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| shaykh al alawi: A Sufi Saint of the Twentieth Century: Shaikh Aḣmad Al-ʻAlawī Martin Lings, 1971 |
| shaykh al alawi: The Qur'ān and the Prophet in the Writings of Shaykh Aḥmad Al-ʻAlawī Aḥmad ibn Muṣṭafá ʻAlawī, 2013 A treasury of Sufi commentary by an author whose stunning interpretations and penetrating insights are rare, even among the most renowned of Sufi authors, The Qur’an and the Prophet in the Writings of Shaykh Ahmad al-Alawi presents for the first time in English all of the collected works of al-Alawi on the two guiding principles of Islam. The Shaykh had embarked on a full commentary on the Qur’an, but only completed an introduction explaining his approach to Qur’anic exegesis and commentaries on three chapters before his death. All of these pieces are included in the book, along with an additional appendix of answers to questions that the Shaykh’s disciples had put to him on the Qur’an. The commentaries are followed by a profound treatise on the meaning of the invocation of blessings on the Prophet which delves into the spiritual nature of the Prophet, explaining how he represents both the summit of spiritual attainment and the example for all those seeking enlightenment. This study fills an important hole in English on Qur’anic exegesis, and Sufi exegesis in particular. |
| shaykh al alawi: Al-Murshid Al-Mu'een Abd Al Ibn Ashir, 2018-11-14 The classic Moroccan text from which generations learnt the basics of Islam, Iman and Ihsan. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Prophet's Night Journey and Heavenly Ascent Sayyid Muhammad Alawi Al-Maliki, 2020-02-15 Shaykh Muhammad 'Alawi al-Maliki delivers an absorbing account of the Isra' wal-Mi'raj that brings the reader almost into the story. Indeed it is a detailed narrative spiced with a simple commentary that attempts to reconcile various accounts or reports of the event that transpired. This provides a comprehensive reading that takes the reader on an experiential ride to feel the magic of Rasulullah's journey. In short, it is very inspiring; exhilarating to the spiritual core. Praise be to Allah Who chose His praiseworth servant Muhammad (saw) for the Message, distinguished him with the night journey on the lightening-mount Buraq, and caused him to ascend the ladders of perfection to the high heavens to show him of the greatest signs of his Lord. He raised him until he reached the Lote-tree of the Farthest Boundary where ends the science of every Messenger-Prophet and every Angel Brought Near, where lies the Garden of Retreat, to the point that he heard the sound of the pens that write what has befallen and what is to befall. |
| shaykh al alawi: Key to Salvation & the Lamp of Souls Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʻAṭāʼ Allāh, Mary Ann Koury Danner, 1996 This is the first English translation of Miftah al-falah, a thirteenth century Sufi text, written by Ibn Ata Allah, one of the great masters of the Shadhili Sufi order. It is considered to be one of his most important works because it sets out the principles of actual Sufi mystical practices, shedding light on the sacred invocations, and associated practices, such as the spiritual retreat. Written in a clear, lucid style, it offers a glimpse into the Sufi world of the 7th Islamic century and allows us to see almost at first hand how the novice was guided by the Sufi Shaykh and, above all, the purpose and preparation involved in engaging in the invocation, dhikhru'llah. Ibn Ata' Allah sets out to define it, to explain its nature and power, to show its results and to prove that it is part of the Prophet's Sunna, or practice. The author goes to great lengths to point out many Qur'anic verses where dhikru'llah is mentioned and cites many noted authorities. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Book of Assistance ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlawī ʻAṭṭās, 1989 |
| shaykh al alawi: The Lives of Man Imam Abdallah Ibn Alawi al-Haddad, Mostafa Al-Badawi, 2012 |
| shaykh al alawi: Imam ʻAbdallah Al-Ḥaddād Muṣṭafá Ḥasan Badawī, 2005 This biography of the saint and Iman Abdallah al-Haddad takes readers into the fascinating world and spiritual life of 17th- and early 18th-century Yemen. The life of this renown spiritual master--whose teachings and personal example continue to influence lives around the world--is examined, from his early attraction to Sufi poetry and visit to the tomb of the prophet Hud to his rise as a Sufi master, his Hajj journey to Mecca, and his death. The biographical facts of al-Haddad's life are interspersed with 35 black and white photographs and ruminations on his spiritual teachings, including his take on the nine stages of certainty, the five investitures of taqwa, the stages of gnosis, and karamat and super natural events. Sufi practitioners, historians, and anthropologists will come to a deeper understanding of this timeless and enduring tradition with this fascinating record of a seminal Sufi master. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Darqawi Way Muhammad al-'Arabī ibn Ahmad Darqāwī, Muḥammad al-ʻArbī ibn Aḥmad Darqāwī, 1981 |
| shaykh al alawi: Shaykh Muhammad Al-Hashimi Mokrane Guezzou, 2009 |
| shaykh al alawi: The Diwan Muhammad Ibn Al-Habib, 2016-09-23 The Diwan of Shaykh Muhammad ibn al-Habib, (1290/1871 - 1391/1972), is a masterful transmission of the essential teachings of the tasawwuf based squarely on the Book and the Sunnah, in a clear and accessible classical Arabic, and in this edition accompanied by an uncluttered English translation. |
| shaykh al alawi: Key to the Garden Habib Ahmad Mashhur al-Haddad, It is now forty years since this book was written, twenty since it was translated into English, and twelve since the translation was first published. The issues that had caused the author so much concern at the time have become, without exception, all the more pressing today. The need to convey the Islamic concept of Tawhid to the world at large in clear unequivocal terms has been and shall remain a Muslim's first duty. Now that there is renewed worldwide attention towards Islam, it has become even more urgent to convey its core concept, without which there is no religion: The Oneness of God. Key to the Garden is an elaborate exposition of Prophet Muhammad (s) teaching that the inner life must pass through three stages: affirmation of faith with the tongue, then the mind, and finally the heart. The Muslim Testimony of Faith, that there is no deity save God, is at once the essence and the highest principle of Islam. This book is a demonstration, by one of the greatest recipients of the Prophet's heritage of knowledge, of how the whole spectrum of Islamic thought and worship unfolds naturally from these few words. |
| shaykh al alawi: Reassurance for the Seeker Ṣāliḥ ibn Muḥammad Jaʻfarī, Samer Dajani, 2013 This book is a unique collection of 40 Prophetic Traditions by one of the most celebrated teachers and spiritual masters of the Azhar Mosque, Sunni Islam's leading institution of knowledge and its most authoritative voice. It provides a glimpse into the scholarly and spiritual traditions of Islam carried forth into our day. Some may have concluded that the saints and sages of Islam ended with such names as Rumi and Ibn Arabi. The knowledge and spiritual depth reached in past centuries does, in fact, continue into the present day. The book includes a biography of the author, a description of his main teachers, and a beautiful treatise by the author's main teacher on a single Prophetic statement in which the Prophet summarizes his own spiritual states. This volume also deals with death, the afterlife, the waking visions of the Prophet, his ability to pray for and intercede for those alive, and nearness to and friendship with God. |
| shaykh al alawi: Sufism Khaled Bentounès, 2002 This is a book on the 'inner Islam', the mystic Islam, known as Sufism. Sheikh Khaled is the current heir in a line of Sufi masters that dates back to the Prophet Mohamed, and his book is a generous testimony to the universality of religious truths. In our world, in which images of Islam are so linked with violence, we need an understanding that cuts to the heart of the matter -- the mystical heart -- transcending dogma, culture and fundamentalism. This book is based on the authentic spiritual experience of one who has lived this tradition for his entire life, and taught tens of thousands of others. Here we discover a path based on forgiveness, generosity, love and peace. A way that seeks to unite humankind in all its aspects -- body, mind and essence. |
| shaykh al alawi: Knowledge and Wisdom Imam Abdullah Al-Haddad, 2017-05 |
| shaykh al alawi: What is Sufism? Martin Lings, 1975 |
| shaykh al alawi: Three Early Sufi Texts Nicholas Heer, Kenneth L. Honerkamp, 2003 Some of the earliest, most rare, formative, and concise examples of Sufi methodology to appear in translation, these works examine the inherently defective nature of the soul, the roles it must assume, the path it must travel towards purification, and how to best manage that itinerary while avoiding the pitfalls and obstacles of the journey. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Nuṣayrī-ʻAlawīs Yaron Friedman, 2010 Friedman offers new and updated research on the Nusayr - Alaw sect, today a leading group in Syria, covering a variety of aspects and focusing on the Middle Ages. A century after Dussaud's Histoire et religion des Nosair s (1900), he reviews the history and religion of the sect in the light of old documents used by orientalists in the nineteenth century, documents that became available in the twentieth century, and later sources of the Nu ayr - Alaw sect published most recently in Lebanon. Also studied in depth for the first time is the question of the identity of the sect through the Alaw -Sunn -Sh triangle. |
| shaykh al alawi: the fitrah IslamKotob, |
| shaykh al alawi: The Autobiography of the Moroccan Sufi Ibn Ajiba Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Ibn ʻAjībah, Jean-Louis Michon, 1999 Ibn 'Ajiba wrote his fahrasa, or autobiography, not for the pleasure of talking about himself but to celebrate God's kindness. It details his travels in search of both secular and spiritual knowledge, his entrance on a Sufi path strongly based within the Islamic tradition, and the social, intellectual, and spiritual struggles he encountered. This new English translation by David Streight is based on a contemporary French translation from the Arabic by the Swiss scholar Jean-Louis Michon. |
| shaykh al alawi: هذه مفاهيمنا رد علي كتاب (مفاهيم يجب ان تصحح لمحمد بن علوي المالكي) الشيخ صالح بن عبد العزيز آل الشيخ, |
| shaykh al alawi: A Moslem Saint of the Twentieth Century Martin Lings, 2021-11-29 Drawing on first-hand sources which had been inaccessible to Western readers at the time this book was originally published in 1961, this book gives a vivid picture of life in an order of Muslim mystics or Sufis. Against this background stands the unforgettable figure of the Algerian Shaikh who was head of the order from the death of his Master in 1909 until his own demise in 1934. The last chapters are devoted to his writings, which include some remarkable mystic poems. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Real Cry of Syed Shaykh al-Hady Alijah Gordon, 2021-06-17 Syed Shaikh al-Hady lived in a period where the hegemonic position of Traditionalist Islam in the Malay-Muslim society was challenged by modernization. The traditionalist ulama’ perceived modernity as an ideological enemy; but on the other hand Syed Shaikh al-Hady worked and preached for a synthesis between the two. He believed that Islam and modernization are not antagonistic to each other. Instead, both are useful combination to revive the rational and scientific approach within the Islamic discourse hence making it very attractive to the younger generation of his time. And even until today, Syed Shaykh al-Hady remains as an inspiring figure and an icon for the various contemporary Islamic reformist movements that have resumed the work of islah (reform) and tajdid (renewal) for the betterment of the Muslim society. |
| shaykh al alawi: Gifts for the Seeker ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlawī ʻAṭṭās, Imam 'Abdallah Ibn Alawi al-Haddad, 2003 This volume answers many of the questions often asked by seekers of inward illumination. It also includes the author's commentary on a poem concerning inner wayfaring which speaks of the most exalted stations of the path and goes on to explain a number of paradoxes of the Way. These points are illustrated with references to the famous mystical poems of Ibn al-Farid and Abu Madyan. |
| shaykh al alawi: To Have a Center Frithjof Schuon, 1990 A collection of essays on a remarkable variety of subjects, from the order of first principles to a wide range of their applications. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Way of Abū Madyan Abū Madyan, 1996 This is the first English translation of works attributed to Abu Madyan, a seminal figure of Sufism in Muslim Spain and North Africa. The oeuvre includes doctrinal treatises, aphorisms, and poetical works, and so introduces readers to several of the most important genres of religious writing in Islamic Middle Period. |
| shaykh al alawi: Against the Modern World Mark Sedgwick, 2004-06-03 The first history of Traditionalism, an important yet surprisingly little-known twentieth-century anti-modern movement. Comprising a number of often secret but sometimes very influential religious groups in the West and in the Islamic world, it affected mainstream and radical politics in Europe and the development of the field of religious studies in the United States. In the nineteenth century, at a time when progressive intellectuals had lost faith in Christianity's ability to deliver religious and spiritual truth, the West discovered non-Western religious writings. From these beginnings grew Traditionalism, emerging from the occultist milieu of late nineteenth-century France, and fed by the widespread loss of faith in progress that followed the First World War. Working first in Paris and then in Cairo, the French writer René Guénon rejected modernity as a dark age, and sought to reconstruct the Perennial Philosophy-- the central religious truths behind all the major world religions --largely on the basis of his reading of Hindu religious texts. A number of disenchanted intellectuals responded to Guénon's call with attempts to put theory into practice. Some attempted without success to guide Fascism and Nazism along Traditionalist lines; others later participated in political terror in Italy. Traditionalism finally provided the ideological cement for the alliance of anti-democratic forces in post-Soviet Russia, and at the end of the twentieth century began to enter the debate in the Islamic world about the desirable relationship between Islam and modernity |
| shaykh al alawi: The Mystical Teachings of al-Shadhili Muhammad ibn Abi al-Qasim Ibn al-Sabbagh, Mu?ammad ibn Ab? al-Q?sim Ibn al-?abb?gh, Mu?ammad Ibn-Abi-'l-Q?sim Ibn-a?-?abb??, Elmer H. Douglas, 1993-01-01 |
| shaykh al alawi: Three Treatises Imām Abdallāh al-Haddād, 2017-03-01 This volume contains three concise treatises of the venerable Im'm al-?add'd. The first treatise, Mutual Reminding, distills the ethic and content of offering good counsel to one another. The chief elements of counsel, says the Im'm, are Taqw?, an active fear and consciousness of God, and detachment from the material world. These elements connect with the topic of the second treatise, Good Manners, which discusses the manners recommended of the spiritual wayfarer as he or she takes the path to spiritual felicity. The third treatise, The Aphorisms, is a compilation of Im'm al-?add'd's wise insights on a broad range of topics and includes the commentary of Shaykh Mu'ammad ?ay't al-Sind'. |
| shaykh al alawi: Sufi Metaphysics and Qur'ānic Prophets Ronald L. Nettler, 2003 The Fusus al-Hikam is acknowledged to be a summary statement of the sufi metaphysics of the Greatest Master, Ibn 'Arabi (d.1240). It is also recognised that the Fusus is a work of great complexity both in its ideas and its style; and, over the centuries, numerous commentaries have been written on it. Each of the chapters of the Fusas is dedicated to a Qur'an prophet with whom a particular wisdom is associated. In Sufi Metaphysics and Quranic Prophets: Ibn' Arabi's Thought and Method in the Fusus al-Hikam, Ronald Nettler examines ten chapters from the Fusus which exemplify the ideas, method and perspective of the entire work. Concentrating on a detailed analysis of the text, the author brings out the profound connection and integration of scripture and metaphysics in the world-view of Ibn Arabi. Sufi Metaphysics and Qur'anic Prophets serves not only as an explication of Ibn Arabi's thought in the Fusus, but is also a great aid in the overall understanding of Ibn Arabi's thought. |
| shaykh al alawi: Sufism Frithjof Schuon, 1981-01-01 If thou wouldst reach the kernel, said Meister Eckhart, thou must break the shell. Schuon offers us a penetrating discernment of both the obstacles presented by historical Sufism and the quintessential sufic doctrine which is fundamental and irrefutable, because it springs from the very nature of the pure Intellect. A useful guide to students of Sufism, revealing the metaphysical roots of Islam. |
| shaykh al alawi: The Book of Certainty Martin Lings, 1970 |
| shaykh al alawi: Letters of a Sufi Master Titus Burckhardt, 2001-08-31 |
| shaykh al alawi: The Prophetic Invocations ʻAbd Allāh ibn ʻAlawī ʻAṭṭās, 2000 |
| shaykh al alawi: Against the Modern World Mark J. Sedgwick, 2009 Against the Modern World is the first history of Traditionalism, an important yet surprisingly little-known twentieth-century anti-modern movement. Comprising a number of often secret but sometimes very influential religious groups in the West and in the Islamic world, it affected mainstream and radical politics in Europe and the development of the field of religious studies in the United States, touching the lives of many individuals. French writer Rene Guenon rejected modernity as a dark age and sought to reconstruct the Perennial Philosophy - the central truths behind all the major world religions. Guenon stressed the urgent need for the West's remaining spiritual and intellectual elite to find personal and collective salvation in the surviving vestiges of ancient religious traditions. A number of disenchanted intellectuals responded to his call. In Europe, America, and the Islamic world, Traditionalists founded institutes, Sufi brotherhoods, Masonic lodges, and secret societies. Some attempted unsuccessfully to guide Fascism and Nazism along Traditionalist lines; others later participated in political terror in Italy. Traditionalist ideas were the ideological cement for the alliance of anti-democratic forces in post-Soviet Russia, and in the Islamic world entered the debate about the relationship between Islam and modernity. Although its appeal in the West was ultimately limited, Traditionalism has wielded enormous influence in religious studies, through the work of such Traditionalists as Ananda Coomaraswamy, Huston Smith, Mircea Eliade, and Seyyed Hossein Nasr. |
| shaykh al alawi: Al-Mawlid Al-Dibai Abd ar-Rahman al-Diba'i (Imam.), Rizwana Sayed, 2012 |
| shaykh al alawi: Realities of Sufism : the Shaykh and Gnostic ʻAbd al-Qādir ʻĪsá, Suraqah Abdul Aziz, 2009 |
| shaykh al alawi: Introduction to Islamic Creed Imam al-Bajuri al-Azhari, 2017 As a response to a request, Imam al-Bajuri, in this short treatise outlines, the core beliefs of the traditional, orthodox Sunni doctrine ('Aqida) that every Muslim should be aware of. Designed to be studied preferably with a teacher or read on one's own, this text will equip the student with sufficient knowledge of the bare essentials of his religion to be able to distinguish truth from falsehood, orthodox from unorthodox, Ahl al-Sunna wa al- Jama'a from others. |
| shaykh al alawi: Merton & Sufism Rob Baker, Gray Henry, 1999 In addition to scholarly articles, this volume includes Merton's own Sufi poems, insightful book reviews, transcriptions from his related lectures, and a selection of works from which he drew particular inspiration, including the work of al-Tirmidhi (d.932), which uses fascinating metaphors to elucidate the difference between the Breast, Heart, Inner Heart, and the Intellect. |
| shaykh al alawi: Shedding Light on the Possibility of Seeing Prophets and Angels (HB) IMAM JALAL AL-DIN. AL-SUYUTI, 2025-03-21 This is a short but valuable text that elucidates one of the more controversial issues related to the people of Tasawwuf, and more specifically to the people of unveiling. Although many of the Imams and people of lofty status, whom no one could accuse of lying, have reported seeing the Prophet ﷺ in a wakeful state, the issue remains problematic for some Scholars, among both the supporters and the critics of the Sufis. Imam al-Suyuti argues that such a vision is not only possible, but that there are many well-documented examples of such visions, both in the time of the Sahabah (radhi Allahu 'anhum ajma'in) and afterwards. The Imam begins with texts that are irrefutable, from the Sunnah of the Prophet ﷺ, which establish the explicit possibility of the occurrence of such visions. Al-Suyuti then presents sound anecdotal evidence that such encounters have occurred in the past, mentioning stories from the Companions (radhi Allahu 'anhum ajma'in) and from the righteous Scholars and Imams (may Allah have mercy on them). Finally, Imam al-Suyuti concludes this short treatise by providing answers to various possible and plausible objections. Overall, this book is recommended as an introduction to the subject, which is covered in detail in the works of many of the Awliya' (may Allah have mercy on them). Author: Imam Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti Translator: Talut ibn Sulaiman Dawood Language: English with English transliterations |
Sheikh - Wikipedia
Sheikh (/ ʃ eɪ k, ʃ iː k / SHAYK, SHEEK, [1] Arabic: شَيْخ, romanized: shaykh, commonly, plural: شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) [a] is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder". It …
Sheikh | Meaning, Title, Significance, & History | Britannica
By far the most important title was shaykh al-islām, which by the 11th century was given to eminent ʿulamāʾ and Sufi mystics and by the 15th century was open to any outstanding mufti …
Meaning of the word shaykh - إسلام ويب
Jan 8, 2017 · Discover the meaning of the word shaykh in Arabic, which traditionally refers to an elderly man with white hair, as exemplified in the Quran by the wife of Prophet Zakariyya. The …
Shaykh - Encyclopedia.com
Jun 11, 2018 · SHAYKH. A general title of respect. The term shaykh (also sheikh), can be applied to an elderly man, a tribal chief, a ruler of a shaykhdom along the Persian Gulf, a village chief, …
Shaykh - definition of Shaykh by The Free Dictionary
Define Shaykh. Shaykh synonyms, Shaykh pronunciation, Shaykh translation, English dictionary definition of Shaykh. or sheik n. 1. a. Islam A man respected for his piety or religious learning. …
eshaykh.com
Under the leadership and guidance of His Eminence as-Sayyid as-Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani we would like to reiterate that eShaykh.com is strictly based on Shari`ah, the Holy …
Definition of "shaykh" - The Dictionary of Spiritual Terms
(1) The Shaykh al-‘Alawi (1869-1934) was a renowned master of Sufism whose reputation drew many aspiring disciples to his zawiyah in Mostaganem, Algeria. (2) The provinicial governor …
The Shaykh and the Ustadh Defined - MuslimMatters.org
Jan 28, 2014 · The word Shaykh linguistically means “the one who has become clearly old and grey hair has started to appear on his face.” Other lexicographers suggest that the word …
Shaykh al-Islām - Wikipedia
Shaykh al-Islām (English: Sheikh/Chief of Islamic/Muslim Community; Arabic: شيخ الإسلام, romanized: Šayḫ al-Islām; Persian: شِیخُالاسلام, Sheykh-ol-Eslām; Urdu: شِیخُالاسلام, Sheikh-ul …
shaykh | The Pluralism Project
(also: sheik, sheikh, pir) The Arabic term “shaykh” literally means a gray-haired old man. The Persian term “pir” means “elder, master.” Both terms have become titles of respect for a leader …
Sheikh - Wikipedia
Sheikh (/ ʃ eɪ k, ʃ iː k / SHAYK, SHEEK, [1] Arabic: شَيْخ, romanized: shaykh, commonly, plural: شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) [a] is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder". It …
Sheikh | Meaning, Title, Significance, & History | Britannica
By far the most important title was shaykh al-islām, which by the 11th century was given to eminent ʿulamāʾ and Sufi mystics and by the 15th century was open to any outstanding mufti …
Meaning of the word shaykh - إسلام ويب
Jan 8, 2017 · Discover the meaning of the word shaykh in Arabic, which traditionally refers to an elderly man with white hair, as exemplified in the Quran by the wife of Prophet Zakariyya. The …
Shaykh - Encyclopedia.com
Jun 11, 2018 · SHAYKH. A general title of respect. The term shaykh (also sheikh), can be applied to an elderly man, a tribal chief, a ruler of a shaykhdom along the Persian Gulf, a village chief, …
Shaykh - definition of Shaykh by The Free Dictionary
Define Shaykh. Shaykh synonyms, Shaykh pronunciation, Shaykh translation, English dictionary definition of Shaykh. or sheik n. 1. a. Islam A man respected for his piety or religious learning. …
eshaykh.com
Under the leadership and guidance of His Eminence as-Sayyid as-Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani we would like to reiterate that eShaykh.com is strictly based on Shari`ah, the Holy …
Definition of "shaykh" - The Dictionary of Spiritual Terms
(1) The Shaykh al-‘Alawi (1869-1934) was a renowned master of Sufism whose reputation drew many aspiring disciples to his zawiyah in Mostaganem, Algeria. (2) The provinicial governor …
The Shaykh and the Ustadh Defined - MuslimMatters.org
Jan 28, 2014 · The word Shaykh linguistically means “the one who has become clearly old and grey hair has started to appear on his face.” Other lexicographers suggest that the word …
Shaykh al-Islām - Wikipedia
Shaykh al-Islām (English: Sheikh/Chief of Islamic/Muslim Community; Arabic: شيخ الإسلام, romanized: Šayḫ al-Islām; Persian: شِیخُالاسلام, Sheykh-ol-Eslām; Urdu: شِیخُالاسلام, Sheikh-ul …
shaykh | The Pluralism Project
(also: sheik, sheikh, pir) The Arabic term “shaykh” literally means a gray-haired old man. The Persian term “pir” means “elder, master.” Both terms have become titles of respect for a leader …
