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| specialized economy: The Medieval Economy and Society Michael Moïssey Postan, 1973 |
| specialized economy: The Guidance of an Enterprise Economy Martin Shubik, Eric Smith, 2022-11-01 A rigorous theory of money, credit, and bankruptcy in the context of a mixed economy, uniting Walrasian general equilibrium with macroeconomic dynamics and Schumpeterian innovation. This book offers a rigorous study of control, guidance, and coordination problems of an enterprise economy, with attention to the roles of money and financial institutions. The approach is distinctive in drawing on game theory, methods of physics and experimental gaming, and, more generally, a broader evolutionary perspective from the biological and behavioral sciences. The proposed theory unites Walrasian general equilibrium with macroeconomic dynamics and Schumpeterian innovation utilizing strategic market games. Problems concerning the meaning of rational economic behavior and the concept of solution are noted. The authors argue that process models of the economy can be built that are consistent with the general equilibrium system but become progressively more complex as new functions are added. Explicit embedding of the economy within the framework of government and society provides a natural, both formal and informal, control system. The authors describe how to build and analyze multistate models with simple assumptions about behavior, and develop a general modeling methodology for the construction of models as playable games. |
| specialized economy: The United States in the World-Economy John Agnew, 1987-05-29 The United States in the World-Economy is a major textbook survey of the rise of the United States within the world-economy and the causes of its relative decline. |
| specialized economy: Habitat, Economy and Society C. Daryll Forde, 2013-11-05 An introduction to the ethnography and human geography of non-European peoples, this book deals with the economic and social life of a number of groups at diverse levels of cultural achievement and in different regions of the world. International in its scope the book covers: Malaysia, Africa, North America, Canada, Siberia, the Amazon, Eastern Solomon Islands, India, Central Asia and the Middle East. Originally published in 1934. This re-issues the seventh edition of 1949. |
| specialized economy: Reframing the Roman Economy Dimitri Van Limbergen, Adeline Hoffelinck, Devi Taelman, 2022-11-17 This book focuses on those features of the Roman economy that are less traceable in text and archaeology, and as a consequence remain largely underexplored in contemporary scholarship. By reincorporating, for the first time, these long-obscured practices in mainstream scholarly discourses, this book offers a more complete and balanced view of an economic system that for too long has mostly been studied through its macro-economic and large-scale – and thus archaeologically and textually omnipresent – aspects. The topic is approached in five thematic sections, covering unusual actors and perspectives, unusual places of production, exigent landscapes of exploitation, less-visible products and artefacts, and divergent views on emblematic economic spheres. To this purpose, the book brings together a select group of leading scholars and promising early career researchers in archaeology and ancient economic history, well positioned to steer this ill-developed but fundamental field of the Roman economy in promising new directions. |
| specialized economy: Mind Economy Ronald Legarski, 2025-04-29 Mind Economy: Language, Thought, and the Fabric of Existence explores the living exchanges that shape human consciousness — where language weaves thought, thought sculpts perception, and meaning becomes the architecture of reality itself. Drawing on philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, and emerging technologies, Ronald Legarski reveals how words are not passive vessels but active currents — currencies that invest in the worlds we inhabit and the futures we create. Through a journey across the ancient roots of language to the unfolding frontiers of artificial intelligence and collective cognition, Mind Economy offers a guide to conscious language stewardship, narrative sovereignty, and the design of luminous futures. This book is both a map and a manifesto: for those ready to build, not just live within, the evolving architecture of existence. |
| specialized economy: Animals and the Economy Steven McMullen, 2016-08-11 This book explores the economic institutions that determine the nature of animal lives as systematically exploited objects traded in a market economy. It examines human roles and choice in the system, including the economic logic of agriculture, experimentation, and animal ownership, and analyses the marginalization of ethical action in the economic system. Animals and the Economy demonstrates that individual consumers and farmers are often left with few truly animal-friendly choices. Ethical participants in the economy must either face down an array of institutional barriers, or exit mainstream markets entirely. This book argues that these issues are not necessary elements of a market system, and evaluates a number of policy changes that could improve the lives of animals in the context of a market economy. |
| specialized economy: The Quest for Home Michael F. Trainor, 2001 The Quest for Home offers a way of reading Mark's Gospel from the perspective of home and household. It argues that the primary living arrangement of the first Christians and the original audience addressed by the Gospel of Mark was the home. This provides both the architectural and theological context for a fresh reading of the Gospel. -- BOOK JACKET. |
| specialized economy: The Quijos Chiefdoms Andrea M. Cuéllar, 2009 Archaeological study of the emergence of the ethnohistorically documented Quijos chiefdoms in the eastern Ecuadorian Andes. This research evaluates links between the emergence of centralized leadership and the organization of agricultural production. The focus is on reconstructing the demographic history of 137 km2 based on a full coverage systematic survey, and on reconstructing patterns of food production and consumption based on analysis of pollen, phytoliths and plant macroremains from the excavation of 31 tests at locations representing different environmental settings and settlement types. The study proposes a sequence starting at about 600 B.C., with the first manifestations of a regional system of centralized authority appearing after about 500 A.D. Neither control of basic resources nor specialized craft production seem to have been important in the social and political dynamics of the emerging Quijos chiefdoms. Complete text in English and Spanish |
| specialized economy: The Financial System and the Economy Maureen Burton, Bruce Brown, 2014-12-18 Attempts to assess whether the United States is in economic decline. Appropriate to general readers as well as economics students and scholars, this book examines the fears of Americans about their economic future. |
| specialized economy: Exotheology Joel L. Parkyn, 2023-08-31 Since antiquity, theology has frequently gone hand in hand with the study of the heavens. Speculation regarding the plurality of worlds, and the possibility of intelligent life beyond Earth, has posed questions for, and been stimulated by, Christian theology. Advancements in astronomy and astrophysics now reveal a vast universe containing trillions of galaxies. Each new exoplanet discovered brings with it a new context in which to consider the place of humanity, and the role of divinity in relation to creatures. In particular, the Christian doctrines of the incarnation and redemption must be understood afresh in light of the likelihood of extraterrestrial life. In Exotheology, Joel L. Parkyn examines the twin historic developments in scientific and theological thought on extraterrestrials from antiquity to the twenty-first century. In doing so he demonstrates a consistent pattern of theological formulations that allow for a distinct relation between Christianity and extraterrestrial life, but this has so far been without sufficient resolution. Applying concepts from anthropology, psychology and sociology to putative extraterrestrials, he explores in new depth the implications of contact, and argues for a 'divine pedagogy' of potential modalities of supernatural presence and action with extraterrestrial intelligences. |
| specialized economy: EBOOK: Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics: Growth and Business Cycles Peter Sørensen, Hans Whitta-Jacobsen, 2010-03-16 Introducing Advanced Macroeconomics: Growth and Business Cycles, 2nd edition provides students with a thorough understanding of fundamental models in macroeconomics and introduces them to methods of formal macroeconomic analysis. Split into two sections, the first half of the book focuses on macroeconomics for the long run, introducing and developing basic models of growth and structural unemployment. The second half of the book deals with the economy in the short run, focusing on the explanation of business fluctuations. This new edition retains the popular pitch and level established in the 1st edition and continues to bridge the gap between intermediate macroeconomics texts and more advanced textbooks. |
| specialized economy: A General View of the Rural Economy of England, 1538-1840 Ann Kussmaul, 1993-07-30 Changes in economic activities across 542 parishes from the beginning of national marriage registration in 1538. |
| specialized economy: Lean Production and Reengineering in the United States and World Economy , |
| specialized economy: The Random Spatial Economy and its Evolution Leslie Curry, 2020-07-09 First published in 1998, this volume, spanning a lifetime's research, is a highly innovative first attempt at a consistent theoretical approach to the elements, structures and dynamics of the geography of agents, settlements and trade. Cause and effect are replaced by chance within constraints. Populations are substituted for unreal representative individuals, variability for uniformity, probabilistic process for unique history. Ignorance is a major factor in interpersonal and inter-areal commercial relations so that the focus is on flows of information and their effects on the efficiency of the economy or, alternatively, on changes in its information content. Recent work on spatial arrangements in many physical and social sciences is incorporated but always interpreted from an overriding geographical viewpoint. Key concepts are locational potential, distance friction, mobility, diffusion, spatial pattern and texture, adaptability, efficiency, spatial interaction and dependence. Analytic methods include autocovariance and transfer functions, areal special densities and entropy. Various forms of self-organization of economic spatial patterns are examined. |
| specialized economy: Uneven Economic Resilience of Old Industrial Cities in China Xiaohui Hu, 2024-03-12 Taking the Chinese context seriously, this book provides critical reflections and policy-informed accounts of how and why old industrial cities generate uneven resilience in the face of crisis. It offers unconventional conceptualizations and on-the-ground empirical studies in the Chinese context when it comes to the literature on regional economic resilience. Theoretically, this book adopts multiple perspectives, including evolutionary, complex adaptive systems, and institutional and geographical political economy, to provide a more systematic understanding of regional economic resilience in Chinese old industrial cities. Empirically, this book adopts a comparative analysis approach to explore the in-depth nature of uneven regional economic resilience by focusing on two coal mining regions in China. The book also makes an additional and timely academic contribution to the literature on the conceptualization and empirics of regional economic resilience under the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This book is suitable for undergraduate and graduate students and scholars interested in economic geography in general and regional economic resilience, regional industrial dynamics and old industrial cities in China in particular. It is also a useful reference for local and regional governments, as well as businesses, for policy-making and action in the face of crisis. |
| specialized economy: Bene Israel Alexander Fantalkin, Assaf Yasur-Landau, 2008-12-31 This collection of twelve papers, dedicated to Professor Israel Finkelstein, deals with various aspects concerning the archaeology of Israel and the Levant during the Bronze and Iron Ages. Although the area under discussion runs from southeastern Turkey (Alalakh) down to the arid zones of the Negev Desert, the main emphasis is on the Land of Israel. This collection provides the most recent evaluation of a number of thorny issues in Israeli archaeology during the Bronze and Iron Ages and specifically addresses chronology, state formation, identity, and agency. It offers, inter alia, a fresh look at the burial practices and iconography of the periods disscussed, as well as a re-evaluation of the subsistence economy and settlement patterns. This book is finely illustrated with more than sixty original drawings. “...I cannot but emphasize that this volume contains a collection of very interesting and, in some cases, important studies on the archaeology of the Bronze and Iron Age Levant, a fitting tribute to a consummate teacher and researcher.” Aren M. Maeir, Bar-Ilan University |
| specialized economy: The Rise of Professional Society Harold Perkin, 2003-10-04 A stimulating and controversial framework for the study of British society, challenging accepted paradigms based on class analysis. Perkins argues that the non-capitalist professional class represents a new principle of social organization. |
| specialized economy: Routledge Library Editions: Economic Geography Various, 2021-06-23 The books in this set, originally published between 1968 and 1992 introduce the reader to the many lines of thought in the literature on economic geography and tie these various aspects together within the concept of the economy. As well as providing a comprehensive overview of the Western European economy since the Second World War, and including specific studies and assessments of the Dutch and Italian economies, these volumes examine the economic factors that have shaped cities and patterns of urbanization. |
| specialized economy: Economic Geography B. W. Hodder, Roger Lee, 2015-03-27 This book introduces the reader to the many lines of thought in the literature on economic geography and ties these various aspects together within the concept of the economy. The book focusses on the dynamic and integrated nature of economies at different scales and levels of development. Emphasis is laid on the processes at work within economies. The authors discuss the concept of the economy, helping both to clarify the nature of economic activity and to reveal the importance and sources of economic power as the underlying means of control in economies. They also demonstrate that the operation of an economy and the distribution of economic power are critical influences on many other, apparently non-economic, aspects of human existence. |
| specialized economy: Low Country Gullah Culture, Special Resource Study , 2003 |
| specialized economy: Social Change and Cultural Continuity Among Native Nations Duane Champagne, 2007 This book defines the broad parameters of social change for Native American nations in the twenty-first century, as well as their prospects for cultural continuity. Many of the themes Champagne tackles are of general interest in the study of social change including governmental, economic, religious, and environmental perspectives. This book is an excellent resource for use in anthropology, sociology, ethnic studies, or Native American studies classes. |
| specialized economy: Mathematical Demoeconomy Yuri S. Popkov, 2014-04-02 This monograph aspires to lay the foundations of a new scientific discipline, demoeconomics, representing the synthesis of demography and spatial economics. This synthesis is performed in terms of interaction between population and its economic activity. The monograph appears a unique research work having no analogs in scientific literature. Demoeconomic systems are studied involving the macrosystems approach which combines the generalized entropy maximization principle and the local equilibria principle. Demoeconomic systems operate in an uncertain environment; thus and so, the monograph develops the methodology and technique of probabilistic modeling and forecasting of their evolution. |
| specialized economy: Controversies in Local Economic Development Martin Perry, 2010-07-02 Efforts to promote the economic development of individual localities engage the attention of academics, students and professionals. Many such analysts argue that competitive advantage can be fostered within local economies, complimenting the advent of a more globalised economy. Intensified efforts to build new economic foundations show no sign of abating despite the apparent increase in the international mobility of businesses and employment. Unpicking the arguments supporting different strategies for promoting local economic development, Controversies in Local Economic Development is an introductory guide to some of the major ideas and policy tools that have influenced academic debate and development practice. Taking the view that economic processes are mechanisms that promote desired outcomes only in particular contexts, the book asks questions of both academic debates and the prescriptions of policy experts. |
| specialized economy: Rural Economic Development in the 1980's United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, 1987 |
| specialized economy: Urban Empires Edward Glaeser, Karima Kourtit, Peter Nijkamp, 2020-09-23 We live in the ‘urban century’. Cities all over the world – in both developing and developed countries – display complex evolutionary patterns. Urban Empires charts the backgrounds, mechanisms, drivers, and consequences of these radical changes in our contemporary systems from a global perspective and analyses the dominant position of modern cities in the ‘New Urban World’. This volume views the drastic change cities have undergone internationally through a broad perspective and considers their emerging roles in our global network society. Chapters from renowned scholars provide advanced analytical contributions, scaling applied and theoretical perspectives on the competitive profile of urban agglomerations in a globalizing world. Together, the volume traces and investigates the economic and political drivers of network cities in a global context and explores the challenges over governance that are presented by mega-cities. It also identifies and maps out the new geography of the emergent ‘urban century’. With contributions from well-known and influential scholars from around the world, Urban Empires serves as a touchstone for students and researchers keen to explore the scientific and policy needs of cities as they become our age’s global power centers. |
| specialized economy: On the Distributive Effects of Terms of Trade Shocks International Monetary Fund, 2010-10-01 We introduce non-tradable goods to the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) model to study the distributive effects of terms of trade shocks. We show that the employment of resources in activities producing exclusively for the local market induces a crucial association between domestic spending and factor demand and prices, which is absent in the usual HOS framework. Specifically, in a two-sector economy (producing only exportable and non-tradable goods) there are no redistributive effects of external terms of trade shifts-i.e. no Stolper-Samuelson-type of effect. By extending the model to the domestic production of a third, importable good, we show that distributional tensions arise. Distributional conflicts occur within urban labor groups (skilled vs. unskilled) and not only between the traditional rural vs. urban factors. Finally, export taxes are imposed to re-distribute the effects of external shocks. We show that the ability of the government to cushion the impact of the terms of trade shift on the economy’s income distribution depends crucially on the use of the tax revenues. |
| specialized economy: Competition Policy and Resource Utilization David Oluwadare Adetoro, 2016-04-26 This book examines the extent to which competition law and policy could be employed to promote the efficient allocation of resources in resource-dependent developing economies. Its background inquiry into competition policy and the analysis of economic problems of resource-dependent developing economies inspired by global competition trends in the United States and Europe provide an indispensable framework for understanding competition policy and current attitudes to regulation in a liberalised developing economy. The book provides a systematic exposition of some of the problems associated with resource-dependent economies and the implications for competition and what kinds of conduct in which firms can and cannot engage. In addition to building on basic competition and antitrust concepts, it offers insights into some prevailing problems, which include the issue of ‘resource curse’, rent-seeking, corruption, and abusive business practices, among others. Their examination here is aligned with scrutiny of the characteristics of developing countries in contrast to developed countries; Nigeria is taken as a proxy for resource-dependent developing countries. The book also determines whether competition law and policy could be used as a tool for addressing competition problems that may exist in resource-dependent developing countries. This book provides meaningful material for both undergraduate and graduate business school programs. In addition, it will be of great interest to lawyers, historians, economists, sociologists, and policy makers in both government and business who wish to understand competition issues in a clear and rigorous way in developing economies. |
| specialized economy: The Rise of the Amsterdam Market and Information Exchange Clé Lesger, 2016-12-05 Most scholars agree that during the sixteenth century, the centre of European international trade shifted from Antwerp to Amsterdam, presaging the economic rise of the Dutch Republic in the following century. Traditionally this shift has been accepted as the natural consequence of a dynamic and progressive city, such as Amsterdam, taking advantage of expanding commercial opportunities at the expense of a more conservative rival hampered by outmoded medieval practices. Yet, whilst this theory is widely accepted, is it accurate? In this groundbreaking study, Clé Lesger argues that the shift of commercial power from Antwerp to Amsterdam was by no means inevitable, and that the highly specialized economy of the Low Countries was more than capable of adapting to the changing needs of international trade. It was only when the Dutch Revolt and military campaigns literally divided the Low Countries into separate states that the existing stable spatial economy and port system fell apart, and a restructuring was needed. Within this process of restructuring the port of Amsterdam acquired a function radically different to the one it had prior to the division of the Netherlands. Before the Revolt it had served as the northern outport in a gateway system centred on Antwerp, but with access of that port now denied to the new republic, Amsterdam developed as the main centre for Dutch shipping, trade and - crucially - the exchange of information. Drawing on a wide variety of neglected archival collections (including those of the Bank of Amsterdam), this study not only addresses specific historical questions concerning the commercial life of the Low Countries, but through the case study of Amsterdam, also explores wider issues of early modern European commercial trade and economic development. |
| specialized economy: The Journal of Political Economy , 1920 Deals with research and scholarship in economic theory. Presents analytical, interpretive, and empirical studies in the areas of monetary theory, fiscal policy, labor economics, planning and development, micro- and macroeconomic theory, international trade and finance, and industrial organization. Also covers interdisciplinary fields such as history of economic thought and social economics. |
| specialized economy: The Regional World Michael Storper, 1997-10-31 This pioneering volume proposes a compelling new theory of how regions have sustained their economic viability in the era of multinational corporations. Unlike traditional approaches, which analyze economic systems in terms of their mechanics (inputs, outputs, prices, technology, etc.), this work views them as systems for coordinating human actions and relationships. Reconceptualizing the role of learning, technology, and local institutions in development, Storper illuminates the key role of regional economies as building blocks of the increasingly connected world. A thought-provoking and timely work, The Regional World carries resounding implications for educators, students, and policymakers in economic geography, economic sociology, and international business. It is an essential primary or supplementary text for graduate-level courses on economic, regional, or industrial development and policy and international business. |
| specialized economy: The Economics of Tourism Destinations Guido Candela, Paolo Figini, 2012-09-11 The book aims at providing an overview of the main economic issues related to tourism activities. While tourism is an important sector, contributing to more than 10% of the European Union’s GDP, research and teaching at the university level has only recently grown to a considerable level, and the field still lacks a firm research methodology. This book approaches tourism economics as an applied field of study in which tourism markets are represented as imperfect markets, with asymmetric and incomplete information among agents, bounded rationality, and with a strong presence of externalities and public goods. The economic issues studied in the book are approached both intuitively, largely using examples and case studies, and formally, with mathematical formalizations in text boxes. |
| specialized economy: Large Countries’ Development Path: Experience and Theory Yao Ouyang, 2022-03-04 This book aims to propose a unique analytical framework to find out the general successful experience for large developing countries, which are defined with two main physical characters of large population and vast land. They are naturally crucial for the global development. Thirteen countries are chosen as large developing countries in this book, which are China, India, Russia, Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa, Iran, Egypt, Pakistan, Nigeria, Ethiopia and Congo (DRC). On the basis of selecting massive data, the author analyzes the performance of large countries in terms of human resources, natural resources, market size and other factors. The book conducts the comparative study of large countries’ latecomer strength, transformation path and innovation strategy with the perspective of development economics. It presents a comprehensive overview about large developing countries |
| specialized economy: The Dynamics of the Wealth of Nations Mauro Baranzini, G. Harcourt, 1993-06-15 This collection of essays attempts to evaluate Luigi Pasinetti's contribution and to give new insights into the issues which he has illuminated. The volume also provides a general assessment of the significance of a number of key issues of the 'pure' Post-Keynesian School of economic thought, which has, and still has, its strong hold in the University of Cambridge, and to which Luigi Pasinetti has become the 'senior heir' since the deaths of the founding members, Piero Sraffa, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor and Richard Kahn in the 1980s. |
| specialized economy: Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade Peter A. G. van Bergeijk, 2014-05-14 The book presents an overview of the general aspects of trade uncertainty, a central element in the analysis of economic diplomacy, illustrating that some instruments, such as sanctions (both positive and negative), increase trade uncertainty, whilst others - multilateral trade policy, for instance - aim to reduce this uncertainty. Commercial policy and bilateral economic diplomacy are explored, and economic sanctions analysed. An extensive review of the literature and empirical investigations of 161 sanctions and the commercial relationships of 37 countries provide topical and empirical perspectives on how international diplomacy may both be a cost and a benefit of the key drivers of productivity growth. Finally, policy conclusions are drawn, and a future research agenda presented. |
| specialized economy: Bethsaida in Archaeology, History and Ancient Culture J. Harold Ellens, 2014-06-12 This volume is an archaeological analysis, history, and description of a key excavation of the site of biblical Bethsaida, the most important Holy Land location in the narrative of Jesus’ life. This volume presents some of the pre-eminent biblical archaeological scholars in the field, all of whom were associated with Professor John T. Greene, either in the process of decades of archaeological exploration of the ancient site of Bethsaida, or in some other related activity in the field of biblical studies and religion. Professor Greene has been a leading scholar in the excavation and publication of field reports and historical and biblical analysis of the rich lode of discoveries that Bethsaida has revealed to us. This volume will be the highly sought-after summary of the historical-biblical information now available about ancient Bethsaida, the location at which Jesus vacationed, taught, healed, and announced his self-perception as the promised Jewish Messiah who became a new kind of Christian Messiah after his death by crucifixion on a Roman cross in approximately 30 CE in Jerusalem. Bethsaida in Archaeology, History, and Ancient Culture: A Festschrift in Honor of John T. Greene, describes the operational life of the ordinary people, religious communities, military movements, and socio-political hierarchy, from a ground-level perspective of the centuries before and during the lifetimes of Philo Judaeus, Jesus of Nazareth, and Flavius Josephus. It is unique in its popular presentation of this key era for scholarly research, appealing to both scholars in the field and informed non-professional readers, as well as scholars in corollary disciplines. This volume will be immensely sought after by a wide range of those persons who expect interesting, important, and highly readable works from municipal and academic libraries, as well as the popular book stores throughout the English speaking world. |
| specialized economy: Current Research at Kultepe-Kanesh Levent Atici, Gojko Barjamovic, Andrew Fairbairn, Fikri Kulakoglu, 2014-03-18 The material remains and the more than 23,500 cuneiform tablets unearthed at the site of Kultepe (ancient Kanesh) shed light on social, political, and economic aspects of the Middle Bronze age (ca. 2000-1700 years BC) in central Anatolia, but also in Upper Mesopotamia. The rich textual record provides ample information on a very sophisticated supraregional market economy, representing one of the best-documented historical cases of long-distance trade in the ancient world. Although the site was first excavated in 1893, followed by intermittent excavations between 1906 and 2005, modern scientific and interdisciplinary excavations have only been undertaken since 2006. The new scientific research at Kultepe-Kanesh has already begun amassing new data and providing us with a unique opportunity to generate new perspectives and to challenge previous models and assumptions about, for example, trade, colonialism, ethnicity, art, religious ideas, identity, and patterns of social, political, and economic organization in the Near East during the Middle Bronze Age. A primary goal of this special volume is to integrate the work of scholars in archaeology, archaeometry, bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology, and history to develop a new synthetic research paradigm for investigating issues of trade, colonialism, ethnicity, art, identity, and urbanization in the Near East in a unified fashion. |
| specialized economy: Rural Development Research Report , 1978 |
| specialized economy: Rural Economic Development in the 1980's , 1988 |
| specialized economy: Agricultural Cooperatives In Transition Csaba Csaki, Yoav Kislev, 2021-11-28 Originally published in 1993, this is a study of agricultural co-operatives. The farming structure in transition countries has shifted from dominance of large corporate farms to family smallholdings. Smallholders everywhere experience difficulties with access to market services, including sale of products, purchase of inputs, and acquisition of machinery; they suffer from credit shortages and have limited access to information and advisory services. The barriers to market access prevent smallholders from fully exploiting their inherent productivity advantages. Best-practice world experience highlights farmers' service cooperatives, created by grassroots users, as the most effective way of improving the market access of small farmers. Service cooperatives also help smallholders overcome market failures, when private business entrepreneurs are unwilling to provide services in areas that they judge unprofitable or unfairly exploit users through monopolistic practices. These difficulties and market failures are prominent in transition countries and scholars accordingly expected rapid development of agricultural service cooperatives in response to smallholder needs. The present volume explores gaps between expectations and reality. |
specialized on vs specialized in | WordReference Forums
Feb 13, 2024 · "Specialized in" is the most common term, especially when talking academic fields. I just googled "specialized on" and did find examples, but to me they sound strange. The …
Specialized on/at - WordReference Forums
Jun 15, 2009 · Hi guys, I'm a journalist but, honestly speaking, I don't know if: 1) I'm specialized on environmental issues or if: 2) I'm specialized about enironmental issues Please, help me to …
We are specialized in VS We specialize in - WordReference Forums
Apr 23, 2011 · Yes! I agree with your example that "specialized" should be used as an adjective. But I think for those who are using "be specialized in" they are treating "specialized" as an …
Specialised and Specialized | WordReference Forums
Nov 12, 2008 · Aupick suggests that in BE we accept either ise or ize, but emphasises consistency.He suggests always using ize in AE.
Die temperature - WordReference Forums
Feb 20, 2018 · "The on-chip temperature sensor outputs a voltage inversely proportional to the die temperature, and the relationship between the die temperature and the output voltage is …
qd, bid, tid, qid (doses) | WordReference Forums
May 2, 2007 · Specialized Terminology. Medical Terminology . qd, bid, tid, qid (doses) Thread starter bodjbod; Start ...
Transport Company or Transportation Company
Sep 5, 2006 · In AE it's much more frequently transportation company, at least as the public would describe it. Among transport or logistics professionals you will hear both, and other …
intervening-party - WordReference Forums
Jun 5, 2013 · Hola: tengo problemas con la traducción al español de: "intervening-party". Sólo los términos en negrita, voy a colocar parte del contrato como contexto. Se trata de un contrato …
Memoria de Calculo - WordReference Forums
Jan 29, 2008 · Hola, Me gustaria saber si alguien sabe la traduccion correcta de "Memoria de Calculo". Es usada en la siguiente frase "Memoria de cálculo estructura metálica puentes con …
Servicios de encamamiento en hospital - WordReference Forums
Aug 5, 2008 · Hola Monica: ¡ Bienvenida a WR ! Por favor, describe que es lo que intentas decir con "servicio de encamamiento", puede ser obvio para ti, pero debido a diferencias regionales …
specialized on vs specialized in | WordReference Forums
Feb 13, 2024 · "Specialized in" is the most common term, especially when talking academic fields. I just googled "specialized on" and did find examples, but to me they sound strange. The …
Specialized on/at - WordReference Forums
Jun 15, 2009 · Hi guys, I'm a journalist but, honestly speaking, I don't know if: 1) I'm specialized on environmental issues or if: 2) I'm specialized about enironmental issues Please, help me to …
We are specialized in VS We specialize in - WordReference Forums
Apr 23, 2011 · Yes! I agree with your example that "specialized" should be used as an adjective. But I think for those who are using "be specialized in" they are treating "specialized" as an …
Specialised and Specialized | WordReference Forums
Nov 12, 2008 · Aupick suggests that in BE we accept either ise or ize, but emphasises consistency.He suggests always using ize in AE.
Die temperature - WordReference Forums
Feb 20, 2018 · "The on-chip temperature sensor outputs a voltage inversely proportional to the die temperature, and the relationship between the die temperature and the output voltage is …
qd, bid, tid, qid (doses) | WordReference Forums
May 2, 2007 · Specialized Terminology. Medical Terminology . qd, bid, tid, qid (doses) Thread starter bodjbod; Start ...
Transport Company or Transportation Company
Sep 5, 2006 · In AE it's much more frequently transportation company, at least as the public would describe it. Among transport or logistics professionals you will hear both, and other …
intervening-party - WordReference Forums
Jun 5, 2013 · Hola: tengo problemas con la traducción al español de: "intervening-party". Sólo los términos en negrita, voy a colocar parte del contrato como contexto. Se trata de un contrato …
Memoria de Calculo - WordReference Forums
Jan 29, 2008 · Hola, Me gustaria saber si alguien sabe la traduccion correcta de "Memoria de Calculo". Es usada en la siguiente frase "Memoria de cálculo estructura metálica puentes con …
Servicios de encamamiento en hospital - WordReference Forums
Aug 5, 2008 · Hola Monica: ¡ Bienvenida a WR ! Por favor, describe que es lo que intentas decir con "servicio de encamamiento", puede ser obvio para ti, pero debido a diferencias regionales …
