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| semantics exercises: The Structure of Modern English Laurel J. Brinton, 2000 This text is designed for undergraduate and graduate students interested in contemporary English, especially those whose primary area of interest is English as a second language. Focus is placed exclusively on English data, providing an empirical explication of the structure of the language. |
| semantics exercises: Understanding Semantics Sebastian Loebner, 2013-06-26 Understanding Semantics, Second Edition, provides an engaging and accessible introduction to linguistic semantics. The first part takes the reader through a step-by-step guide to the main phenomena and notions of semantics, covering levels and dimensions of meaning, ambiguity, meaning and context, logical relations and meaning relations, the basics of noun semantics, verb semantics and sentence semantics. The second part provides a critical introduction to the basic notions of the three major theoretical approaches to meaning: structuralism, cognitive semantics and formal semantics. Key features include: A consistent mentalist perspective on meaning Broad coverage of lexical and sentence semantics, including three new chapters discussing deixis, NP semantics, presuppositions, verb semantics and frames Examples from a wider range of languages that include German, Japanese, Spanish and Russian. Practical exercises on linguistic data Companion website including all figures and tables from the book, an online dictionary, answers to the exercises and useful links at routledge.com/cw/loebner This book is an essential resource for all undergraduate students studying semantics. Sebastian Löbner is a Professor of Linguistics at the Institute for Language and Information at the University of Düsseldorf, Germany |
| semantics exercises: Semantics James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, 1983-04-28 Introduces the major elements of semantics in a simple, step-by-step fashion. Sections of explanation and examples are followed by practice exercises with answers and comment provided. |
| semantics exercises: Semantics as Science Richard K. Larson, 2022-11-22 An introductory linguistics textbook that takes a novel approach: studying linguistic semantics as an exercise in scientific theory construction. This introductory linguistics text takes a novel approach, one that offers educational value to both linguistics majors and nonmajors. Aiming to help students not only grasp the fundamentals of the subject but also engage with broad intellectual issues and develop general intellectual skills, Semantics as Science studies linguistic semantics as an exercise in scientific theory construction. Semantics offers an excellent medium through which to acquaint students with the notion of a formal, axiomatic system—that is, a system that derives results from a precisely articulated set of assumptions according to a precisely articulated set of rules. The book develops semantic theory through the device of axiomatic T-theories, first proposed by Alfred Tarski more than eighty years ago, introducing technical elaboration only when required. It adopts Japanese as its core object of study, allowing students to explore and investigate the real empirical issues arising in the context of non-English structures, a non-English lexicon and non-English meanings. The book is structured as a laboratory science text that poses specific empirical questions, with 25 short units, each of which can be covered in one class session. The layout is engagingly visual, designed to help students understand and retain the material, with lively illustrations, examples, and quotations from famous scholars. |
| semantics exercises: Semantics Kate Kearns, 2017-09-16 Assuming no prior experience, this core textbook introduces formal semantics in an accessible and engaging way and provides students with a solid understanding of a range of semantic phenomena. It explores a wealth of topics, including generalized quantifier theory, referential opacity, aktionsarten, thematic roles and lexical conceptual structure, tense and aspect and event semantics. Chapters are illustrated with numerous examples to contextualise the theory, and practical exercises encourage students to engage with the text and develop their problem-solving skills. This is an essential text for undergraduates and postgraduates involved in the study of semantics. It is an ideal text for a wide range of modules on the philosophy of language, linguistic meaning and formal semantics. New to this Edition: - Fully revised and updated, with new material on type theory, the lambda calculus, semantic composition, reference to times in a narrative and discourse representation theory - Exercises now graded according to level of difficulty, from beginner to very advanced level |
| semantics exercises: An Advanced Introduction to Semantics Igor Mel'čuk, Jasmina Milićević, 2020-04-02 This book is an advanced introduction to semantics that presents this crucial component of human language through the lens of the 'Meaning-Text' theory - an approach that treats linguistic knowledge as a huge inventory of correspondences between thought and speech. Formally, semantics is viewed as an organized set of rules that connect a representation of meaning (Semantic Representation) to a representation of the sentence (Deep-Syntactic Representation). The approach is particularly interesting for computer assisted language learning, natural language processing and computational lexicography, as our linguistic rules easily lend themselves to formalization and computer applications. The model combines abstract theoretical constructions with numerous linguistic descriptions, as well as multiple practice exercises that provide a solid hands-on approach to learning how to describe natural language semantics. |
| semantics exercises: Introducing Semantics Nick Riemer, 2010-03-25 An introduction to the study of meaning in language for undergraduate students. |
| semantics exercises: Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics Patrick Griffiths, 2016-12-15 An introduction to the linguistic study of meaning, this book outlines the meaning potential (semantics) of English and how language knowledge is put to use (pragmatics). As well as gaining a systematic overview of meaning in English, readers can learn how to argue for analyses. Among the significant concepts introduced are denotation, sense relations, event types, explicature, implicature, presupposition, metaphor, reference, speech acts and (at an elementary level) Generalised Quantifier Theory. Sense relations - such as antonymy and hyponymy - are presented as summarising patterns of entailment. The sense of a word is seen as the contributions it makes to the entailments carried by sentences. |
| semantics exercises: Understanding Semantics Sebastian Löbner, Sebastian Loebner, 2014-04-23 This series provides approachable, yet authoritative, introductions to all the major topics in linguistics. Ideal for students with little or no prior knowledge of linguistics, each book carefully explains the basics, emphasising understanding of the essential notions rather than arguing for a particular theoretical position. Understanding Semantics offers a complete introduction to linguistic semantics. The book takes a step-by-step approach, starting with the basic concepts and moving through the central questions to examine the methods and results of the science of linguistic meaning. Understanding Semantics unites the treatment of a broad scale of phenomena using data from different languages with a thorough investigation of major theoretical perspectives. It leads the reader from their intuitive knowledge of meaning to a deeper understanding of the use of scientific reasoning in the study of language as a communicative tool, of the nature of linguistic meaning, and of the scope and limitations of linguistic semantics. Ideal as a first textbook in semantics for undergraduate students of linguistics, this book is also recommended for students of literature, philosophy, psychology and cognitive science. |
| semantics exercises: Propositional Logics 3rd edition Richard L Epstein, 2018-11-05 This book presents the history, philosophy, and mathematics of the major systems of propositional logic. Classical logic, modal logics, many-valued logics, intuitionism, paraconsistent logics, and dependent implication are examined in separate chapters. Each begins with a motivation in the originators' own terms, followed by the standard formal semantics, syntax, and completeness theorem. The chapters on the various logics are largely self-contained so that the book can be used as a reference. An appendix summarizes the formal semantics and axiomatizations of the logics. The view that unifies the exposition is that propositional logics comprise a spectrum: as the aspect of propositions under consideration varies, the logic varies. Each logic is shown to fall naturally within a general framework for semantics. A theory of translations between logics is presented that allows for further comparisons, and necessary conditions are given for a translation to preserve meaning. For this third edition the material has been re-organized to make the text easier to study, and a new section on paraconsistent logics with simple semantics has been added which challenges standard views on the nature of consequence relations. The text includes worked examples and hundreds of exercises, from routine to open problems, making the book with its clear and careful exposition ideal for courses or individual study. |
| semantics exercises: Communicatio Idiomatum Richard Cross, 2019 This study offers a radical reinterpretation of the sixteenth-century Christological debates between Lutheran and Reformed theologians on the ascription of divine and human predicates to the person of the incarnate Son of God (the communicatio idiomatum). It does so by close attention to the arguments deployed by the protagonists in the discussion, and to the theologians' metaphysical and semantic assumptions, explicit and implicit. It traces the central contours of the Christological debates, from the discussion between Luther and Zwingli in the 1520s to the Colloquy of Montbeliard in 1586. Richard Cross shows that Luther's Christology is thoroughly Medieval, and that innovations usually associated with Luther-in particular, that Christ's human nature comes to share in divine attributes-should be ascribed instead to his younger contemporary Johannes Brenz. The discussion is highly sensitive to the differences between the various Luther groups-followers of Brenz, and the different factions aligned in varying ways with Melanchthon-and to the differences between all of these and the Reformed theologians. By locating the Christological discussions in their immediate Medieval background, Cross also provides a comprehensive account of the continuities and discontinuities between the two eras. In these ways, it is shown that the standard interpretations of the Reformation debates on the matter are almost wholly mistaken. |
| semantics exercises: Programming Language Design and Implementation Torben Ægidius Mogensen, 2022-11-22 This textbook is intended as a guide for programming-language designers and users to better help them understand consequences of design decisions. The text aims to provide readers with an overview of the design space for programming languages and how design choices affect implementation. It is not a classical compilers book, as it assumes the reader is familiar with basic compiler implementation techniques; nor is it a traditional comparative programming languages book, because it does not go into depth about any particular language, instead taking examples from a wide variety of programming languages to illustrate design concepts. Readers are assumed to already have done at least a bit of programming in functional, imperative, and object-oriented languages. Topics and features: Provides topic-by-topic coverage of syntax, types, scopes, memory management and more Includes many technical exercises and discussion exercises Inspires readers to think about language design choices, how these interact, and how they can be implemented Covers advanced topics such as formal semantics and limits of computation Suitable for advanced undergraduates and beginning graduates, this highly practical and useful textbook/guide will also offer programming language professionals a superb reference and learning toolkit. |
| semantics exercises: Elements of Finite Model Theory Leonid Libkin, 2013-03-09 Finite model theory is an area of mathematical logic that grew out of computer science applications. The main sources of motivational examples for finite model theory are found in database theory, computational complexity, and formal languages, although in recent years connections with other areas, such as formal methods and verification, and artificial intelligence, have been discovered. The birth of finite model theory is often identified with Trakhtenbrot's result from 1950 stating that validity over finite models is not recursively enumerable; in other words, completeness fails over finite models. The tech nique of the proof, based on encoding Turing machine computations as finite structures, was reused by Fagin almost a quarter century later to prove his cel ebrated result that put the equality sign between the class NP and existential second-order logic, thereby providing a machine-independent characterization of an important complexity class. In 1982, Immerman and Vardi showed that over ordered structures, a fixed point extension of first-order logic captures the complexity class PTIME of polynomial time computable propertiE~s. Shortly thereafter, logical characterizations of other important complexity classes were obtained. This line of work is often referred to as descriptive complexity. A different line of finite model theory research is associated with the de velopment of relational databases. By the late 1970s, the relational database model had replaced others, and all the basic query languages for it were es sentially first-order predicate calculus or its minor extensions. |
| semantics exercises: An Introduction to Language and Linguistics Ralph Fasold, Jeffrey Connor-Linton, 2006-03-09 This accessible textbook offers balanced and uniformly excellent coverage of modern linguistics. |
| semantics exercises: Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management Han Qiu, Cheng Zhang, Zongming Fei, Meikang Qiu, Sun-Yuan Kung, 2021-08-07 This three-volume set constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, KSEM 2021, held in Tokyo, Japan, in August 2021. The 164 revised full papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 492 submissions. The contributions are organized in the following topical sections: knowledge science with learning and AI; knowledge engineering research and applications; knowledge management with optimization and security. |
| semantics exercises: Mathematical Methods in Linguistics Barbara B.H. Partee, A.G. ter Meulen, R. Wall, 2012-12-06 Elementary set theory accustoms the students to mathematical abstraction, includes the standard constructions of relations, functions, and orderings, and leads to a discussion of the various orders of infinity. The material on logic covers not only the standard statement logic and first-order predicate logic but includes an introduction to formal systems, axiomatization, and model theory. The section on algebra is presented with an emphasis on lattices as well as Boolean and Heyting algebras. Background for recent research in natural language semantics includes sections on lambda-abstraction and generalized quantifiers. Chapters on automata theory and formal languages contain a discussion of languages between context-free and context-sensitive and form the background for much current work in syntactic theory and computational linguistics. The many exercises not only reinforce basic skills but offer an entry to linguistic applications of mathematical concepts. Forupper-level undergraduate students and graduate students in theoretical linguistics, computer-science students with interests in computational linguistics, logic programming and artificial intelligence, mathematicians and logicians with interests in linguistics and the semantics of natural language. |
| semantics exercises: Software Engineering 2 Dines Bjørner, 2007-08-01 The art, craft, discipline, logic, practice and science of developing large-scale software products needs a professional base. The textbooks in this three-volume set combine informal, engineeringly sound approaches with the rigor of formal, mathematics-based approaches. This volume covers the basic principles and techniques of specifying systems and languages. It deals with modelling the semiotics (pragmatics, semantics and syntax of systems and languages), modelling spatial and simple temporal phenomena, and such specialized topics as modularity (incl. UML class diagrams), Petri nets, live sequence charts, statecharts, and temporal logics, including the duration calculus. Finally, the book presents techniques for interpreter and compiler development of functional, imperative, modular and parallel programming languages. This book is targeted at late undergraduate to early graduate university students, and researchers of programming methodologies. Vol. 1 of this series is a prerequisite text. |
| semantics exercises: Semantics James R. Hurford, Brendan Heasley, Michael B. Smith, 2007-04-19 This practical coursebook introduces all the basics of semantics in a simple, step-by-step fashion. Each unit includes short sections of explanation with examples, followed by stimulating practice exercises to complete in the book. Feedback and comment sections follow each exercise to enable students to monitor their progress. No previous background in semantics is assumed, as students begin by discovering the value and fascination of the subject and then move through all key topics in the field, including sense and reference, simple logic, word meaning and interpersonal meaning. New study guides and exercises have been added to the end of each unit to help reinforce and test learning. A completely new unit on non-literal language and metaphor, plus updates throughout the text significantly expand the scope of the original edition to bring it up-to-date with modern teaching of semantics for introductory courses in linguistics as well as intermediate students. |
| semantics exercises: Programming Languages Norman Ramsey, 2022-10-27 Computer scientists often need to learn new programming languages quickly. The best way to prepare for this is to understand the foundational principles that underlie even the most complicated industrial languages. This text for an undergraduate programming languages course distills great languages and their design principles down to easy-to-learn 'bridge' languages implemented by interpreters whose key parts are explained in the text. The book goes deep into the roots of both functional and object-oriented programming, and it shows how types and modules, including generics/polymorphism, contribute to effective programming. The book is not just about programming languages; it is also about programming. Through concepts, examples, and more than 300 practice exercises that exploit the interpreter, students learn not only what programming-language features are but also how to do things with them. Substantial implementation projects include Milner's type inference, both copying and mark-and-sweep garbage collection, and arithmetic on arbitrary-precision integers. |
| semantics exercises: A New Introduction to Modal Logic M.J. Cresswell, G.E. Hughes, 2012-08-06 This long-awaited book replaces Hughes and Cresswell's two classic studies of modal logic: An Introduction to Modal Logic and A Companion to Modal Logic. A New Introduction to Modal Logic is an entirely new work, completely re-written by the authors. They have incorporated all the new developments that have taken place since 1968 in both modal propositional logic and modal predicate logic, without sacrificing tha clarity of exposition and approachability that were essential features of their earlier works. The book takes readers from the most basic systems of modal propositional logic right up to systems of modal predicate with identity. It covers both technical developments such as completeness and incompleteness, and finite and infinite models, and their philosophical applications, especially in the area of modal predicate logic. |
| semantics exercises: Reasoning Web. Semantic Technologies for the Web of Data Axel Polleres, Claudia d'Amato, Marcelo Arenas, Siegfried Handschuh, Paula Kroner, Sascha Ossowski, Peter F. Patel-Schneider, 2011-08-09 The Semantic Web aims at enriching the existing Web with meta-data and processing methods so as to provide web-based systems with advanced capabilities, in particular with context awareness and decision support. The objective of this book is to provide a coherent introduction to semantic web methods and research issues with a particular emphasis on reasoning. The 7th reasoning web Summer School, held in August 2011, focused on the central topic of applications of reasoning for the emerging “Web of Data”. The 12 chapters in the present book provide excellent educational material as well as a number of references for further reading. The book not only addresses students working in the area, but also those seeking an entry point to various topics related to reasoning over Web data. |
| semantics exercises: Semantic Web Services Dieter Fensel, Federico Michele Facca, Elena Simperl, Ioan Toma, 2011-04-28 A paradigm shift is taking place in computer science: one generation ago, we learned to abstract from hardware to software, now we are abstracting from software to serviceware implemented through service-oriented computing. Yet ensuring interoperability in open, heterogeneous, and dynamically changing environments, such as the Internet, remains a major challenge for actual machine-to-machine integration. Usually significant problems in aligning data, processes, and protocols appear as soon as a specific piece of functionality is used within a different application context. The Semantic Web Services (SWS) approach is about describing services with metadata on the basis of domain ontologies as a means to enable their automatic location, execution, combination, and use. Fensel and his coauthors provide a comprehensive overview of SWS in line with actual industrial practice. They introduce the main sociotechnological components that ground the SWS vision (like Web Science, Service Science, and service-oriented architectures) and several approaches that realize it, e.g. the Web Service Modeling Framework, OWL-S, and RESTful services. The real-world relevance is emphasized through a series of case studies from large-scale R&D projects and a business-oriented proposition from the SWS technology provider Seekda. Each chapter of the book is structured according to a predefined template, covering both theoretical and practical aspects, and including walk-through examples and hands-on exercises. Additional learning material is available on the book website www.swsbook.org. With its additional features, the book is ideally suited as the basis for courses or self-study in this field, and it may also serve as a reference for researchers looking for a state-of-the-art overview of formalisms, methods, tools, and applications related to SWS. |
| semantics exercises: Logic for Philosophy Theodore Sider, 2010 Logic for Philosophy is an introduction to logic for students of contemporary philosophy. It is suitable both for advanced undergraduates and for beginning graduate students in philosophy. It covers (i) basic approaches to logic, including proof theory and especially model theory, (ii) extensions of standard logic that are important in philosophy, and (iii) some elementary philosophy of logic. It emphasizes breadth rather than depth. For example, it discusses modal logic and counterfactuals, but does not prove the central metalogical results for predicate logic (completeness, undecidability, etc.) Its goal is to introduce students to the logic they need to know in order to read contemporary philosophical work. It is very user-friendly for students without an extensive background in mathematics. In short, this book gives you the understanding of logic that you need to do philosophy. |
| semantics exercises: Natural Language Understanding in a Semantic Web Context Caroline Barrière, 2016-11-17 This book serves as a starting point for Semantic Web (SW) students and researchers interested in discovering what Natural Language Processing (NLP) has to offer. NLP can effectively help uncover the large portions of data held as unstructured text in natural language, thus augmenting the real content of the Semantic Web in a significant and lasting way. The book covers the basics of NLP, with a focus on Natural Language Understanding (NLU), referring to semantic processing, information extraction and knowledge acquisition, which are seen as the key links between the SW and NLP communities. Major emphasis is placed on mining sentences in search of entities and relations. In the course of this “quest, challenges will be encountered for various text analysis tasks, including part-of-speech tagging, parsing, semantic disambiguation, named entity recognition and relation extraction. Standard algorithms associated with these tasks are presented to provide an understanding of the fundamental concepts. Furthermore, the importance of experimental design and result analysis is emphasized, and accordingly, most chapters include small experiments on corpus data with quantitative and qualitative analysis of the results. This book is divided into four parts. Part I “Searching for Entities in Text” is dedicated to the search for entities in textual data. Next, Part II “Working with Corpora” investigates corpora as valuable resources for NLP work. In turn, Part III “Semantic Grounding and Relatedness” focuses on the process of linking surface forms found in text to entities in resources. Finally, Part IV “Knowledge Acquisition” delves into the world of relations and relation extraction. The book also includes three appendices: “A Look into the Semantic Web” gives a brief overview of the Semantic Web and is intended to bring readers less familiar with the Semantic Web up to speed, so that they too can fully benefit from the material of this book. “NLP Tools and Platforms” provides information about NLP platforms and tools, while “Relation Lists” gathers lists of relations under different categories, showing how relations can be varied and serve different purposes. And finally, the book includes a glossary of over 200 terms commonly used in NLP. The book offers a valuable resource for graduate students specializing in SW technologies and professionals looking for new tools to improve the applicability of SW techniques in everyday life – or, in short, everyone looking to learn about NLP in order to expand his or her horizons. It provides a wealth of information for readers new to both fields, helping them understand the underlying principles and the challenges they may encounter. |
| semantics exercises: Source Book for Linguistics William Cowan, Jaromira Rakuan, 1999-01-15 This is a revised and expanded edition of Cowan and Rakušan’s Source Book for Linguistics. In addition to the chapters on Phonetics, Phonology, Phonological Alternations, Morphology, Syntax, Sound Change and Historical Reconstruction, there are two new chapters: one on Semantics and one on Grammatical and Lexical Change. In addition, an index of the 93 languages and dialects represented in the book has been added, as well as a revised bibliography. The solutions to the exercises have also been revised and expanded. The number of exercises has been increased from 333 to 472. New exercises have been added to most chapters, and many exercises have been revised to focus on new issues in linguistics. The text has been completely reset in high-quality letterpress, with a wide range of phonetic symbols and diacritics. This newly revised edition will continue to be useful as a teaching tool and a source of examples in a variety of linguistic applications. If you’ve been teaching upper-level undergraduate introductions to linguistics without Cowan & Rakusan, then you’ve been scrambling about in search of examples and exercises in phonetics, phonology, morphology and syntax long enough. Order the Source Book; in the long run, if it does for you what it did for me, you’ll probably wind up just dumping your traditional textbook order. (Lynn Eubank, University of North Texas) |
| semantics exercises: The Semantic Foundations of Logic Richard L. Epstein, 1994 |
| semantics exercises: Semantic Analysis Cliff Goddard, 2011-08-04 A lively introduction to methods for articulating the meanings of words and sentences, and revealing connections between language and culture. It shows that the study of meaning can be rigorous, insightful, and exciting. |
| semantics exercises: Reverse Mathematics Damir D. Dzhafarov, Carl Mummert, 2022-07-25 Reverse mathematics studies the complexity of proving mathematical theorems and solving mathematical problems. Typical questions include: Can we prove this result without first proving that one? Can a computer solve this problem? A highly active part of mathematical logic and computability theory, the subject offers beautiful results as well as significant foundational insights. This text provides a modern treatment of reverse mathematics that combines computability theoretic reductions and proofs in formal arithmetic to measure the complexity of theorems and problems from all areas of mathematics. It includes detailed introductions to techniques from computable mathematics, Weihrauch style analysis, and other parts of computability that have become integral to research in the field. Topics and features: Provides a complete introduction to reverse mathematics, including necessary background from computability theory, second order arithmetic, forcing, induction, and model construction Offers a comprehensive treatment of the reverse mathematics of combinatorics, including Ramsey's theorem, Hindman's theorem, and many other results Provides central results and methods from the past two decades, appearing in book form for the first time and including preservation techniques and applications of probabilistic arguments Includes a large number of exercises of varying levels of difficulty, supplementing each chapter The text will be accessible to students with a standard first year course in mathematical logic. It will also be a useful reference for researchers in reverse mathematics, computability theory, proof theory, and related areas. Damir D. Dzhafarov is an Associate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Connecticut, CT, USA. Carl Mummert is a Professor of Computer and Information Technology at Marshall University, WV, USA. |
| semantics exercises: Formal Logic Paul A. Gregory, 2017-08-24 Formal Logic is an undergraduate text suitable for introductory, intermediate, and advanced courses in symbolic logic. The book’s nine chapters offer thorough coverage of truth-functional and quantificational logic, as well as the basics of more advanced topics such as set theory and modal logic. Complex ideas are explained in plain language that doesn’t presuppose any background in logic or mathematics, and derivation strategies are illustrated with numerous examples. Translations, tables, trees, natural deduction, and simple meta-proofs are taught through over 400 exercises. A companion website offers supplemental practice software and tutorial videos. |
| semantics exercises: Logic: a Brief Course Daniele Mundici, 2012-03-29 This short book, geared towards undergraduate students of computer science and mathematics, is specifically designed for a first course in mathematical logic. A proof of Gödel's completeness theorem and its main consequences is given using Robinson's completeness theorem and Gödel's compactness theorem for propositional logic. The reader will familiarize himself with many basic ideas and artifacts of mathematical logic: a non-ambiguous syntax, logical equivalence and consequence relation, the Davis-Putnam procedure, Tarski semantics, Herbrand models, the axioms of identity, Skolem normal forms, nonstandard models and, interestingly enough, proofs and refutations viewed as graphic objects. The mathematical prerequisites are minimal: the book is accessible to anybody having some familiarity with proofs by induction. Many exercises on the relationship between natural language and formal proofs make the book also interesting to a wide range of students of philosophy and linguistics. |
| semantics exercises: Foundations of Computational Linguistics Roland Hausser, 2013-03-09 The central task of a future-oriented computationallinguistics is the development of cognitive machines which humans can freely talk with in their respective naturallan guage. In the long run, this task will ensure the development of a functional theory of language, an objective method of verification, and a wide range of applications. Natural communication requires not only verbal processing, but also non-verbal perception and action. Therefore the content of this textbook is organized as a theory of language for the construction of talking robots. The main topic is the mechanism of natural language communication in both, the speaker and the hearer. The content is divided into the following parts: I. Theory of Language 11. Theory of Grammar III. Morphology and Syntax IV. Semantics and Pragmatics Each part consists of 6 chapters. Each of the 24 chapters consists of 5 sections. Alto gether 772 exercises help reviewing key ideas and important problems. |
| semantics exercises: Concurrent and Real-time Systems Steve Schneider, 1999-11-15 The CSP approach has been widely used in the specification, analysis and verification of concurrent and real-time systems, and for understanding the particular issues that can arise when concurrency is present. It provides a language which enables specifications and designs to be clearly expressed and understood, together with a supporting theory which allows them to be analyzed and shown to be correct. This book supports advanced level courses on concurrency covering timed and untimed CSP. The first half introduces the language of CSP, the primary semantic models (traces, failures, divergences and infinite traces), and their use in the modelling, analysis and verification of concurrent systems. The second half of the book introduces time into the language, brings in the timed semantic model (timed failures) and finally presents the theory of timewise refinement which links the two halves together. Accompanying website: http://www.cs.rhbnc.ac.uk/books/concurrency Containing the following: -Exercises and solutions -Instructors resources - Example CSP programs to run on FDR and ProBe -Links to useful sites Partial Contents: Part I: The Language of CSP; Sequential Processes; Concurrency; Abstraction and Control Flow; Part II: Analyzing Processes; Traces; Specification and Verification with Traces; Stable Failures; Specification and Verification with Failures; Failures, Divergences, and Infinite Traces; Part III: Introducing Time; The Timed Language; Timed transition systems; Part IV: Timed Analysis; Semantics of Timed CSP; Timed Specification and Verification; Timewise Refinement; Appendix A: Event-based Time; A.1 Standard CSP and $tock$; A.2 Translating from Timed CSP; A.3 Notes; Appendix B: Model-checking with FDR; B.1 Interacting with FDR; B.2 How FDR Checks Refinement; B.3 Machine readable CSP; Index of Processes. |
| semantics exercises: HELP Elementary Andrea M. Lazzari, Patricia Myers Peters, 1993 |
| semantics exercises: Mathematical Logic for Computer Science Mordechai Ben-Ari, 2012-12-06 Mathematical Logic for Computer Science is a mathematics textbook with theorems and proofs, but the choice of topics has been guided by the needs of computer science students. The method of semantic tableaux provides an elegant way to teach logic that is both theoretically sound and yet sufficiently elementary for undergraduates. To provide a balanced treatment of logic, tableaux are related to deductive proof systems. The logical systems presented are: - Propositional calculus (including binary decision diagrams); - Predicate calculus; - Resolution; - Hoare logic; - Z; - Temporal logic. Answers to exercises (for instructors only) as well as Prolog source code for algorithms may be found via the Springer London web site: http://www.springer.com/978-1-85233-319-5 Mordechai Ben-Ari is an associate professor in the Department of Science Teaching of the Weizmann Institute of Science. He is the author of numerous textbooks on concurrency,programming languages and logic, and has developed software tools for teaching concurrency. In 2004, Ben-Ari received the ACM/SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education. |
| semantics exercises: Introduction to Embedded Systems, Second Edition Edward Ashford Lee, Sanjit Arunkumar Seshia, 2017-01-06 An introduction to the engineering principles of embedded systems, with a focus on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems. The most visible use of computers and software is processing information for human consumption. The vast majority of computers in use, however, are much less visible. They run the engine, brakes, seatbelts, airbag, and audio system in your car. They digitally encode your voice and construct a radio signal to send it from your cell phone to a base station. They command robots on a factory floor, power generation in a power plant, processes in a chemical plant, and traffic lights in a city. These less visible computers are called embedded systems, and the software they run is called embedded software. The principal challenges in designing and analyzing embedded systems stem from their interaction with physical processes. This book takes a cyber-physical approach to embedded systems, introducing the engineering concepts underlying embedded systems as a technology and as a subject of study. The focus is on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems, which integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. The second edition offers two new chapters, several new exercises, and other improvements. The book can be used as a textbook at the advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level and as a professional reference for practicing engineers and computer scientists. Readers should have some familiarity with machine structures, computer programming, basic discrete mathematics and algorithms, and signals and systems. |
| semantics exercises: Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies Pascal Hitzler, Markus Krotzsch, Sebastian Rudolph, 2009-08-06 Thoroughly covering basic introductions and intuitions, technical details, and formal foundations, this text focuses on the established foundations in this area that have become relatively stable over time. It presents the latest developments in Semantic Web standards, including RDF, RDF Schema, OWL 2, RIF, and SPARQL. It also explores formal semantics, OWL querying, the relationship between rules and OWL, and ontology engineering and applications. |
| semantics exercises: Model-Driven Development of Reliable Automotive Services Manfred Broy, Ingolf Krüger, Michael Meisinger, 2008-07-17 Software development for the automotive domain has become the enabling te- nologyforalmostallsafety-criticalandcomfortfunctionso?eredtothecustomer. Ninety percentofallinnovations inautomotive systems aredirectly or indirectly enabled by embedded software. The numbers of serious accidents have declined in recent years, despite constantly increasing tra?c; this is correlated with the introduction of advanced, software-enabled functionality for driver assistance, such as electronic stability control. Software contributes signi?cantly to the - tomotive value chain. By 2010 it is estimated that software will make up 40% of the value creation of automotive electrics/electronics. However, with the large number of software-enabled functions, their int- actions, and the corresponding networking and operating infrastructure, come signi?cant complexities both during the automotive systems engineering p- cess and at runtime. A central challenge for automotive systems development is the scattering of functionality across multiple subsystems, such as electronic control units (ECUs) and the associated networks. As an example, consider the central locking systems (CLS), whose functionality is spread out over up to 19 di?erent ECUs in some luxury cars. Of course, this includes advanced functi- ality, such as seat positioning and radio tuning according to driver presets upon entry, as well as unlocking in case of a detected impact or accident. However, thisexampledemonstratesthatmodernautomotivesystemsbridgecomfort-and safety-critical functionality. This induces particular demands on safety and - curity, and, in general, software and systems quality. The resulting challenges and opportunities were discussed, in depth, at the second Automotive Software Workshop San Diego (ASWSD) 2006, on whose results we report here. |
| semantics exercises: Introductory Semantics and Pragmatics for Spanish Learners of English Brian Leonard Mott, 2009-01-30 Esta obra pretende ser una introducción a la semántica y la pragmática para alumnos universitarios españoles de lingüística y de filología inglesa. Es un texto paralelo a English Phonetics and Phonology for Spanish Speakers, del mismo autor (UB, 2000). Sus características más importantes son:. Ofrece un curso completo de semántica y pragmática para estudiantes universitarios de lengua y literatura inglesa.. Incluye un primer capítulo que relaciona la semántica y pragmática entre sí y con las otras ramas de la lingüística.. Aporta ejemplificación de muchas variedades lingüísticas, aparte del inglés, español y catalán.. Contiene ejercicios variados al final de cada capítulo, con sugerencias para su solución al final de la obra |
| semantics exercises: A Semantic Web Primer, third edition Grigoris Antoniou, Paul Groth, Frank Van Harmelen, Rinke Hoekstra, 2012-09-07 A new edition of the widely used guide to the key ideas, languages, and technologies of the Semantic Web The development of the Semantic Web, with machine-readable content, has the potential to revolutionize the World Wide Web and its uses. A Semantic Web Primer provides an introduction and guide to this continuously evolving field, describing its key ideas, languages, and technologies. Suitable for use as a textbook or for independent study by professionals, it concentrates on undergraduate-level fundamental concepts and techniques that will enable readers to proceed with building applications on their own and includes exercises, project descriptions, and annotated references to relevant online materials. The third edition of this widely used text has been thoroughly updated, with significant new material that reflects a rapidly developing field. Treatment of the different languages (OWL2, rules) expands the coverage of RDF and OWL, defining the data model independently of XML and including coverage of N3/Turtle and RDFa. A chapter is devoted to OWL2, the new W3C standard. This edition also features additional coverage of the query language SPARQL, the rule language RIF and the possibility of interaction between rules and ontology languages and applications. The chapter on Semantic Web applications reflects the rapid developments of the past few years. A new chapter offers ideas for term projects. Additional material, including updates on the technological trends and research directions, can be found at http://www.semanticwebprimer.org. |
| semantics exercises: Statistical Semantics Sverker Sikström, Danilo Garcia, 2020-06-08 This book discusses the application of various statistical methods to texts, rather than numbers, in various fields in behavioral science. It proposes an approach where quantitative methods are applied to data whereas previously such data were analyzed only by qualitative research methods. To emphasize the quantitative aspects of semantics, and the possibilities of conducting scientific interferences, the book introduces the concept of statistical semantics and presents the reader with a subset of techniques found in that domain. More specifically, the book focuses on methods that allow the investigation of semantic relationships between words, based on empirical corpus data. It shows the reader how to apply various statistical methods on texts, for example statistical tests to ascertain whether two sets of text are statistically different, ways to predict variables from text, as well as how to summarize and graphically illustrate texts. Thus, the book presents an accessible hands-on introduction to a selection of techniques, indispensable for cognitive psychologists, linguists, and social psychologists. |
What is the difference between syntax and semantics in …
Jul 29, 2013 · 3. HIGH LEVEL SEMANTICS. Finally, at a higher level, semantics is concerned with what the code is intended to achieve - the reason that the program is being written. This …
c++11 - What's the connection between value semantics and …
May 6, 2018 · Move semantics allows us to keep value semantics, but at the same time gain the performance of reference semantics in those cases where the value of the original (copied …
In terms of programming, what do semantics mean?
May 27, 2009 · Static semantics tells you which programs that are grammatical are also well formed. Many languages either have no static semantics (Scheme, Ruby, Python, Icon, Lua, …
Simple definition of "semantics" as it is commonly used in relation …
Jul 19, 2010 · Operational Semantics is probably closest to the way most people informally model the semantics, having each fragment of code run through an interpreter and changing the state …
What does You are playing with semantics mean? - Answers
Apr 28, 2022 · Semantics and pragmatics both study the meaning of language. Semantics focuses on literal meaning, while pragmatics examines how meaning is influenced by context, …
c++ - What is move semantics? - Stack Overflow
Jun 24, 2010 · Intermediate C++ programmers are probably at least somewhat familiar with std::auto_ptr, and because of the "move semantics" it displays, it seems like a good starting …
What do ‘value semantics’ and ‘pointer semantics’ mean?
Nov 2, 2017 · Value semantics means that you deal directly with values and that you pass copies around. The point here is that when you have a value, you can trust it won't change behind …
c++ - What is semantics? - Stack Overflow
Jul 5, 2017 · The word semantics is used to describe an underlying meaning of something. You can say that an operation has the move semantics when it transfers an object state from one …
syntax - Static Semantics meaning? - Stack Overflow
Nov 4, 2016 · Semantics is about meaning. It includes: the static semantics, which is the part that can be ascertained at compile time, including data typing, whether all variables are declared, …
What does "semantics" mean? and why are "move semantics" …
Sep 14, 2021 · Semantics is not a synonym for "function", so "max semantics" doesn't make much sense. Other examples where the word can be applied is reference semantics as opposed to …
What is the difference between syntax and semantics in …
Jul 29, 2013 · 3. HIGH LEVEL SEMANTICS. Finally, at a higher level, semantics is concerned with what the code is intended to achieve - the reason that the program is being written. This …
c++11 - What's the connection between value semantics and …
May 6, 2018 · Move semantics allows us to keep value semantics, but at the same time gain the performance of reference semantics in those cases where the value of the original (copied …
In terms of programming, what do semantics mean?
May 27, 2009 · Static semantics tells you which programs that are grammatical are also well formed. Many languages either have no static semantics (Scheme, Ruby, Python, Icon, Lua, …
Simple definition of "semantics" as it is commonly used in relation …
Jul 19, 2010 · Operational Semantics is probably closest to the way most people informally model the semantics, having each fragment of code run through an interpreter and changing the …
What does You are playing with semantics mean? - Answers
Apr 28, 2022 · Semantics and pragmatics both study the meaning of language. Semantics focuses on literal meaning, while pragmatics examines how meaning is influenced by context, …
c++ - What is move semantics? - Stack Overflow
Jun 24, 2010 · Intermediate C++ programmers are probably at least somewhat familiar with std::auto_ptr, and because of the "move semantics" it displays, it seems like a good starting …
What do ‘value semantics’ and ‘pointer semantics’ mean?
Nov 2, 2017 · Value semantics means that you deal directly with values and that you pass copies around. The point here is that when you have a value, you can trust it won't change behind …
c++ - What is semantics? - Stack Overflow
Jul 5, 2017 · The word semantics is used to describe an underlying meaning of something. You can say that an operation has the move semantics when it transfers an object state from one …
syntax - Static Semantics meaning? - Stack Overflow
Nov 4, 2016 · Semantics is about meaning. It includes: the static semantics, which is the part that can be ascertained at compile time, including data typing, whether all variables are declared, …
What does "semantics" mean? and why are "move semantics" …
Sep 14, 2021 · Semantics is not a synonym for "function", so "max semantics" doesn't make much sense. Other examples where the word can be applied is reference semantics as …
