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| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks The Topps Company, 2012-10-01 In celebration of the 50th anniversary of Mars Attacks, this comprehensive book is the first-ever compilation of the infamous science-fiction trading card series produced by Topps in 1962. Edgy, subversive, and darkly comedic, this over-the-top series depicting a Martian invasion of Earth has a loyal following and continues to win new generations of fans. For the first time, this book brings together high-quality reproductions of the entire original series, as well as the hard-to-find sequel from 1994, rare and never-before-seen sketches, concept art, and test market materials. Also included are an introduction by series co-creator Len Brown and an afterword by Zina Saunders, daughter of the original artist, providing an insider’s behind-the-scenes view of the bizarre and compelling world of Mars Attacks. Includes four Mars Attacks trading cards. Includes preliminary sketches and artwork, including a facsimile of the original trading card mechanical on the inside back cover, with reproduction of the 1962 handwriting from the original Topps production department. Praise for Mars Attacks: “The best thing about this 50th-anniversary book is that it frees Mars Attacks from rose-tinted memory.” —NPR.org “The work produced by writer Len Brown and artist Norm Saunders, collected now in the anthology Mars Attacks: 50th Anniversary Collection . . . continues to pass muster as a lurid snapshot of sci-fi paranoia at its most pulp-fictiony.” —Wired.com “It’s like a mini-museum of alien grotesquerie between two solid covers, depicting all the iterations of the series, with further treatments by modern illustrators, and sketchbook reproductions, and names, dates, and times. Oh, and? And there are four bonus trading cards included with each copy of this graphic and texty artifact.” —AustinChronicle.com “It’s a true gem of American pop culture history that should be a centerpiece on any true geek’s coffee table.” —The Houston Press Art Attack blog |
| ray j mars attacks: The Big Book of Mars Marc Hartzman, 2020-07-07 The most comprehensive look at our relationship with Mars—yesterday, today, and tomorrow—through history, archival images, pop culture ephemera, and interviews with NASA scientists, for fans of Andy Weir and For All Mankind. Mars has been a source of fascination and speculation ever since the ancient Egyptians observed its blood-red hue and named it for their god of war and plague. But it wasn't until the 19th century when “canals” were observed on the surface of the Red Planet, suggesting the presence of water, that scientists, novelists, filmmakers, and entrepreneurs became obsessed with the question of whether there’s life on Mars. Since then, Mars has fully invaded pop culture, inspiring its own day of the week (Tuesday), an iconic Looney Tunes character, and many novels and movies, from Ray Bradbury’s Martian Chronicles to The Martian. It’s this cultural familiarity with the fourth planet that continues to inspire advancements in Mars exploration, from NASA’s launch of the Mars rover Perseverance to Elon Musk’s quest to launch a manned mission to Mars through SpaceX by 2024. Perhaps, one day, we’ll be able to answer the questions our ancestors asked when they looked up at the night sky millennia ago. |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks: Occupation John Layman, 2016 The Martians came. The Martians saw. The Martians conquered. Now the space invaders cruelly rule over humanity, which has no hope for liberation... but Ruby Johnson has decided that she has had enough. |
| ray j mars attacks: Warlord of Mars Attacks #2 Jeff Parker, 2019-07-24 “The Lost Hero” – John Carter is back on Earth! Unfortunately, there’s also a seemingly-unlimited army of lil’ green dudes here, hellbent on killing every woman/man/dog/llama/vegetable in sight. Can our intrepid sci-fi hero get his head wrapped around the madness and strike back, or has he arrived just in time to see his homeworld’s destruction? By JEFF PARKER (Aquaman, Future Quest) and DEAN KOTZ (Dungeons & Dragons)! |
| ray j mars attacks: Warlord of Mars Attacks #5 Jeff Parker, 2019-10-30 “The Future Of Worlds” FINAL ISSUE! The grand battle for Barsoom! John Carter! Dejah Thoris! Tars Tarkas! Woola! And many many many many many many many many many many many many many MANY MANY MANY LITTLE GREEN MEN! From JEFF PARKER (Aquaman, James Bond Origin) and DEAN KOTZ (Dungeons & Dragons)! |
| ray j mars attacks: Brandy Karu F. Daniels, 1999 The small-town girl from Mississippi who became a superstar by age 16 takes center stage in this photo-packed biography that offers an inside look at the actress and pop-singing sensation. |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks: First Born Chris Ryall, Sam Kieth, 2014 When Mars attacked Earth, the battle left no side unscarred, least of all a lonely old man and his blind niece...along with the first Martian child born on Earth! Will the child's warlike ways take over, or is there more going on here than it seems? |
| ray j mars attacks: Vibe , 1997-02 |
| ray j mars attacks: Warlord of Mars Attacks #4 Jeff Parker, 2019-09-25 “Back To Barsoom” The hero returns! John Carter reunites with his Barsoom allies…just as MARS ATTACKS! Can John, Tars Tarkas, Woola and more defend the world they love, or will this Mars fall? By JEFF PARKER (Aquaman, Future Quest) and DEAN KOTZ (Dungeons & Dragons)! |
| ray j mars attacks: Warlord of Mars Attacks #1 Jeff Parker, 2019-06-19 JEFF PARKER (Aquaman, Future Quest) and DEAN KOTZ (Dungeons & Dragons) invite you to behold the battle between the dashingly heroic John Carter Of Mars and the neverendingly power-hungry little green men of Mars Attacks! HOW has John encountered never encountered these Martians before!? WHY do these cackling monsters want to conquer Mars? And WHAT happens when the war spills over to Earth!? Find out in the stunning first chapter, ATTACK FROM SPACE! |
| ray j mars attacks: Warlord of Mars Attacks #3 Jeff Parker, 2019-08-21 “Warlord Of Earth” As the Martians use their monster crab machines to destroy society as we know it, John must scour the deepest recesses of his mind, and find the memory of Barsoom (aka Mars!) that will unlock the secret to getting these damn lil’ green dudes off our planet! By JEFF PARKER (Aquaman, Future Quest) and DEAN KOTZ (Dungeons & Dragons)! |
| ray j mars attacks: The War of the Worlds H. G. Wells, 2016-03-15 The science fiction masterpiece of man versus alien that inspired generations, from Orson Welles’s classic radio play to the film starring Tom Cruise. At the turn of the twentieth century, few would believe that mankind is being watched from above. But millions of miles from Earth, the lords of the Red Planet prepare their armies for invasion, waiting for the moment to strike. When they land in the English countryside, baffled humans approach, waving white flags, and the Martians burn them to a crisp. The war has begun, and mankind doesn’t stand a chance. As Martian armies roll across England, one man fights to keep his family safe, risking his life—and his sanity—on the front lines of the greatest war in galactic history. H. G. Wells’s groundbreaking novel, adapted to radio and film, among other mediums, by visionary artists from Orson Welles to Steven Spielberg, remains one of the most chilling, unforgettable works of science fiction ever written. This ebook has been professionally proofread to ensure accuracy and readability on all devices. |
| ray j mars attacks: A Fighting Man Of Mars EDGAR RICE BURROUGHS, 2024-01-02 A Fighting Man of Mars is a science fiction journey novel written by way of Edgar Rice Burroughs. It is a part of Burroughs' Barsoom collection, additionally called the John Carter of Mars series. The story is about on the fictional planet of Barsoom (Mars) and maintains the adventures of the Earthman John Carter. The narrative follows John Carter, a former Confederate soldier who mysteriously reveals himself transported to Mars, wherein he possesses first rate electricity due to the planet's decrease gravity. In A Fighting Man of Mars, Carter becomes embroiled within the political intrigues and conflicts that characterize the Martian metropolis-states. The plot facilities on the kidnapping of the lovely Dejah Thoris, Carter's Martian princess, and his quest to rescue her. Along the manner, he encounters numerous alien species, engages in swordplay, and navigates the complex and treacherous Martian landscapes. As with Burroughs' different Barsoom novels, A Fighting Man of Mars combines elements of swashbuckling journey, romance, and imaginitive world-constructing. The author weaves a story of heroism, interplanetary conflict, and the undying topics of love and honor. |
| ray j mars attacks: Jet , 2000-11-27 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news. |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks Volume 1 John Layman, 2013 The invasion begins! The first stories of an all-new Mars Attacks universe are here, bringing outrageous action and dark humor to the comics page. Eisner-winning writer John Layman (Chew) is joined by Eisner-winning artist John McCrea (Hitman) to sound the alarm. Beware! The Martians are coming! |
| ray j mars attacks: Focus On: 100 Most Popular 1990s Science Fiction Films Wikipedia contributors, |
| ray j mars attacks: John Carter, A Princess of Mars (Official Edition) Edgar R Burroughs, 2020-01-08 Edgar Rice Burroughs is the creator of Tarzan. His other famous hero was John Carter, an explorer who ends up living amazing adventures in Mars. In the book A Princess of Mars we discover one of the science fiction works that revolutionized the genre. A classic novel that can't be lacking in any sci-fi expert's library, brought to you in an official edition without changes, external footnotes, or interruptions to the original text. |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks Red Sonja #1 John Layman, 2020-08-26 She is the red-haired she-devil with the sword. They are the green-skinned invaders from the red planet. Yes, those dastardly Mars Attacks Martians are attacking again, and these are the Martians of old, the Martians of the Hyborian Age. And so, it’s up to Red Sonja to stop the attack. But how will steel and strength and savagery stand again laser guns, sci-fi technology and weird, weird Martian science? Only one way to find out! Buy this freakin’ book! Multi-Eisner award-winning writer John Layman returns to both Red Sonja and Mars Attacks, along with the phenomenal Fran Strukan, for a crossover sure to shake both universes! |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks Kyle Starks, 2019 Spencer hasn't finished a dang thing in his life. So, when he goes to visit his dad to see if maybe he can borrow some money, the last thing on his mind is global survival. Now Spencer and his father are on the run, trying to avoid being space-ray'd by a bunch of destruction happy Martians, heck bent on zapping them dead! Writer Kyle Starks (Rick and Morty, Rock Candy Mountain) and artist Chris Schweizer (The Creeps, Unbeatable Squirrel Girl) bring you the face melting experience of a lifetime with Mars Attacks for the first time at Dynamite! |
| ray j mars attacks: Billboard , 1997-02-08 In its 114th year, Billboard remains the world's premier weekly music publication and a diverse digital, events, brand, content and data licensing platform. Billboard publishes the most trusted charts and offers unrivaled reporting about the latest music, video, gaming, media, digital and mobile entertainment issues and trends. |
| ray j mars attacks: The World Book Encyclopedia , 1984 An encyclopedia designed especially to meet the needs of elementary, junior high, and high school students. |
| ray j mars attacks: Jet , 1998-01-19 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news. |
| ray j mars attacks: Mars Attacks IDW Martin Powell, Chris Ryall, Erik Burnham, Shane McCarthy, 2013 The Martians of Mars Attacks invade five different IDW timelines and universes. Popeye, Zombies vs Robots, Kiss, The Real Ghostbusters, and The Transformers all must fight off the threat to their own world! |
| ray j mars attacks: Jet , 2000-11-27 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news. |
| ray j mars attacks: John Carter Warlord Of Mars Vol 1 - Invaders From Mars Ron März, 2016-05-18 John Carter, the Confederate soldier transported to distant Mars, must save his adopted world from an adversary who is every bit his equal on the Red Planet: Captain Joshua Clark, formerly of the Army of the Potomac and now the strategist for a species of star-hopping conquerors. While Carter and his staunch ally, the Thark chieftain Tars Tarkas, lead a legion of united Green Men and Red Men against the alien assailants, Dejah Thoris - the princess of Barsoom - is held captive by the bloodthirsty Clark in the fallen city of Helium. The Invaders of Mars storyline is cosmic-scale action and adventure, courtesy of Ron Marz, the groundbreaking writer of Green Lantern! |
| ray j mars attacks: Prominent Families of New York Lyman Horace Weeks, 1898 |
| ray j mars attacks: Jet , 1998-01-19 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news. |
| ray j mars attacks: Icehenge Kim Stanley Robinson, 2014-01-07 SF titan Kim Stanley Robinson’s breakout novel, now in a Tor Essentials edition with a new introduction by Henry Farrell Tor Essentials presents new editions of science fiction and fantasy titles of proven merit and lasting value, each volume introduced by an appropriate literary figure. Decades before his massively successful The Ministry for the Future (2020), Kim Stanley Robinson wrote one of SF’s greatest meditations on extended human lifespan, the limitations of human memory, and the haunted confabulations that go with forgetting. On the North Pole of Pluto there stands an enigma: a huge circle of standing blocks of ice, built on the pattern of Earth’s Stonehenge—but ten times the size, standing alone at the edge of the Solar System. What is it? Who could have built it? The secret lies in the chaotic decades of the Martian Revolution, in the lost memories of those who have lived for centuries. This new Tor Essentials edition of Icehenge includes a new introduction by Henry Farrell, co-author of Underground Empire: How America Weaponized the World Economy. At the Publisher's request, this title is being sold without Digital Rights Management Software (DRM) applied. |
| ray j mars attacks: A Guide to Apocalyptic Cinema Charles P. Mitchell, 2001-02-28 This examination and comprehensive assessment of apocalyptic film studies fifty films that illustrate the variety, range and different categories of the genre. Apocalyptic films are those that depict, on screen as part of the story, an event threatening the extinction of mankind. A brief overview identifies seven major categories of apocalyptic films: the religious or supernatural, celestial collision, solar or orbital disruption, nuclear war and radioactive fallout, germ warfare or pestilence, alien device or invasion, and scientific miscalculation. Alphabetically arranged entries rate the films and provide production information, an annotated cast listing, a synopsis of the film, a critique, and representative quotes. Film scholars and those with a special interest in apocalyptic cinema will appreciate the overview and detailed analysis of the films. Appendices provide additional examples of apocalyptic movies excluded from the main text, a sampling of post-apocalyptic cinema which is distinct from the apocalyptic genre and examples of apocalyptic television. Illustrations are included. |
| ray j mars attacks: American Cinema of the 1990s Chris Holmlund, 2008-10-11 With the U.S. economy booming under President Bill Clinton and the cold war finally over, many Americans experienced peace and prosperity in the nineties. Digital technologies gained popularity, with nearly one billion people online by the end of the decade. The film industry wondered what the effect on cinema would be. The essays in American Cinema of the 1990s examine the big-budget blockbusters and critically acclaimed independent films that defined the decade. The 1990s' most popular genre, action, channeled anxieties about global threats such as AIDS and foreign terrorist attacks into escapist entertainment movies. Horror films and thrillers were on the rise, but family-friendly pictures and feel-good romances netted big audiences too. Meanwhile, independent films captured hearts, engaged minds, and invaded Hollywood: by decade's end every studio boasted its own art film affiliate. |
| ray j mars attacks: I Survived the Attack of the Grizzlies, 1967: A Graphic Novel (I Survived Graphic Novel #5) Lauren Tarshis, 2022-05-03 A gripping graphic novel adaptation of Lauren Tarshis's bestselling I Survived the Attack of The Grizzlies, 1967, with text adapted by Georgia Ball. No grizzly has ever killed a human in Glacier National Park before... until tonight. Eleven-year-old Melody Vega and her family come to Glacier every year. Mel loves it here — the beautiful landscapes and wildlife make it easy to forget her real-world troubles. But this year is different. With Mom gone, every moment in the park is a reminder of the past. Then Mel comes face-to-face with a mighty grizzly. She knows basic bear safety: Don't turn your back. Don't make any sudden movements. And most importantly: Don't run. That last one is the hardest for Mel; she's been running from her problems all her life. If she wants to survive tonight, she'll have to find the courage to face her fear. Based on the real-life grizzly attacks of 1967, this bold graphic novel tells the story of one of the most tragic seasons in the history of America's national parks — a summer of terror that forever changed ideas about how grizzlies and humans can exist together in the wild. Lauren Tarshis's New York Times bestselling I Survived series comes to vivid life in graphic novel editions. Perfect for readers who prefer the graphic novel format, or for existing fans of the I Survived chapter book series, these graphic novels combine historical facts with high-action storytelling that's sure to keep any reader turning the pages. Includes a nonfiction section at the back with facts and photos about the real-life event. |
| ray j mars attacks: Jet , 1998-01-19 The weekly source of African American political and entertainment news. |
| ray j mars attacks: Tim Burton Tim Burton, 2005 Collected interviews with the eclectic director of Edward Scissorhands, Beetlejuice, and Ed Wood |
| ray j mars attacks: Brandy Anna Louise Golden, 2014-06-10 Named one of the 21 hottest stars under 21 by Teen People magazine, Brandy, the chart-topping singer and star of TV's Moesha, is one of today's hottest young talents--a bright, headstrong woman who handles the hurdles of stardom with major maturity, while enjoying life like an ordinary teenager (she talks for hours on the phone, shops up a storm, and loves McDonald's french fries!). From writer Anna Louise Golden get the 411 on this award-winning superstar and her life in front of the camera, in back of the microphone--and behind the scenes. |
| ray j mars attacks: The art of Tim Burton Leah Gallo, Holly C. Kempf, Derek Frey, 2009 |
| ray j mars attacks: Planet of the Apes The Topps Company, 2017-06-06 A book containing the complete collection of trading cards based on the popular films and television series. In 1969, Topps released a set of trading cards based on the classic 1968 science-fiction film Planet of the Apes. The original set of trading cards proved so successful that Topps released a set based on the 1975 television series and the 2001 reboot film by Tim Burton. This deluxe collection includes the fronts and backs of all forty-four cards from the original 1969 Topps set based on the original film; all sixty-six cards based on the 1975 television series; and all ninety base cards, ten sticker cards, and forty-four chase cards from the 2001 film. Also included are four exclusive bonus trading cards, rare promotional images, and an introduction and commentary by Gary Gerani, editor of hundreds of trading card series for Topps—all packaged upon the release of the latest installment in the franchise, War for the Planet of the Apes. |
| ray j mars attacks: March's Advanced Organic Chemistry Michael B. Smith, Jerry March, 2007-01-29 The Sixth Edition of a classic in organic chemistry continues its tradition of excellence Now in its sixth edition, March's Advanced Organic Chemistry remains the gold standard in organic chemistry. Throughout its six editions, students and chemists from around the world have relied on it as an essential resource for planning and executing synthetic reactions. The Sixth Edition brings the text completely current with the most recent organic reactions. In addition, the references have been updated to enable readers to find the latest primary and review literature with ease. New features include: More than 25,000 references to the literature to facilitate further research Revised mechanisms, where required, that explain concepts in clear modern terms Revisions and updates to each chapter to bring them all fully up to date with the latest reactions and discoveries A revised Appendix B to facilitate correlating chapter sections with synthetic transformations |
| ray j mars attacks: Ignition! John Drury Clark, 2018-05-23 This newly reissued debut book in the Rutgers University Press Classics Imprint is the story of the search for a rocket propellant which could be trusted to take man into space. This search was a hazardous enterprise carried out by rival labs who worked against the known laws of nature, with no guarantee of success or safety. Acclaimed scientist and sci-fi author John Drury Clark writes with irreverent and eyewitness immediacy about the development of the explosive fuels strong enough to negate the relentless restraints of gravity. The resulting volume is as much a memoir as a work of history, sharing a behind-the-scenes view of an enterprise which eventually took men to the moon, missiles to the planets, and satellites to outer space. A classic work in the history of science, and described as “a good book on rocket stuff…that’s a really fun one” by SpaceX founder Elon Musk, readers will want to get their hands on this influential classic, available for the first time in decades. |
| ray j mars attacks: Death on Mars John E. Brandenburg, PhD, 2014-11-19 New proof of a nuclear catastrophe on Mars! In an epic story of discovery, strong evidence is presented for a dead civilization on Mars and the shocking reason for its demise: an ancient planetary-scale nuclear massacre leaving isotopic traces of vast explosions that endure to our present age. The story told by a wide range of Mars data is now clear. Mars was once Earth-like in climate, with an ocean and rivers, and for a long period became home to both plant and animal life, including a humanoid civilization. Then, for unfathomable reasons, a massive thermo-nuclear explosion ravaged the centers of the Martian civilization and destroyed the biosphere of the planet. But the story does not end there. This tragedy may explain Fermi's Paradox, the fact that the cosmos, seemingly so fertile and with so many planets suitable for life, is as silent as a graveyard. We must immediately send astronauts to Mars to maximize our knowledge of what happened there, and learn how to avoid Mars’ fate. Includes an 8-page color section. |
| ray j mars attacks: Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions Jancy C. McPhee, John B. Charles, United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2009 |
Ray (film) - Wikipedia
Ray Charles Robinson is raised in poverty in Florida by his mother, Aretha. Learning to play piano at an early age, Ray is haunted by the accidental death of his younger brother George, who drowns …
Ray (2004) - IMDb
Oct 29, 2004 · The story of the life and career of the legendary rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles, from his humble beginnings in the South, where he went blind at age seven, to his …
Ray - YouTube
Jamie Foxx stars as the one-of-a-kind innovator of soul, Ray Charles, who overcame impossible odds and humble beginnings to become an extraordinary music leg...
Ray (2004) - Plot - IMDb
Born on a sharecropping plantation in northern Florida, Ray Charles (played by Jamie Foxx) went blind at seven. Inspired by a fiercely independent mom who insisted he make his own way, He …
Welcome to Ray! — Ray 2.47.0
Welcome to Ray! — Ray 2.47.0. An open source framework to build and scale your ML and Python applications easily. Scale the entire ML pipeline from data ingest to model serving with high-level …
Ray streaming: where to watch movie online? - JustWatch
Find out how and where to watch "Ray" online on Netflix, Prime Video, and Disney+ today – including 4K and free options.
Ray - Rotten Tomatoes
Legendary soul musician Ray Charles is portrayed by Jamie Foxx in this Oscar-winning biopic. Young Ray watches his 7-year-old brother drown at age seven. When he loses his sight at...
Watch Ray | Prime Video - amazon.com
Ray is the triumphant and remarkable story of one of America's true musical geniuses, Ray Charles (Jamie Foxx), from his humble beginnings in the South through his meteoric rise to the top of …
Ray - The Only Browser Built For Gaming
Ray is the first browser built specifically for web gaming. Unlike Chrome or OperaGX, Ray lets you instantly discover and play top browser games through a dedicated portal—no installs, no setup. …
RAY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of RAY is any of an order (Rajiformes) of usually marine cartilaginous fishes (such as stingrays and skates) having the body flattened dorsoventrally, the eyes on the upper surface, …
Ray (film) - Wikipedia
Ray Charles Robinson is raised in poverty in Florida by his mother, Aretha. Learning to play piano at an early age, Ray is haunted by the accidental death of his younger brother George, who …
Ray (2004) - IMDb
Oct 29, 2004 · The story of the life and career of the legendary rhythm and blues musician Ray Charles, from his humble beginnings in the South, where he went blind at age seven, to his …
Ray - YouTube
Jamie Foxx stars as the one-of-a-kind innovator of soul, Ray Charles, who overcame impossible odds and humble beginnings to become an extraordinary music leg...
Ray (2004) - Plot - IMDb
Born on a sharecropping plantation in northern Florida, Ray Charles (played by Jamie Foxx) went blind at seven. Inspired by a fiercely independent mom who insisted he make his own way, He …
Welcome to Ray! — Ray 2.47.0
Welcome to Ray! — Ray 2.47.0. An open source framework to build and scale your ML and Python applications easily. Scale the entire ML pipeline from data ingest to model serving with …
Ray streaming: where to watch movie online? - JustWatch
Find out how and where to watch "Ray" online on Netflix, Prime Video, and Disney+ today – including 4K and free options.
Ray - Rotten Tomatoes
Legendary soul musician Ray Charles is portrayed by Jamie Foxx in this Oscar-winning biopic. Young Ray watches his 7-year-old brother drown at age seven. When he loses his sight at...
Watch Ray | Prime Video - amazon.com
Ray is the triumphant and remarkable story of one of America's true musical geniuses, Ray Charles (Jamie Foxx), from his humble beginnings in the South through his meteoric rise to …
Ray - The Only Browser Built For Gaming
Ray is the first browser built specifically for web gaming. Unlike Chrome or OperaGX, Ray lets you instantly discover and play top browser games through a dedicated portal—no installs, no …
RAY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of RAY is any of an order (Rajiformes) of usually marine cartilaginous fishes (such as stingrays and skates) having the body flattened dorsoventrally, the eyes on the upper …
