of one of the main theoretical approaches to second language acquisition--the input/interaction/output school--on the grounds that it does not take sociolinguistic considerations into account. This boils down to a social approach that complements the dominant cognitive approach. Block's approach, in essence, is to walk through the definitions of each part of the term 'second language acquisition', which is more substantive than it sounds, to broaden future research in the field. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: How Languages are Learned 4th edition - Oxford Handbooks for Language Teachers Patsy M. Lightbown, Nina Spada, 2013-01-10 Teachers are often told that new teaching methods and materials are 'based on the latest research'. But what does this mean in practice? This book introduces you to some of the language acquisition research that will help you not just to evaluate existing materials, but also to adapt and use them in a way that fits what we currently understand about how languages are learned. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Task-Based Language Teaching Rod Ellis, Peter Skehan, Shaofeng Li, Natsuko Shintani, Craig Lambert, 2020 A comprehensive account of the research and practice of task-based language teaching. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Verbal Behavior Burrhus Frederic Skinner, 1957 |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Learning James P. Lantolf, 2000 Topics covered include: learning and teaching languages in the zone of proximal development; L1 mediation in the acquisition of L2 grammar and sociocultural theory as a theory of second language learning. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education Merrill Swain, Penny Kinnear, Linda Steinman, 2011 In this accessible introduction to Vygotskyian sociocultural theory, narratives illuminate key concepts of the theory. These key concepts, addressed across seven chapters, include mediation; Zone of Proximal Development; collaborative dialogue; private speech; everyday and scientific concepts; the interrelatedness of cognition and emotion, activity theory and assessment. An eighth chapter provides readers with an opportunity to consider two additional narratives and apply the SCT concepts that they have become familiar with. These narratives come from individuals in a variety of languages, contexts, ages and proficiencies. We hear from learners, teachers and researchers. Intended for graduate and undergraduate audiences, this textbook includes controversies in the field, questions for collaborative discussion and provides references to important work in the literature of second language teaching, learning and research. This book presents a unique introduction to Sociocultural Theory. Through the telling of fascinating stories the authors familiarize the reader with the concepts that are central to the theory and in particular to how the theory relates to the teaching and learning of languages beyond the first. It is an exceptional piece of scholarship that I think Vygotsky would have wholeheartedly endorsed. James P. Lantolf, the Pennsylvania State University, USA This book is a most welcome addition to the growing literature on sociocultural theory. It is refreshing to come across such a reader-friendly book dealing with complex constructs. The book provides an overview of key concepts in sociocultural theory, and then, using a set of narratives, illustrates how these concepts can be used to explain phenomena in second language learning and teaching, As such, the authors have succeeded in producing an accessible and highly engaging introduction to sociocultural theory. Neomy Storch, The University of Melbourne, Australia Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education is a highly recommended and worthwhile book for all those who seek to understand how sociocultural theory is entailed in teaching practice. Using narratives of teaching recounted in the voices of language learners and teachers, Swain and her co-authors bring the major concepts of Vygotsky to life in clear and accessible ways. Contributing to the conceptual analysis of each story is information on allied concepts, key studies, controversies and discussion topics. This book is certain to be a mainstay in language teacher education programs and in courses on sociocultural theory and second language acquisition. Richard Donato, University of Pittsburg, USA The authors, each from a different background, share a passion for sociocultural theory. Each author brings stories, data and experiences from her area of expertise: second language pedagogy and teacher development (Linda); elementary classroom teaching with second language and bilingual students (Penny) and teaching and research in bilingual education and second language learning (Merrill). Penny lectures at the University of Toronto. Linda is an associate professor at York University in Toronto. Merill is a professor emeritus at OISE University of Toronto. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Social Interaction and the Development of Language and Cognition Alison Garton, 1995 For students of developmental psychology, this book should be a useful reference guide to the main concepts concerned with motherese, scaffolding, socio-cognitive learning and joint problem solving. It is also a contribution to the debate on the influence of social behaviour on development. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Cambridge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Julia Herschensohn, Martha Young-Scholten, 2018-09-06 What is language and how can we investigate its acquisition by children or adults? What perspectives exist from which to view acquisition? What internal constraints and external factors shape acquisition? What are the properties of interlanguage systems? This comprehensive 31-chapter handbook is an authoritative survey of second language acquisition (SLA). Its multi-perspective synopsis on recent developments in SLA research provides significant contributions by established experts and widely recognized younger talent. It covers cutting edge and emerging areas of enquiry not treated elsewhere in a single handbook, including third language acquisition, electronic communication, incomplete first language acquisition, alphabetic literacy and SLA, affect and the brain, discourse and identity. Written to be accessible to newcomers as well as experienced scholars of SLA, the Handbook is organised into six thematic sections, each with an editor-written introduction. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Learning a Second Language through Interaction Rod Ellis, 1999-12-15 This book examines different theoretical perspectives on the role that interaction plays in second language acquisition. The principal perspectives are those afforded by the Interaction Hypothesis, Socio-Cultural Theory and the Levels of Processing model. Interaction is, therefore, defined broadly; it is seen as involving both intermental and intramental activity. The theoretical perspectives are explored empirically in a series of studies which investigate the relationship between aspects of interaction and second language acquisition. A number of these studies consider the effects of interaction on the acquisition of vocabulary (word meanings) by both adult and child L2 learners. In addition, the effects of language aptitude on input processing are considered. Further studies consider the contribution that interaction makes to the acquisition of grammatical knowledge. These studies provide clear evidence that social and intermental interaction are major forces in the acquisition of an L2. Finally, the book, considers a number of pedagogic specifications. In particular, the importance of discourse control as a means of learners’ obtaining the quality of interaction likely to foster acquisition is discussed. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition Stephen D. Krashen, 1982 The present volume examines the relationship between second language practice and what is known about the process of second language acquisition, summarising the current state of second language acquisition theory, drawing general conclusions about its application to methods and materials and describing what characteristics effective materials should have. The author concludes that a solution to language teaching lies not so much in expensive equipment, exotic new methods, or sophisticated language analysis, but rather in the full utilisation of the most important resources - native speakers of the language - in real communication. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Understanding Children's Language and Literacy Penny Mukherji, Teresa O'Dea, 2000 This text aims to assist in the understanding of the way in which children's language and literacy develops . It outlines all the key issues in the area and explains the nature of language, the theories and sequences of language development and the development of reading, writing, listening and speaking skills. The book also includes chapters on bilingualism, communication problems and working with the child who is deaf. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Interaction Jennifer Behney, Susan Gass, 2021-09-23 This Element in the Cambridge Elements in Second Language Acquisition series examines the role of interaction in Second Language Acquisition research, with a focus on the cognitive interactionist approach. The Element describes the major branches of the field, considering the importance of conversational interaction in both the cognitive interactionist framework as well as in sociocultural approaches to second language learning. The authors discuss the key concepts of the framework, including input, negotiation for meaning, corrective feedback, and output. The key readings in the field and the emphases of current and future research are explained. Finally, the authors describe the pedagogical implications that the cognitive interactionist approach has had on the teaching of second languages. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Erving Goffman, 2021-09-29 A notable contribution to our understanding of ourselves. This book explores the realm of human behavior in social situations and the way that we appear to others. Dr. Goffman uses the metaphor of theatrical performance as a framework. Each person in everyday social intercourse presents himself and his activity to others, attempts to guide and cotnrol the impressions they form of him, and employs certain techniques in order to sustain his performance, just as an actor presents a character to an audience. The discussions of these social techniques offered here are based upon detailed research and observation of social customs in many regions. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Second Language Acquisition and the Younger Learner Jenefer Philp, Rhonda Oliver, Alison Mackey, 2008-10-01 This new volume of work highlights the distinctiveness of child SLA through a collection of different types of empirical research specific to younger learners. Characteristics of children’s cognitive, emotional, and social development distinguish their experiences from those of adult L2 learners, creating intriguing issues for SLA research, and also raising important practical questions regarding effective pedagogical techniques for learners of different ages. While child SLA is often typically thought of as simple (and often enjoyable and universally effortless), in other words, as “child’s play”, the complex portraits of young second language learners which emerge in the 16 papers collected in this book invite the reader to reconsider the reality for many younger learners. Chapters by internationally renowned authors together with reports by emerging researchers describe second and foreign language learning by children ranging from pre-schoolers to young adolescents, in home and school contexts, with caregivers, peers, and teachers as interlocutors. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Effects of the Second Language on the First Vivian Cook, 2003-01-01 This study examines changes in the first language of people who know a second language. It presents theories and research that investigate the first language of second language users from a variety of perspectives including vocabulary, pragmatics, cognition and syntax. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Social Interaction and L2 Classroom Discourse Olcay Sert, 2015-08-19 This book offers a close investigation of interactional practices in L2 classrooms. With an emphasis on the multimodal and multilingual resources, this is an essential study for researchers and postgraduate students in TESOL and Applied Linguistics. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Language Acquisition Paul Fletcher, Michael Garman, 1986-05-22 An invaluable resource for students and professionals alike with an interest in child language acquisition. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition Catherine J. Doughty, Michael H. Long, 2008-04-15 The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition presents an integrated discussion of key, and sometimes controversial, issues in second language acquisition research. Discusses the biological and cognitive underpinnings of SLA, mechanisms, processes, and constraints on SLA, the level of ultimate attainment, research methods, and the status of SLA as a cognitive science. Includes contributions from twenty-seven of the world's leading scholars. Provides an invaluable resource for all students and scholars of human cognition, including those in linguistics, psychology, applied linguistics, ESL, foreign languages, and cognitive science. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Sammlung George Herbert Mead, 1997 |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Cambridge Handbook of Corrective Feedback in Second Language Learning and Teaching Hossein Nassaji, Eva Kartchava, 2024-06-13 Corrective feedback is a vital pedagogical tool in language learning. This is the first volume to provide an in-depth analysis and discussion of the role of corrective feedback in second and foreign language learning and teaching. Written by leading scholars, it assembles cutting-edge research and state-of-the-art articles that address recent developments in core areas of corrective feedback including oral, written, computer-mediated, nonverbal, and peer feedback. The chapters are a combination of both theme-based and original empirical studies carried out in diverse second and foreign language contexts. Each chapter provides a concise review of its own topic, discusses theoretical and empirical issues not adequately addressed before, and identifies their implications for classroom instruction and future research. It will be an essential resource for all those interested in the role of corrective feedback in second and foreign language learning and how they can be used to enhance classroom teaching. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Study of Second Language Acquisition Rod Ellis, 1994 This thorough introduction to second language research provides a comprehensive review of the research into learner language, internal and external factors in language acquisition, individual differences, and classroom second language learning. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Constructing a Language Michael TOMASELLO, 2009-06-30 In this groundbreaking book, Tomasello presents a comprehensive usage-based theory of language acquisition. Drawing together a vast body of empirical research in cognitive science, linguistics, and developmental psychology, Tomasello demonstrates that we don't need a self-contained language instinct to explain how children learn language. Their linguistic ability is interwoven with other cognitive abilities. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Practice in a Second Language Robert DeKeyser, 2007-03-12 This volume focuses on 'practice' from a theoretical perspective and includes implications for the classroom. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Teaching English, Language, and Literacy Dominic Wyse, Russell Jones, 2001 This is a text for students on initial teacher training courses, which covers the theory and practice of teaching English, language and literacy. The book is closely related to the new National Literacy Strategy. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Language and Interaction Susan Eerdmans, Carlo Prevignano, Paul J. Thibault, 2003 This book features a fascinating and extended focal interview with Professor John J. Gumperz, who ranges over his long career trajectory and reflects on his scientific achievements and how they relate to the contemporary linguistic scene. In this way, the reader is presented with a snapshot introduction to Gumperz's work in a contemporary context. A number of commentaries provide a stimulating and illuminating series of theoretical and applied encounters with Gumperz's work from different perspectives. In so doing, they shed new light on Gumperz's seminal contribution to the study of language and interaction. In his Response Essay and in a final discussion, Gumperz clarifies his views on many of the topics discussed in the volume, as well as sharing with readers his views on some other approaches to language and interaction that are closely aligned to his own. Sociolinguistics, the ethnographic approach to language, language and social interaction, intercultural communication, communicative conventions, contextualization these are some of the key terms which Professor John J. Gumperz discusses in this wide ranging and searching interview about his career as an anthropological linguist and sociolinguist interested in cultural diversity and intercultural communication. John J. Gumperz, Professor Emeritus of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, is one of the founders of Sociolinguistics whose early work on speech communities and on the relationship of linguistic to social boundaries helped lay the basis for much current work in the field. Since the 1970s he has concentrated on a theory and methods of discourse analysis that can account for the intrinsic diversity of today's communicative environments. His publications include: Language in Social Groups (1962); Ethnography of Communication (1964) and Directions in Sociolinguistics (1972/2002), both coedited with Dell Hymes; Discourse Strategies (1982); Language and Social Identity (1982); and Rethinking Linguistic Relativity (1996), coedited with Steven Levinson. He is currently working on a collection of studies New Ethnographies of Communication (coedited with Marco Jacquemet); and Language in Social Theory. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Reading, Writing and Learning in ESL Suzanne F. Peregoy, Owen F. Boyle, 2016-02-03 This book is the ideal source for teaching oral language, reading, writing, and the content areas in English to K-12 English learners. In an approach unlike most other books in the field, Reading, Writing, and Learning in ESL looks at contemporary language acquisition theory as it relates to instruction and provides detailed suggestions and methods for motivating, involving, and teaching English language learners. Praised for its strong research base, engaging style, and inclusion of specific teaching ideas, the book offers thorough coverage of oral language, reading, writing, and academic content area instruction in English for K-12 English learners. Thoroughly updated throughout, the new edition includes a new chapter on using the Internet and other digital technologies to engage students and promote learning, many new teaching strategies, new and revised activities, and new writing samples. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Maternal Responsiveness Marc H. Bornstein, 1989 |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Memory and Intelligence (Psychology Revivals) Jean Piaget, Bärbel Inhelder, 2015-04-10 In the course of their researches for Mental Imagery in the Child (1971), the authors came to appreciate that action may be more conducive to the formation and conservation of images than is mere perception. This raised the problem of memory and its relation to intelligence, which they examine in this title, originally published in English in 1973. Through the analysis primarily of the child’s capacity for remembering additive and multiplicative logical structures, and his remembrance of causal and spatial structures, the authors investigate whether memories pursue their own course, regardless of the intelligence or whether, in specified conditions, mnemonic improvements may be due to progress in intelligence. They examine the relationship between the memory’s figurative aspects (from perceptive recognition to the memory-image) and its operational aspects (the schemata of the intelligence), and stress the fundamental significance of the mnemonic level known as the ‘reconstructive memory’. This was a pioneering work at the time, presenting illuminating conclusions drawn from extensive research, together with a number of constructive ideas which opened up a fresh approach to an important area of educational psychology. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Child's Talk Jerome Seymour Bruner, Rita Watson, 1983 A detailed look at how children learn to use language covers games and play, linguistic reference, the development of requests, and the transmission of culture |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Minimalist Program, 20th Anniversary Edition Noam Chomsky, 2014-12-19 A classic work that situates linguistic theory in the broader cognitive sciences, formulating and developing the minimalist program. In his foundational book, The Minimalist Program, published in 1995, Noam Chomsky offered a significant contribution to the generative tradition in linguistics. This twentieth-anniversary edition reissues this classic work with a new preface by the author. In four essays, Chomsky attempts to situate linguistic theory in the broader cognitive sciences, with the essays formulating and progressively developing the minimalist approach to linguistic theory. Building on the theory of principles and parameters and, in particular, on principles of economy of derivation and representation, the minimalist framework takes Universal Grammar as providing a unique computational system, with derivations driven by morphological properties, to which the syntactic variation of languages is also restricted. Within this theoretical framework, linguistic expressions are generated by optimally efficient derivations that must satisfy the conditions that hold on interface levels, the only levels of linguistic representation. The interface levels provide instructions to two types of performance systems, articulatory-perceptual and conceptual-intentional. All syntactic conditions, then, express properties of these interface levels, reflecting the interpretive requirements of language and keeping to very restricted conceptual resources. In the preface to this edition, Chomsky emphasizes that the minimalist approach developed in the book and in subsequent work “is a program, not a theory.” With this book, Chomsky built on pursuits from the earliest days of generative grammar to formulate a new research program that had far-reaching implications for the field. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: Mind in Society L. S. Vygotsky, 2012-10-01 Vygotsky has long been recognized as a pioneer in developmental psychology. But his theory of development has never been well understood in the West. Mind in Society corrects much of this misunderstanding. Carefully edited by a group of outstanding Vygotsky scholars, the book presents a unique selection of Vygotsky’s important essays. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: A Dictionary of Language Acquisition:A Comprehensive Overview of Key Terms in First and Second Language Acquisition Hossein Tavakoli, 2013-01-01 A Dictionary of Research Methodology and Statistics in Applied Linguistics is a comprehensive and authoritative reference guide that offers a detailed overview of important terms and concepts in the fields of research and statistics within the domain of applied linguistics. This volume focuses specifically on research in applied linguistics, aiming to clarify the meaning and application of various concepts, approaches, methods, designs, techniques, tools, types, and processes of research in a clear and efficient manner. It also includes entries that address statistical aspects, providing assistance to researchers in formulating, analyzing, and executing their research designs effectively, ensuring a logical progression from start to finish. With approximately 2000 entries covering essential research concepts and issues, this book incorporates cross-references where necessary to enhance understanding and facilitate navigation. It caters to a wide audience, including undergraduate and graduate students, teachers, lecturers, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and individuals seeking information in the field of applied linguistics and related disciplines. |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Input Hypothesis Stephen D. Krashen, 1985 |
| social interactionist theory of language acquisition: The Development of Children’s Thinking Jeremy Carpendale, Charlie Lewis, Ulrich Muller, 2018-01-26 This book is not available as a print inspection copy. To download an e-version click here or for more information contact your local sales representative. The Development of Children’s Thinking offers undergraduate and graduate students in psychology and other disciplines an introduction to several core areas of developmental psychology. It examines recent empirical research within the context of longstanding theoretical debates. In particular, it shows how a grasp of classic theories within developmental psychology is vital for a grasp of new areas of research such as cognitive neuroscience that have impacted on our understanding of how children develop. The focus of this book will be on infancy and childhood, and it looks at: Theories and context of development How developmental psychology attempts to reconcile influences of nature and nurture Communication in infancy as a precursor to later thinking Language development in primates and young children Cognitive and social development, including the child’s understanding of the mind How studies of moral reasoning reflect upon our understanding of development |
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