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| repeated cross sectional study example: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods Paul J. Lavrakas, 2008-09-12 To the uninformed, surveys appear to be an easy type of research to design and conduct, but when students and professionals delve deeper, they encounter the vast complexities that the range and practice of survey methods present. To complicate matters, technology has rapidly affected the way surveys can be conducted; today, surveys are conducted via cell phone, the Internet, email, interactive voice response, and other technology-based modes. Thus, students, researchers, and professionals need both a comprehensive understanding of these complexities and a revised set of tools to meet the challenges. In conjunction with top survey researchers around the world and with Nielsen Media Research serving as the corporate sponsor, the Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods presents state-of-the-art information and methodological examples from the field of survey research. Although there are other how-to guides and references texts on survey research, none is as comprehensive as this Encyclopedia, and none presents the material in such a focused and approachable manner. With more than 600 entries, this resource uses a Total Survey Error perspective that considers all aspects of possible survey error from a cost-benefit standpoint. Key Features Covers all major facets of survey research methodology, from selecting the sample design and the sampling frame, designing and pretesting the questionnaire, data collection, and data coding, to the thorny issues surrounding diminishing response rates, confidentiality, privacy, informed consent and other ethical issues, data weighting, and data analyses Presents a Reader′s Guide to organize entries around themes or specific topics and easily guide users to areas of interest Offers cross-referenced terms, a brief listing of Further Readings, and stable Web site URLs following most entries The Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods is specifically written to appeal to beginning, intermediate, and advanced students, practitioners, researchers, consultants, and consumers of survey-based information. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis Yang Yang, Kenneth C. Land, 2013-02-25 Age-Period-Cohort Analysis: New Models, Methods, and Empirical Applications is based on a decade of the authors’ collaborative work in age-period-cohort (APC) analysis. Within a single, consistent HAPC-GLMM statistical modeling framework, the authors synthesize APC models and methods for three research designs: age-by-time period tables of population rates or proportions, repeated cross-section sample surveys, and accelerated longitudinal panel studies. The authors show how the empirical application of the models to various problems leads to many fascinating findings on how outcome variables develop along the age, period, and cohort dimensions. The book makes two essential contributions to quantitative studies of time-related change. Through the introduction of the GLMM framework, it shows how innovative estimation methods and new model specifications can be used to tackle the model identification problem that has hampered the development and empirical application of APC analysis. The book also addresses the major criticism against APC analysis by explaining the use of new models within the GLMM framework to uncover mechanisms underlying age patterns and temporal trends. Encompassing both methodological expositions and empirical studies, this book explores the ways in which statistical models, methods, and research designs can be used to open new possibilities for APC analysis. It compares new and existing models and methods and provides useful guidelines on how to conduct APC analysis. For empirical illustrations, the text incorporates examples from a variety of disciplines, such as sociology, demography, and epidemiology. Along with details on empirical analyses, software and programs to estimate the models are available on the book’s web page. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Fifteen Thousand Hours Michael Rutter, 1979 Secondary Schools and Their Effects on Children. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Foundations of Epidemiology Marit L. Bovbjerg, 2020-10 Foundations of Epidemiology is an open access, introductory epidemiology text intended for students and practitioners in public or allied health fields. It covers epidemiologic thinking, causality, incidence and prevalence, public health surveillance, epidemiologic study designs and why we care about which one is used, measures of association, random error and bias, confounding and effect modification, and screening. Concepts are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from contemporary and historical public health issues. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Modern Epidemiology Kenneth J. Rothman, Sander Greenland, Timothy L. Lash, 2008 The thoroughly revised and updated Third Edition of the acclaimed Modern Epidemiology reflects both the conceptual development of this evolving science and the increasingly focal role that epidemiology plays in dealing with public health and medical problems. Coauthored by three leading epidemiologists, with sixteen additional contributors, this Third Edition is the most comprehensive and cohesive text on the principles and methods of epidemiologic research. The book covers a broad range of concepts and methods, such as basic measures of disease frequency and associations, study design, field methods, threats to validity, and assessing precision. It also covers advanced topics in data analysis such as Bayesian analysis, bias analysis, and hierarchical regression. Chapters examine specific areas of research such as disease surveillance, ecologic studies, social epidemiology, infectious disease epidemiology, genetic and molecular epidemiology, nutritional epidemiology, environmental epidemiology, reproductive epidemiology, and clinical epidemiology. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Longitudinal Qualitative Research Johnny Saldaña, 2003 Professor Saldaña briefly discusses the basic elements of longitudinal qualitative data, examines time and change in longitudinal qualitative studies, and then offers sixteen specific questions through which researchers may approach the analysis of longitudinal qualitative data. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: How to Practice Academic Medicine and Publish from Developing Countries? Samiran Nundy, Atul Kakar, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, 2021-10-23 This is an open access book. The book provides an overview of the state of research in developing countries – Africa, Latin America, and Asia (especially India) and why research and publications are important in these regions. It addresses budding but struggling academics in low and middle-income countries. It is written mainly by senior colleagues who have experienced and recognized the challenges with design, documentation, and publication of health research in the developing world. The book includes short chapters providing insight into planning research at the undergraduate or postgraduate level, issues related to research ethics, and conduct of clinical trials. It also serves as a guide towards establishing a research question and research methodology. It covers important concepts such as writing a paper, the submission process, dealing with rejection and revisions, and covers additional topics such as planning lectures and presentations. The book will be useful for graduates, postgraduates, teachers as well as physicians and practitioners all over the developing world who are interested in academic medicine and wish to do medical research. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Research Design in Business and Management Stefan Hunziker, Michael Blankenagel, 2021-11-09 The present book project on Research Design, which is planned in English, is intended to create an innovative textbook that can be used at university undergraduate and graduate levels in internationally oriented education in the German-speaking countries. This textbook shall provide comprehensive guidance for students when tackling their (applied) research papers. Instead of reiterating qualitative and quantitative methods it focuses on how to come up with an appropriate research design that allows the student to make the intended intellectual contribution. Starting from the desired (hypothetical) conclusion or statement the student will be guided through the process of finding the appropriate Research Question that will be answered by such a statement and the required Research Design consisting of data collection and data analysis, that allows for such a statement as the conclusion of the study. Common Research Designs in Business and Management, i.e. well beyond the standard Research Designs of Social Sciences and curtailed to the focus area, will be described with regard to their suitability to answer specific kinds of questions as well as the idiosyncrasies of the these Designs and their impact on the written research reports. Examples for each Research Design will be provided as well as guidance about how to write about such research. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Veterinary Epidemiology S. Wayne Martin, Alan H. Meek, Preben Willeberg, 1987 Basic principles. Epidemiologic concepts. Sampling methods. Measurement of disease frequency and production. Studying disease in animal populations. Descriptive epidemiology. Disease causation. Surveys and analytic observational studies. Design of field trials. Theoretical epidemiology: systems analysis and modeling. Animal health economics. Applied epidemiology. Rationale, strategies, and concepts of animal disease control. Monitoring disease and production. Field investigations. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Epidemiology in Medicine Julie E. Buring, 1987 Harvard Medical School, Boston. Textbook for medical and public health students. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Development Research in Practice Kristoffer Bjärkefur, Luíza Cardoso de Andrade, Benjamin Daniels, Maria Ruth Jones, 2021-07-16 Development Research in Practice leads the reader through a complete empirical research project, providing links to continuously updated resources on the DIME Wiki as well asillustrative examples from the Demand for Safe Spaces study. The handbook is intended to train users of development data how to handle data effectively, efficiently, and ethically.“In the DIME Analytics Data Handbook, the DIME team has produced an extraordinary public good: a detailed, comprehensive, yet easy-to-read manual for how to manage a data-oriented research project from beginning to end. It offers everything from big-picture guidance on the determinants of high-quality empirical research, to specific practical guidance on how to implement specific workflows—and includes computer code! I think it will prove durably useful to a broad range of researchers in international development and beyond, and I learned new practices that I plan on adopting in my own research group.”—Marshall Burke, Associate Professor, Department of Earth System Science, and Deputy Director, Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University“Data are the essential ingredient in any research or evaluation project, yet there has been too little attention to standardized practices to ensure high-quality data collection, handling, documentation, and exchange. Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook seeks to fill that gap with practical guidance and tools, grounded in ethics and efficiency, for data management at every stage in a research project. This excellent resource sets a new standard for the field and is an essential reference for all empirical researchers.”—Ruth E. Levine, PhD, CEO, IDinsight“Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is an important resource and a must-read for all development economists, empirical social scientists, and public policy analysts. Based on decades of pioneering work at the World Bank on data collection, measurement, and analysis, the handbook provides valuable tools to allow research teams to more efficiently and transparently manage their work flows—yielding more credible analytical conclusions as a result.”—Edward Miguel, Oxfam Professor in Environmental and Resource Economics and Faculty Director of the Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley“The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is a must-read for any data-driven researcher looking to create credible research outcomes and policy advice. By meticulously describing detailed steps, from project planning via ethical and responsible code and data practices to the publication of research papers and associated replication packages, the DIME handbook makes the complexities of transparent and credible research easier.”—Lars Vilhuber, Data Editor, American Economic Association, and Executive Director, Labor Dynamics Institute, Cornell University |
| repeated cross sectional study example: A Practical Guide to Using Panel Data Simonetta Longhi, Alita Nandi, 2014-12-01 This timely, thoughtful book provides a clear introduction to using panel data in research. It describes the different types of panel datasets commonly used for empirical analysis, and how to use them for cross sectional, panel, and event history analysis. Longhi and Nandi then guide the reader through the data management and estimation process, including the interpretation of the results and the preparation of the final output tables. Using existing data sets and structured as hands-on exercises, each chapter engages with practical issues associated with using data in research. These include: Data cleaning Data preparation Computation of descriptive statistics Using sample weights Choosing and implementing the right estimator Interpreting results Preparing final output tables Graphical representation Written by experienced authors this exciting textbook provides the practical tools needed to use panel data in research. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, second edition Jeffrey M. Wooldridge, 2010-10-01 The second edition of a comprehensive state-of-the-art graduate level text on microeconometric methods, substantially revised and updated. The second edition of this acclaimed graduate text provides a unified treatment of two methods used in contemporary econometric research, cross section and data panel methods. By focusing on assumptions that can be given behavioral content, the book maintains an appropriate level of rigor while emphasizing intuitive thinking. The analysis covers both linear and nonlinear models, including models with dynamics and/or individual heterogeneity. In addition to general estimation frameworks (particular methods of moments and maximum likelihood), specific linear and nonlinear methods are covered in detail, including probit and logit models and their multivariate, Tobit models, models for count data, censored and missing data schemes, causal (or treatment) effects, and duration analysis. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data was the first graduate econometrics text to focus on microeconomic data structures, allowing assumptions to be separated into population and sampling assumptions. This second edition has been substantially updated and revised. Improvements include a broader class of models for missing data problems; more detailed treatment of cluster problems, an important topic for empirical researchers; expanded discussion of generalized instrumental variables (GIV) estimation; new coverage (based on the author's own recent research) of inverse probability weighting; a more complete framework for estimating treatment effects with panel data, and a firmly established link between econometric approaches to nonlinear panel data and the generalized estimating equation literature popular in statistics and other fields. New attention is given to explaining when particular econometric methods can be applied; the goal is not only to tell readers what does work, but why certain obvious procedures do not. The numerous included exercises, both theoretical and computer-based, allow the reader to extend methods covered in the text and discover new insights. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Longitudinal Data Analysis Garrett Fitzmaurice, Marie Davidian, Geert Verbeke, Geert Molenberghs, 2008-08-11 Although many books currently available describe statistical models and methods for analyzing longitudinal data, they do not highlight connections between various research threads in the statistical literature. Responding to this void, Longitudinal Data Analysis provides a clear, comprehensive, and unified overview of state-of-the-art theory |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Political Research Sandra Halperin, Oliver Heath, 2020 The most accessible and practical guide to research methods written especially for politics and international relations students. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Epidemiology Moyses Szklo, F. Javier Nieto, 2004 Second edition coming in July! Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics is specifically designed to expand reader knowledge while avoiding complex statistical formulations. Emphasizing the quantitative issues of epidemiology, this book focuses on study design, measures of association, interaction, research assessment, and other methods and practice. Epidemiology: Beyond the Basics takes readers who have a good understanding of basic epidemiological principles through more rigorous discussions of concepts and methods. It is valuable for both graduate students in public health and public health professionals. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Longitudinal and Panel Data , 2004 This focuses on models and data that arise from repeated observations of a cross-section of individuals, households or companies. These models have found important applications within business, economics, education, political science and other social science disciplines. The author introduces the foundations of longitudinal and panel data analysis at a level suitable for quantitatively oriented graduate social science students as well as individual researchers. He emphasizes mathematical and statistical fundamentals but also describes substantive applications from across the social sciences, showing the breadth and scope that these models enjoy. The applications are enhanced by real-world data sets and software programs in SAS and Stata. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Dissemination and Implementation of Evidence-Based Psychological Interventions R. Kathryn McHugh, David H. Barlow, 2012-04-17 The lack of widely available, effective mental health care presents a major public health problem. This volume describes the rapidly expanding area of dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions. Leading efforts internationally to improve access to effective care are highlighted by the leaders of these programs. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Handbook of Life Course Health Development Neal Halfon, Christopher B. Forrest, Richard M. Lerner, Elaine M. Faustman, 2017-11-20 This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This handbook synthesizes and analyzes the growing knowledge base on life course health development (LCHD) from the prenatal period through emerging adulthood, with implications for clinical practice and public health. It presents LCHD as an innovative field with a sound theoretical framework for understanding wellness and disease from a lifespan perspective, replacing previous medical, biopsychosocial, and early genomic models of health. Interdisciplinary chapters discuss major health concerns (diabetes, obesity), important less-studied conditions (hearing, kidney health), and large-scale issues (nutrition, adversity) from a lifespan viewpoint. In addition, chapters address methodological approaches and challenges by analyzing existing measures, studies, and surveys. The book concludes with the editors’ research agenda that proposes priorities for future LCHD research and its application to health care practice and health policy. Topics featured in the Handbook include: The prenatal period and its effect on child obesity and metabolic outcomes. Pregnancy complications and their effect on women’s cardiovascular health. A multi-level approach for obesity prevention in children. Application of the LCHD framework to autism spectrum disorder. Socioeconomic disadvantage and its influence on health development across the lifespan. The importance of nutrition to optimal health development across the lifespan. The Handbook of Life Course Health Development is a must-have resource for researchers, clinicians/professionals, and graduate students in developmental psychology/science; maternal and child health; social work; health economics; educational policy and politics; and medical law as well as many interrelated subdisciplines in psychology, medicine, public health, mental health, education, social welfare, economics, sociology, and law. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Mixed Effects Models for Complex Data Lang Wu, 2009-11-11 Although standard mixed effects models are useful in a range of studies, other approaches must often be used in correlation with them when studying complex or incomplete data. Mixed Effects Models for Complex Data discusses commonly used mixed effects models and presents appropriate approaches to address dropouts, missing data, measurement errors, censoring, and outliers. For each class of mixed effects model, the author reviews the corresponding class of regression model for cross-sectional data. An overview of general models and methods, along with motivating examples After presenting real data examples and outlining general approaches to the analysis of longitudinal/clustered data and incomplete data, the book introduces linear mixed effects (LME) models, generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs), nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) models, and semiparametric and nonparametric mixed effects models. It also includes general approaches for the analysis of complex data with missing values, measurement errors, censoring, and outliers. Self-contained coverage of specific topics Subsequent chapters delve more deeply into missing data problems, covariate measurement errors, and censored responses in mixed effects models. Focusing on incomplete data, the book also covers survival and frailty models, joint models of survival and longitudinal data, robust methods for mixed effects models, marginal generalized estimating equation (GEE) models for longitudinal or clustered data, and Bayesian methods for mixed effects models. Background material In the appendix, the author provides background information, such as likelihood theory, the Gibbs sampler, rejection and importance sampling methods, numerical integration methods, optimization methods, bootstrap, and matrix algebra. Failure to properly address missing data, measurement errors, and other issues in statistical analyses can lead to severely biased or misleading results. This book explores the biases that arise when naïve methods are used and shows which approaches should be used to achieve accurate results in longitudinal data analysis. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Power Analysis of Trials with Multilevel Data Mirjam Moerbeek, Steven Teerenstra, 2015-07-01 Power Analysis of Trials with Multilevel Data is a valuable reference for anyone who wants to perform power calculations on trials with hierarchical data. It provides a thorough overview of power analysis, familiarizing you with terminology and notation, outlining the key concepts of statistical power and power analysis, and covering all common hierarchical designs. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 To request a free 30-day online trial to this product, visit www.sagepub.com/freetrial Research design can be daunting for all types of researchers. At its heart it might be described as a formalized approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge—the success of which depends upon clearly defined objectives and appropriate choice of statistical tools, tests, and analysis to meet a project′s objectives. Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. Key Features Covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research Addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences Provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies Uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases Key Themes Descriptive Statistics Distributions Graphical Displays of Data Hypothesis Testing Important Publications Inferential Statistics Item Response Theory Mathematical Concepts Measurement Concepts Organizations Publishing Qualitative Research Reliability of Scores Research Design Concepts Research Designs Research Ethics Research Process Research Validity Issues Sampling Scaling Software Applications Statistical Assumptions Statistical Concepts Statistical Procedures Statistical Tests Theories, Laws, and Principles Types of Variables Validity of Scores The Encyclopedia of Research Design is the perfect instrument for new learners as well as experienced researchers to explore both the original and newest branches of the field. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Epidemiologic Research David G. Kleinbaum, Lawrence L. Kupper, Hal Morgenstern, 1991-01-16 Epidemiologic Research Principles and Quantitative Methods DavidG. Kleinbaum, Ph.D. Lawrence L. Kupper. Ph.D. Hal Morgenstern,Ph.D. Epidemiologic Research covers the principles and methodsof planning, analysis and interpretation of epidemiologic researchstudies. It supplies the applied researcher with the mostup-to-date methodological thought and practice. Specifically, thebook focuses on quantitative (including statistical) issues arisingfrom epidemiologic investigations, as well as on the questions ofstudy design, measurement and validity. EpidemiologicResearch emphasizes practical techniques, procedures andstrategies. It presents them through a unified approach whichfollows the chronology of issues that arise during theinvestigation of an epidemic. The book's viewpoint ismultidisciplinary and equally useful to the epidemiologicresearcher and to the biostatistician. Theory is supplemented bynumerous examples, exercises and applications. Full solutions aregiven to all exercises in a separate solutions manual. Importantfeatures * Thorough discussion of the methodology of epidemiologicresearch * Stress on validity and hence on reliability * Balanced approach, presenting the most important prevailingviewpoints * Three chapters with applications of mathematical modeling |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Designing Clinical Research Stephen B. Hulley, Steven R. Cummings, Warren S. Browner, Deborah G. Grady, Thomas B. Newman, 2011-11-30 Designing Clinical Research sets the standard for providing a practical guide to planning, tabulating, formulating, and implementing clinical research, with an easy-to-read, uncomplicated presentation. This edition incorporates current research methodology—including molecular and genetic clinical research—and offers an updated syllabus for conducting a clinical research workshop. Emphasis is on common sense as the main ingredient of good science. The book explains how to choose well-focused research questions and details the steps through all the elements of study design, data collection, quality assurance, and basic grant-writing. All chapters have been thoroughly revised, updated, and made more user-friendly. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Invisible Atrocities Randle C. DeFalco, 2022-03-17 This book assesses the role aesthetic factors play in shaping what forms of mass violence are viewed as international crimes. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Longitudinal Data Analysis Toon Taris, 2000-11-13 This accessible introduction to the theory and practice of longitudinal research takes the reader through the strengths and weaknesses of this kind of research, making clear: how to design a longitudinal study; how to collect data most effectively; how to make the best use of statistical techniques; and how to interpret results. Although the book provides a broad overview of the field, the focus is always on the practical issues arising out of longitudinal research. This book supplies the student with all that they need to get started and acts as a manual for dealing with opportunities and pitfalls. It is the ideal primer for this growing area of social research. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Issues in Returning Individual Results from Genome Research Using Population-Based Banked Specimens, with a Focus on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey National Research Council, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics, Steering Committee for the Workshop on Guidelines for Returning Individual Results from Genome Research Using Population-Based Banked Specimens, 2014-09-08 Population surveys traditionally collect information from respondents about their circumstances, behaviors, attitudes, and other characteristics. In recent years, many surveys have been collecting not only questionnaire answers, but also biologic specimens such as blood samples, saliva, and buccal swabs, from which a respondent's DNA can be ascertained along with other biomarkers (e.g., the level of a certain protein in the blood). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), sponsored by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), has been collecting and storing genetic specimens since 1991, and other surveys, such as the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) funded by the National Institute on Aging, have followed suit. In order to give their informed consent to participate in a survey, respondents need to know the disposition and use of their data. Will their data be used for one research project and then destroyed, or will they be archived for secondary use? Sponsors of repeated cross-sectional surveys, such as NHANES, and of longitudinal surveys that follow panels of individuals over time, such as HRS, generally want to retain data for a wide range of secondary uses, many of which are not explicitly foreseen at the time of data collection. They typically inform respondents that their data will be stored in a secure manner and may be provided to researchers with suitable protections against individual identification. The addition of biologic specimens to a survey adds complications for storing, protecting, and providing access to such data and measurements made from them. There are also questions of whether, when, and for which biologic measurements the results should be reported back to individual respondents. Recently, the cost of full genomic sequencing has plummeted, and research findings are beginning to accumulate that bear up under replication and that potentially have clinical implications for a respondent. For example, knowing that one possesses a certain gene or gene sequence might suggest that one should seek a certain kind of treatment or genetic counseling or inform one's blood relatives. Biomedical research studies, in which participants are asked to donate tissues for genetic studies and are usually told that they will not be contacted with any results, are increasingly confronting the issue of when and which DNA results to return to participants. Issues in Returning Individual Results from Genome Research Using Population-Based Banked Specimens, with a Focus on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is the summary of a workshop convened in February 2013 by the Committee on National Statistics in the Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education of the National Research Council. This report considers how population surveys, in particular NHANES, should implement the reporting of results from genomic research using stored specimens and address informed consent for future data collection as well as for the use of banked specimens covered by prior informed consent agreements. The report will be of interest to survey organizations that include or contemplate including the collection of biologic specimens in population surveys for storing for genetic research. The issues involved are important for advancing social, behavioral, and biomedical knowledge while appropriately respecting and protecting individual survey respondents. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division, Food and Nutrition Board, Committee on Evaluating Approaches to Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity, 2016-09-30 Obesity has come to the forefront of the American public health agenda. The increased attention has led to a growing interest in quantifying obesity prevalence and determining how the prevalence has changed over time. Estimates of obesity prevalence and trends are fundamental to understanding and describing the scope of issue. Policy makers, program planners, and other stakeholders at the national, state, and local levels are among those who search for estimates relevant to their population(s) of interest to inform their decision-making. The differences in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data have given rise to a body of evidence that is inconsistent and has created barriers to interpreting and applying published reports. As such, there is a need to provide guidance to those who seek to better understand and use estimates of obesity prevalence and trends. Assessing Prevalence and Trends in Obesity examines the approaches to data collection, analysis, and interpretation that have been used in recent reports on obesity prevalence and trends at the national, state, and local level, particularly among U.S. children, adolescents, and young adults. This report offers a framework for assessing studies on trends in obesity, principally among children and young adults, for policy making and program planning purposes, and recommends ways decision makers and others can move forward in assessing and interpreting reports on obesity trends. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Understanding Longitudinal Data Emily Gilbert, 2023-10-01 Do you want to use longitudinal data in a research project? This book provides a strong foundation in the fundamentals of longitudinal research, helping you understand where your secondary data come from and discussing core issues in longitudinal research, such as study design, sampling, attrition and missing data. Covering each step of the research process, from understanding theory through data collection and analysis to writing up, the book offers practical tools to give you confidence in working with longitudinal data. It also: Supports your learning with features such as ′Check your Understanding′ questions and further reading. Examines challenges unique to longitudinal research - and offers solutions. Explores the realities of using longitudinal data with over 45 case studies of research from across the globe including Australia, Germany, Malaysia, New Zealand, the UK and the US. This straightforward guide is the perfect introduction to longitudinal research for students and researchers across the social sciences. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Drug Utilization Research Monique Elseviers, Björn Wettermark, Tanja Mueller, Ria Benko, Marion Bennie, Katarina Gvozdanovic, Mikael Hoffmann, Irina Iaru, Verica Ivanovska, Sean MacBride-Stewart, Elisabetta Poluzzi, Lisa Pont, Hege Salvesen Blix, Gabriel Sanfelix-Gimeno, Gisbert Selke, Katja Taxis, Ana Tomas Petrovic, Indre Treciokiene, Sabine Vogler, 2024-09-13 Towards a better understanding of how medicines are used in society Drug Utilization Research (DUR) is a discipline which combines aspects of pharmacotherapy, epidemiology, and health services research into an interdisciplinary set of methods for analyzing and assessing the prescribing, dispensing and consumption of medicines. It combines both qualitative and quantitative approaches to facilitate the safe and effective use of pharmaceuticals. Drug Utilization Research: Methods and Applications provides a comprehensive introduction to this discipline, prepared by an international team of authors with broad experience in numerous fields. Now reorganized and updated to reflect the latest research and global challenges, it is an indispensable resource for understanding the use of pharmaceuticals. Readers of the second edition of Drug Utilization Research will find: New chapters on methods, including more hands-on guidance on how to plan and conduct different types of drug utilization A section on specific applications in areas such as psychotropics, opioids, cancer drugs, antibacterials, and cardiovascular drugs A new section with case studies illustrating applications of DUR in different continents Detailed treatment of subjects including DUR and health policy, DUR in specific populations, and many more Drug Utilization Research is ideal for epidemiologists, pharmacists, physicians, nurses and others interested in drug use and its outcomes. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Multilevel Modeling Steven P. Reise, Naihua Duan, 2003-01-30 This book appeals to researchers who work with nested data structures or repeated measures data, including biomed & health researchers, clinical/intervention researchers and developmental & educational psychologists. Also some potential as a grad lvl tex |
| repeated cross sectional study example: The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment Wesley G. Jennings, George E. Higgins, Mildred M. Maldonado-Molina, David N. Khey, 2016-01-19 The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment provides the most comprehensive reference for a vast number of topics relevant to crime and punishment with a unique focus on the multi/interdisciplinary and international aspects of these topics and historical perspectives on crime and punishment around the world. Named as one of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles of 2016 Comprising nearly 300 entries, this invaluable reference resource serves as the most up-to-date and wide-ranging resource on crime and punishment Offers a global perspective from an international team of leading scholars, including coverage of the strong and rapidly growing body of work on criminology in Europe, Asia, and other areas Acknowledges the overlap of criminology and criminal justice with a number of disciplines such as sociology, psychology, epidemiology, history, economics, and public health, and law Entry topics are organized around 12 core substantive areas: international aspects, multi/interdisciplinary aspects, crime types, corrections, policing, law and justice, research methods, criminological theory, correlates of crime, organizations and institutions (U.S.), victimology, and special populations Organized, authored and Edited by leading scholars, all of whom come to the project with exemplary track records and international standing 3 Volumes www.crimeandpunishmentencyclopedia.com |
| repeated cross sectional study example: The Practice of Research in Criminology and Criminal Justice Ronet Bachman, Russell K. Schutt, 2007 This text provides a practical guide to qualitative and quantitative social research techniques integrated with issues from criminal justice. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Research Methods in Education Louis Cohen, Lawrence Manion, Keith Morrison, 2013-03-07 This rewritten, expanded and updated 7th edition of the long-running bestseller Research Methods in Education encompasses the whole range of methods currently employed by educational research at all stages. It offers plentiful and rich practical advice, underpinned by clear theoretical foundations, research evidence and up-to-date references. Chapters new to this edition cover: Causation, critical educational research, evaluation and the politics of research, including material on cross-cultural research, mixed methods and participatory research Choosing and planning a research project, including material on sampling, research questions, literature reviews and ethical issues Meta-analysis, research syntheses and systematic reviews Virtual worlds and internet research Using and analysing visual media and data in educational research Organizing and presenting qualitative data, content analysis, coding and computer analysis, themes, narratives, conversations and discourses, grounded theory Understanding and choosing statistical tests, descriptive and inferential statistics, multi-dimensional measurement and factor analysis Research Methods in Education is essential reading for both the professional researcher and students of education at undergraduate and postgraduate level, who need to understand how to plan, conduct, analyse and use research. The textbook is accompanied by a website: www.routledge.com/textbooks/cohen7e. PowerPoint slides for every chapter contain an outline of the chapter structure followed by a thorough summary of the key points, ideal for both lecturers and students. Within the book a variety of internet resources are referred to and these references have been included here, with links to the websites. A wide range of supplementary documents are available for many chapters, providing additional guidance and examples. They range from guidelines for the contents of a research proposal with a worked example, to screen-print manuals for using SPSS and QSR N6 NUD*IST (exportable to N-Vivo) plus data files. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Sourcebook for Political Communication Research Erik P. Bucy, R. Lance Holbert, 2014-06-03 The Sourcebook for Political Communication Research will offer scholars, students, researchers, and other interested readers a comprehensive source for state-of-the-art/field research methods, measures, and analytical techniques in the field of political communication. The need for this Sourcebook stems from recent innovations in political communication involving the use of advanced statistical techniques, innovative conceptual frameworks, the rise of digital media as both a means by which to disseminate and study political communication, and methods recently adapted from other disciplines, particularly psychology, sociology, and neuroscience. Chapters will have a social-scientific orientation and will explain new methodologies and measures applicable to questions regarding media, politics, and civic life. The Sourcebook covers the major analytical techniques used in political communication research, including surveys (both original data collections and secondary analyses), experiments, content analysis, discourse analysis (focus groups and textual analysis), network and deliberation analysis, comparative study designs, statistical analysis, and measurement issues. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Research Design in Business and Management Stefan Hunziker, Michael Blankenagel, 2024-01-03 This textbook on research designs provides undergraduate and graduate students with detailed guidance to tackle their research projects. It has been recommended and developed for university courses in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The authors offer students relevant research designs in business and management. They show how to overcome the common qualitative and quantitative methods divide. For this purpose, the textbook focuses on the scientific problem-solving process. It emphasizes the importance of an appropriate research design to produce intellectual contributions. The authors describe the most relevant research designs in business and management research. They assess each research design about its suitability to answer specific research questions. The textbook also covers academic writing and provides valuable tips about the whole research process. It not only serves students as a resource to conduct their research projects. Moreover, it is also a helpful reference throughout the entire academic career. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health, and Highway Safety National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Transportation Research Board, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Human-Systems Integration, Committee on National Statistics, Panel on Research Methodologies and Statistical Approaches to Understanding Driver Fatigue Factors in Motor Carrier Safety and Driver Health, 2016-09-12 There are approximately 4,000 fatalities in crashes involving trucks and buses in the United States each year. Though estimates are wide-ranging, possibly 10 to 20 percent of these crashes might have involved fatigued drivers. The stresses associated with their particular jobs (irregular schedules, etc.) and the lifestyle that many truck and bus drivers lead, puts them at substantial risk for insufficient sleep and for developing short- and long-term health problems. Commercial Motor Vehicle Driver Fatigue, Long-Term Health and Highway Safety assesses the state of knowledge about the relationship of such factors as hours of driving, hours on duty, and periods of rest to the fatigue experienced by truck and bus drivers while driving and the implications for the safe operation of their vehicles. This report evaluates the relationship of these factors to drivers' health over the longer term, and identifies improvements in data and research methods that can lead to better understanding in both areas. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: International Handbook of Population Aging Peter Uhlenberg, 2009-04-29 The International Handbook of Population Aging examines research on a wide array of the profound implications of population aging. It demonstrates how the world is changing through population aging, and how demography is changing in response to it. |
| repeated cross sectional study example: Introduction to Health Research Methods Kathryn H. Jacobsen, 2020-02-06 Designed to empower new investigators to conduct their own original research projects, the third edition of Introduction to Health Research Methods: A Practical Guide leads the reader step-by-step in performing quantitative and qualitative research in medicine, public health, and other clinical and population health fields. This comprehensive text covers the entire research process from formulating a study question and selecting a study approach to collecting and analyzing data and then disseminating the findings. Chapters about methods for primary studies (collecting new data), secondary analyses (analyzing existing data), and tertiary studies (conducting literature reviews and meta-analyses) provide complete coverage of the scope of health research. By breaking the research process down into a series of achievable steps, this practical guide shows readers how they can contribute to improving the health of individuals and communities through research. |
Getting Multiple Repeated and Dropped Character when typing!
Feb 7, 2025 · BUT they (repeated characters AND dropping characters) reappeared earlier this morning - so I feel pretty confident it is the docking station. And I might mention, that for some …
ISM.exe Repeated Errors - Microsoft Community
Apr 20, 2025 · It seems like you are experiencing repeated errors with the ISM.exe program on your Windows 11 device. The errors you mentioned, BEX64 and APPCRASH, indicate that the …
Repeated login attempts from unauthorized user
Apr 8, 2025 · It can be unsettling to see repeated login attempts from unauthorized users. Here are some steps you can take to secure your account and prevent further attempts: Steps to …
repeated blue screen - Microsoft Community
Jan 20, 2025 · repeated blue screen I was looking into an issue with my windows 11 pc because it was completely closing all applications every time its screen turned off and back on again. It …
How to disable windows from locking me out after repeated …
Sep 26, 2024 · The only way I can restart/shut down my PC is by manually holding down the power button then hit it again to power on. After the 4th or 5th time of me doing this after each …
Update 24H2 leading to repeated crashes/forced restarts
Feb 6, 2025 · Hello, On the 4th of Feb, I updated my laptop to 24H2. After an uncommonly slow update process, I tried to use it, only to find that the laptop was force-restarting itself at most …
Repeated error There is a problem with the DNS cache.
Jan 13, 2025 · If you connect to the internet through a router, your DNS cache is in the router. To clear the cache, power off the router, wait 15 seconds (for superstition and to allow every last …
Shortcut - Microsoft Community
Oct 17, 2024 · To create a shortcut for inserting repeated phrases in Outlook, you can utilize the Quick Parts feature or the AutoText function. With Quick Parts you can create and insert …
Repeated emails from Microsoft Digital Trust and Safety - Looks …
Jun 9, 2025 · Repeated emails from Microsoft Digital Trust and Safety - Looks legit but doesn't make sense I have received this email four times overnight from "Microsoft Digital Trust and …
Account Lockouts Due to Repeated Login Attempts
May 9, 2025 · Based on your issue description "Account Lockouts Due to Repeated Login Attempts" would you mind providing the following information: May I please know the type of …
Getting Multiple Repeated and Dropped Character when typing!
Feb 7, 2025 · BUT they (repeated characters AND dropping characters) reappeared earlier this morning - so I feel pretty confident it is the docking station. And I might mention, that for some …
ISM.exe Repeated Errors - Microsoft Community
Apr 20, 2025 · It seems like you are experiencing repeated errors with the ISM.exe program on your Windows 11 device. The errors you mentioned, BEX64 and APPCRASH, indicate that the …
Repeated login attempts from unauthorized user
Apr 8, 2025 · It can be unsettling to see repeated login attempts from unauthorized users. Here are some steps you can take to secure your account and prevent further attempts: Steps to …
repeated blue screen - Microsoft Community
Jan 20, 2025 · repeated blue screen I was looking into an issue with my windows 11 pc because it was completely closing all applications every time its screen turned off and back on again. It …
How to disable windows from locking me out after repeated …
Sep 26, 2024 · The only way I can restart/shut down my PC is by manually holding down the power button then hit it again to power on. After the 4th or 5th time of me doing this after each …
Update 24H2 leading to repeated crashes/forced restarts
Feb 6, 2025 · Hello, On the 4th of Feb, I updated my laptop to 24H2. After an uncommonly slow update process, I tried to use it, only to find that the laptop was force-restarting itself at most 30 …
Repeated error There is a problem with the DNS cache.
Jan 13, 2025 · If you connect to the internet through a router, your DNS cache is in the router. To clear the cache, power off the router, wait 15 seconds (for superstition and to allow every last …
Shortcut - Microsoft Community
Oct 17, 2024 · To create a shortcut for inserting repeated phrases in Outlook, you can utilize the Quick Parts feature or the AutoText function. With Quick Parts you can create and insert …
Repeated emails from Microsoft Digital Trust and Safety - Looks …
Jun 9, 2025 · Repeated emails from Microsoft Digital Trust and Safety - Looks legit but doesn't make sense I have received this email four times overnight from "Microsoft Digital Trust and …
Account Lockouts Due to Repeated Login Attempts
May 9, 2025 · Based on your issue description "Account Lockouts Due to Repeated Login Attempts" would you mind providing the following information: May I please know the type of …
