Research And Analysis Wing Office

  research and analysis wing office: India's External Intelligence V. K. Singh, 2007 2The Present Book Is The First Account By A Person Who Has Actually Served In Raw At A Senior Level. Though Not An Insider, He Was Part Of The Organisation For A Little Less Than Four Years And Was Able To See Its Functioning From Close Quarters. Since He Was Concerned With Signal Intelligence Rather Than Human Intelligence Operations, Most Of The Coverage Is Devoted To The Former. The Book Brings To Light Several Lacunae In The Functioning Of The Country'S Top Intelligence Agency, The Most Glaring Being The Anomalies In Procurement Of Equipment, Lack Of Accountability And Our Dependence On Foreign Sources, With The Resultant Threat To National Security. Some Of The Hitherto Untold Stories Recounted In The Book Are: -1. How Equipment Was Purchased From Foreign Companies At Prices That Were More Ten Times The Market Price By Altering Technical Parameters. 2. How The Security Of The Prime Minister Was Almost Compromised For A Few Pieces Of Silver.3. The Circumstances Leading To The Death Of One Of Raw'S Brightest Officers, Vipin Handa. 4. The Stories Of Moles In The Country'S Top Intelligence Agencies, Including That Of Rabinder Singh. 5. The Bitter Rivalry Between Raw And Ib, And Its Effects.The Modus Operandi Of Foreign Intelligence Agencies In Recruiting Moles In India.
  research and analysis wing office: The Kaoboys of R&AW B. Raman, 2007 Memoirs of the author, former Additional Secretary, Cabinet Secretariat, Govt. of India.
  research and analysis wing office: The Spy Chronicles A.S. Dulat, Asad Durrani, Aditya Sinha, 2018-05-21 Pointing to the horizon where the sea and sky are joined, he says, 'It is only an illusion because they can't really meet, but isn't it beautiful, this union which isn't really there.' -- SAADAT HASAN MANTO Sometime in 2016, a series of dialogues took place which set out to find a meeting ground, even if only an illusion, between A.S. Dulat and Asad Durrani. One was a former chief of RAW, India's external intelligence agency, the other of ISI, its Pakistani counterpart. As they could not meet in their home countries, the conversations, guided by journalist Aditya Sinha, took place in cities like Istanbul, Bangkok and Kathmandu.On the table were subjects that have long haunted South Asia, flashpoints that take lives regularly. It was in all ways a deep dive into the politics of the subcontinent, as seen through the eyes of two spymasters. Among the subjects: Kashmir, and a missed opportunity for peace; Hafiz Saeed and 26/11; Kulbhushan Jadhav; surgical strikes; the deal for Osama bin Laden; how the US and Russia feature in the India-Pakistan relationship; and how terror undermines the two countries' attempts at talks.When the project was first mooted, General Durrani laughed and said nobody would believe it even if it was written as fiction. At a time of fraught relations, this unlikely dialogue between two former spy chiefs from opposite sides--a project that is the first of its kind--may well provide some answers.
  research and analysis wing office: The Khalistan Conspiracy G.B.S. Sidhu, 2020-10-24 The author, a former Special Secretary of India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), examines a series of interconnected events that led to the rise of the Khalistan movement, Operation Blue Star, the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984 and the anti-Sikh violence unleashed thereafter. With a timeline that moves from seven years before to a decade after 1984, the book strives to answer critical questions that continue to linger till today. The narrative moves from Punjab to Canada, the US, Europe and Delhi, looking to sift the truth from the political obfuscation and opportunism, examining the role that the ruling party allegedly played, and the heart-rending violence that devoured thousands of innocent lives in its aftermath.
  research and analysis wing office: THE BLACK TIGER MINAXI, Ravindra Kaushik was an R&AW operative. Famously known as “The Black Tiger”, he is believed to be one of the India’s best super spies ever. Sensitive information relayed by him from beyond the borders eventually earned him the title “The Black Tiger”, in recognition of his valuable contributions during the aftermath of the Indo-Pak War of 1971.
  research and analysis wing office: Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru Ravi Ranjan & M.K. Singh, 2021-08-14 Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a major political leader of the Congress Party, a pivotal figure in the Indian independence movement and the first Prime Minister of independent India. He was also a key figure in international politics in the post-war period (in which he was considered the leader of third world interests) and the patriarch of the Nehru-Gandhi family, one of the most influential forces in Indian politics. In the 1920s, Nehru was elected president of the All India Trade Unions Congress. He and Subhash Chandra Bose had become the most prominent youth leaders, and both demanded outright political independence of India. He would take office as the Prime Minister of India on August 15, and delivered his inaugural address titled “A Tryst With Destiny:” The book will prove an informative and most useful asset for students, scholars and teachers in this field. CONTENTS • Introduction • Nehru : The Maker of Independence India • Economic Policy of Congress • Foreign Policy of Nehru • Nehru, Jinnah and Patel • Nehru's Views on the Pursuit and peace • Nehru Writing on Indian State • Nehru and National Planning Committee
  research and analysis wing office: Security, Espionage and Counter Intelligence R. N. Manickam, 2001 The Security, Espionage and Counter-Intelligence problems are being faced by almost all nations of the world these days. All necessary steps are being taken to tackle this vexed problem by each country and the persons deployed for the work. The present book highlights the varied experiences of an Indian Police Officer who was a senior police officer in uniform for some years; a police officer in civil clothes in the Criminal Investigation Department; a Diplomat and First Secretary in the Indian Embassy in Washington; Director of Security in the Ministry of External Affairs; Dy. Director, Intelligence Bureau; Principal Director 'ARC' in the prestigious Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), ending a Member Judge of the State Consumer Court at Madras with the Hon. rank of a High Court Judge.
  research and analysis wing office: The Unending Game , 2018
  research and analysis wing office: India Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments IBP USA, 2012-03-03 India Country Study Guide - Strategic Information and Developments Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments
  research and analysis wing office: India Intelligence, Security Activities and Operations Handbook IBP USA, 2013-08 2011 Updated Reprint. Updated Annually. India Intelligence, Security Activities & Operations Handbook
  research and analysis wing office: Operation Dragonfire Siddhartha Thorat, 2022-06-15 The battle at Galwan Valley has shaken the nation to its core, which is already battling the Wuhan virus. But the challenge isn’t over yet. The Indian forces are set to strike back at the Chinese People Liberation Army (PLA) by retaliating across the Kailash Range. Meanwhile, an Indian spy operating in Tibet discovers a secret weapon that the Chinese have deployed, which can turn the Indian counter-attack into a complete disaster. RAW agent Sanjay Khanna and a Special Frontier Force (SFF) commando team bring the spy back to India, only to realize that the secret weapon - Dragonfire - awaits them. Sanjay heads to the Dubai to exfiltrate a man who can reveal more about the weapon. Hot on his trail is Major Hanif Rana, his enemy from the ISI. Operation Dragonfire is a riveting thriller which captures the adventurous journey of RAW agent Sanjay Khanna and his operatives as they battle against all odds to protect the nation.
  research and analysis wing office: R.N. Kao Nitin Anant Gokhale, 2019
  research and analysis wing office: National Security Management in Federal Structures Centre for Public Policy Research, 2015-01-25 Beliefs about security are based on threat perceptions in the environment. Assessing security is a cognitive process based on the repertoire of beliefs that make up a person’s subjective view of reality. The issue of security can, therefore be considered in political, societal, and economic terms. Changing security beliefs are based on global trajectories and the realignment of transnational environments. For the last two decades, the international community has been concerned by the emergence of non-state actors waging war against the state in ways hitherto unknown in conventional warfare. Widespread transnational terrorism and other anti-national movements have spurred the need to reconcile national security concepts and perspectives, in order to enable domestic development, growth and harmony. India has been a victim of various kinds of security threats, both internal and external. The United States of America has also faced major security threats, which reached new proportions with the terrorist attacks of 9/11. In strategic terms, international cooperation is vital to fight terrorism. India and the USA, being among the world’s largest democracies with strong federal structures, have great potential to work together and collaborate effectively to combat such threats. With these considerations in mind, the CPPR-Centre for Strategic Studies decided to conduct its first international conference on ‘’National Security Management in Federal Structures: Perspectives from India and the United States.’’ The focus was on the federal framework of the two countries and the best way forward to tackle security issues in the emerging political and economic scenarios at the federal level. The themes and deliberations of this conference highlighted the significance of national security in federal structures. The participants examined current Indo-US policies and threw light on new security dimensions, both from an academic as well as a practitioner’s perspective. This book is a compilation of the resource proceedings of the Conference which has been contributed by eminent strategists, academicians, policy makers etc.
  research and analysis wing office: India A "Spy" Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information, Intelligence, National Security IBP, Inc., 2017-11-30 India A Spy Guide - Strategic Information and Developments
  research and analysis wing office: India ,
  research and analysis wing office: The Image of the Enemy Paul Maddrell, 2015-09-15 Intelligence agencies spend huge sums of money to collect and analyze vast quantities of national security data for their political leaders. How well is this intelligence analyzed, how often is it acted on by policymakers, and does it have a positive or negative effect on decision making? Drawing on declassified documents, interviews with intelligence veterans and policymakers, and other sources, The Image of the Enemy breaks new ground as it examines how seven countries analyzed and used intelligence to shape their understanding of their main adversary. The cases in the book include the Soviet Union's analysis of the United States (and vice versa), East Germany's analysis of West Germany (and vice versa), British intelligence in the early years of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, Israeli intelligence about the Palestinians, Pakistani intelligence on India, and US intelligence about Islamist terrorists. These rivalries provide rich case studies for scholars and offer today’s analysts and policymakers the opportunity to closely evaluate past successes and failures in intelligence analysis and the best ways to give information support to policymakers. Using these lessons from the past, they can move forward to improve analysis of current adversaries and future threats.
  research and analysis wing office: Pakistan Rohan Gunaratna, Khuram Iqbal, 2012-01-01 As made abundantly clear in the classified documents recently made public by WikiLeaks, Pakistan is the keystone in the international fight against terrorism today. After the US-led coalition targeted terrorist groups operating in Afghanistan, these groups, including al Qaeda and the Taliban, relocated to the Federally Administered Tribal Area of Pakistan. From its base in this remote, inhospitable region of Pakistan, al Qaeda and its associated cells have planned, prepared, and executed numerous terrorist attacks around the world, in addition to supporting and waging insurgencies in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, and elsewhere. This book is the first detailed analysis of the myriad insurgent groups working in Pakistan. Written by well-known expert on global terrorism Rohan Gunaratna and Khuram Iqbal, a leading scholar in Pakistan, the book examines and reviews the nature, structure, and agendas of the groups, their links to activists in other countries, such as India and Iran, and the difficulties of defeating terrorism in this part of the world. Drawing on extensive field research and interviews with government officials and former terrorists, the authors argue that Pakistan faces grave and continuing pressures from within, and that without steadfast international goodwill and support, the threats of extremism, terrorism, and insurgency will continue to grow. This timely and necessary book argues that if the international community is to win the battle against ideological extremism and operational terrorism around the world, then Pakistan should be in the vanguard of the fight.
  research and analysis wing office: The War that Made R&AW Anusha Nandakumar, Sandeep Sanket, 2021
  research and analysis wing office: Operation ‘Fox-Hunt’ Siddhartha Thorat, 2014-06 An army addicted to power, a soldier prepared for the ultimate sacrifice, and a spy who will go to any length to stop him – Operation ‘Fox-Hunt’ is a tale of sacri ce, camaraderie and betrayal. The Pakistani army, mauled by the Abbottabad raid, decides to create and execute an operation that will get the Pakistani public opinion firmly behind them. Major Shezad Khan, a much decorated officer from the Pakistani army’s elite Special Service Group (SSG) embarks on a mission to attack a strategic target in India. His comrades-in-arms are five ferocious Lashakar-e-Taiba militants. Though he crosses into India through Kashmir, there is one man who has been tasked with the job of ensuring that they don't reach their target. RAW’s Senior Field Agent Sanjay Khanna teams up with Military Intelligence and NSG to thwart the attack. The narrative sweeps across the vast expanses of Tajikistan, the malarial jungles of Bengal, through conflict zones in Baluchistan, and the Vale of Kashmir as the two men and their teams race against time. A thrilling finale awaits in the maximum city – Mumbai. Will the ‘Fox-Hunt’ succeed?
  research and analysis wing office: Security and Privacy John Kleinig, Seumas Miller, Peter Mameli, Douglas Salane, Adina Schwartz, 2011-12-01 This study is principally concerned with the ethical dimensions of identity management technology - electronic surveillance, the mining of personal data, and profiling - in the context of transnational crime and global terrorism. The ethical challenge at the heart of this study is to establish an acceptable and sustainable equilibrium between two central moral values in contemporary liberal democracies, namely, security and privacy. Both values are essential to individual liberty, but they come into conflict in times when civil order is threatened, as has been the case from late in the twentieth century, with the advent of global terrorism and trans-national crime. We seek to articulate legally sustainable, politically possible, and technologically feasible, global ethical standards for identity management technology and policies in liberal democracies in the contemporary global security context. Although the standards in question are to be understood as global ethical standards potentially to be adopted not only by the United States, but also by the European Union, India, Australasia, and other contemporary liberal democratic states, we take as our primary focus the tensions that have arisen between the United States and the European Union.
  research and analysis wing office: Lodhi Road Sanjay Kumar, 2024-09-20 In this gripping thriller, Hari Vandra, a restless crime reporter, joins Indian intelligence to uncover a sinister plan known as TUPAC II. Orchestrated by a secret alliance between China's Eight Elders and Pakistan's Compact, the plan involves supplying biological weapons to Maoist insurgents in India. Hari's mission takes him to Somalia, where he must locate the hidden weapons in a Coptic monastery. As he navigates a dangerous world of piracy, Yemen's Houthi movement, Al Shabaab warlords, and enigmatic figures like Acharya and Kai Ling, Hari discovers a traitor within India's intelligence service, setting the stage for a high-stakes battle against betrayal.
  research and analysis wing office: Intelligence Mark M. Lowenthal, 2016-09-29 Mark M. Lowenthal’s trusted guide is the go-to resource for understanding how the intelligence community’s history, structure, procedures, and functions affect policy decisions. In this Seventh Edition, Lowenthal examines cyber space and the issues it presents to the intelligence community such as defining cyber as a new collection discipline; the implications of the Senate Intelligence Committee’s staff report on enhanced interrogation techniques; the rise of the Islamic State; and the issues surrounding the nuclear agreement with Iran. New sections have been added offering a brief summary of the major laws governing U.S. intelligence today such as domestic intelligence collection, whistleblowers vs. leakers, and the growing field of financial intelligence.
  research and analysis wing office: Strangers of the Mist Sanjoy Hazarika, 1995 This book would have been completed earlier but for events that disrupted millions of lives across India, including those of journalists: the demolition of the Babri Masjid at Ayodhya, by a Hindu mob on 6 December 1992 and the communal riots that followed across the country. In January 1993, the selective massacres of Muslims at Bombay and the devastating revenge bomb blasts there two months later led to extensive travelling and reporting for the New York Times. In addition, there was 'normal reporting': the Punjab, environmental, economic and political issues such as the billion dollar scam.
  research and analysis wing office: Escape to Nowhere Amar Bhushan, 2012 A whistleblower nervously drops in to share his suspicion about a senior colleague's involvement in espionage with Jeevnathan, head of the security division of the Agency, India's External Intelligence Service. An inquiry is promptly launched and Ravi, the suspect is placed under an elaborate regime of surveillance. The investigation subsequently throws up a huge amount of evidence, showing the suspect stealing sensitive data. As panic sets in, investigators acrimoniously debate whether to allow the suspect to walk free or physically force him to own up his crime. For Jeevnathan, the problem also is how to keep the tiring watchers going and persuade on edgy Chief to stay on course. Loosely inspired bya true incident that took place in 2004 when a senior intelligence officer suspected of being a spy for cecades vanished.
  research and analysis wing office: Indian Intervention in Sri Lanka Rohan Gunaratna, 1993 With particular reference to Research and Analysis Wing of India.
  research and analysis wing office: Open Secrets: India S Intelligence Unveiled Maloy Krishna Dhar, 2005-12 Exposes the deplorable stories of blatant and brutal misuse of the India intelligence.
  research and analysis wing office: Intelligence and Espionage: Secrets and Spies Daniel Lomas, Christopher John Murphy, 2019-01-30 Intelligence and Espionage: Secrets and Spies provides a global introduction to the role of intelligence – a key, but sometimes controversial, aspect of ensuring national security. Separating fact from fiction, the book draws on past examples to explore the use and misuse of intelligence, examine why failures take place and address important ethical issues over its use. Divided into two parts, the book adopts a thematic approach to the topic, guiding the reader through the collection and analysis of information and its use by policymakers, before looking at intelligence sharing. Lomas and Murphy also explore the important associated activities of counterintelligence and the use of covert action, to influence foreign countries and individuals. Topics covered include human and signals intelligence, the Cuban Missile Crisis, intelligence and Stalin, Trump and the US intelligence community, and the Soviet Bloc. This analysis is supplemented by a comprehensive documents section, containing newly released documents, including material from Edward Snowden’s leaks of classified material. Supported by images, a comprehensive chronology, glossary, and 'who’s who' of key figures, Intelligence and Espionage is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the role of intelligence in policymaking, international relations and diplomacy, warfighting and politics to the present day.
  research and analysis wing office: Pride of Independent India Aniruddha Kelkar, Supriya Kelkar, 2024-12-25
  research and analysis wing office: India Foreign Policy and Government Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments IBP USA,
  research and analysis wing office: Global Intelligence Paul Todd, Jonathan Bloch, 2003-07 This fascinating exploration of secret service and intelligence agencies throughout the world details the new roles they have found for themselves as they target rogue states, terrorism, and the drug war. It shows how ultramodern technologies have increased their power to spy abroad and eavesdrop at home. It also exposes the unsolved contradiction between the world of these secretive, unaccountable agencies and the requirements of a free, democratic society.
  research and analysis wing office: Global Information Warfare Andrew Jones, Gerald L. Kovacich, 2015-09-25 Since the turn of the century much has happened in politics, governments, spying, technology, global business, mobile communications, and global competition on national and corporate levels. These sweeping changes have nearly annihilated privacy anywhere in the world and have also affected how global information warfare is waged and what must be do
  research and analysis wing office: My Life - Born in Free Tibet, Served in Exile Tashi Wangdi, 2024-06-17 Tashi Wangdi devoted his life to serve His Holiness the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan people in their peaceful and nonviolent struggle for truth, justice and freedom. He paints a riveting account of his life, starting with his happy childhood in Tibet, which was shattered in 1959, following the Chinese Communist invasion. After fleeing with his family to India, he was among the initial group of 25 students to be educated at the first school His Holiness established, soon after arriving in India. He dedicated the next 40 years of his life to the Tibetan cause, rising to the top leadership ranks in the Tibetan government in exile, serving as the Minister of 6 different portfolios and also as His Holiness' Representative in New Delhi, New York and Brussels. His detailed and fascinating first-hand account covers many seminal moments in the history of the Tibetan people in exile, including the beginnings of a nascent Tibetan government in exile, its negotiations with the Chinese government, and His Holiness receiving international recognition with the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize, the US Congressional Gold Medal, and Honorary Canadian Citizenship, among others.
  research and analysis wing office: The Making of Indian Diplomacy Deep K. Datta-Ray, 2015-05-21 Diplomacy is conventionally understood as an authentic European invention which was internationalised during colonialism. For Indians, the moment of colonial liberation was a false dawn because the colonised had internalised a European logic and performed European practices. Implicit in such a reading is the enduring centrality of Europe to understanding Indian diplomacy. This Eurocentric discourse renders two possibilities impossible: that diplomacy may have Indian origins and that they offer un-theorised potentialities. Abandoning this Eurocentric model of diplomacy, Deep Datta-Ray recognises the legitimacy of independent Indian diplomacy and brings new practices He creates a conceptual space for Indian diplomacy to exist, forefronting civilisational analysis and its focus on continuities, but refraining from devaluing transformational change.
  research and analysis wing office: Global National Security and Intelligence Agencies Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Important Contacts IBP USA, 2013-08 2011 Updated Reprint. Updated Annually. Global National Intelligence and Security Agencies Handbook
  research and analysis wing office: The Bard of Blood Bilal Siddiqi, 2015-03-15 Researched with the assistance of US and Indian intelligence agents, war correspondents and the crime veteran S. Hussain Zaidi, The Bard of Blood takes you on a thrilling journey from the power corridors of RAW to the war-torn terrain of Balochistan. In Delhi, ex-RAW boss Lieutenant General Sadiq Sheikh is killed by a double agent. Sadiq’s killer is a man who knows too much and is part of a diabolical plot to create what might become the Third World War. In Mumbai, literature professor Kabir Anand is settling down into his new life, when a call from the PMO thrusts him back into the world he is trying hard to forget. A brilliant agent who served under Sadiq Sheikh, Kabir has been forced to leave RAW because of a disastrous mission in Balochistan in 2006 that was undertaken as part of the Indian secret service’s covert support of the Balochi rebels against the Pakistan government. Kabir must now revisit those ghosts, avenge his mentor and face his deadliest enemies—Mullah Omar and the ISI—while racing against time to save his country.
  research and analysis wing office: The Ultimate Goal Vikram Sood, 2022-01-18 In The Ultimate Goal, Vikram Sood, former chief of India's external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), explains 'the narrative' and how a country's ability to construct, sustain and control narratives, at home and abroad, enhances its strength and position. Intelligence agencies invariably play a critical role in this, an often-indispensable tool of statecraft. A 'narrative' may not necessarily be based on truth, but it does need to be plausible, have a meaning and create a desired perception. During most of the twentieth century, intelligence agencies helped shape narratives favourable to their countries' agendas through literature, history, drama, art, music and cinema. Today, social media has become crucial to manipulating, countering or disrupting narratives, with its ability to spread fake news disinformation, and provoke reactions.
  research and analysis wing office: Democratization of Intelligence Peter Gill, Michael Andregg, 2017-10-02 This comparative analysis of the sometimes fraught process of achieving democratic governance of security intelligence agencies presents material from countries other than those normally featured in the Intelligence Studies literature of North America and Europe. Some of the countries examined are former Communist countries and several in Latin America are former military regimes. Others have been democratic for a long time but still experience widespread political violence. Through a mix of single-country and comparative studies, major aspects of intelligence are considered, including the legacy of, and transition from, authoritarianism; the difficulties of achieving genuine reform; and the apparent inevitability of periodic scandals. Authors consider a range of methodological approaches to the study of intelligence and the challenges of analysing the secret world. Finally, consideration is given to the success – or otherwise – of intelligence reform, and the effectiveness of democratic institutions of control and oversight. This book was originally published as a special issue of Intelligence and National Security.
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  research and analysis wing office: R.N. Kao: A Complete Biography - Founder Chief of Raw Vipul Kumar, 2023-08-24 Discover the life and legacy of R.N. Kao, the founder chief of RAW, with R.N. Kao: A Complete Biography, where insights into intelligence operations and national security illuminate a remarkable career. R.N. Kao: A Complete Biography - Founder Chief of R & AW In the hidden corridors of India’s intelligence world, a legendary figure emerges — Rameshwar Nath Kao, better known as R.N. Kao. Born in Varanasi in 1918, Kao’s journey was destined to be one of immense significance to the nation he loved. Through the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Kao embarked on a distinguished career in the government, but it was his appointment as the head of the Aviation Research Centre (ARC) in 1968 that set the stage for his most influential role. Tasked with founding India’s external intelligence agency, Kao went on to become the visionary architect of the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) — an agency that would shape India’s national security landscape profoundly. Despite his monumental achievements, R.N. Kao remained a private and humble figure, rarely seeking recognition for his work. This book is an effort to bring light on the remarkable achievements and the lesser-known aspects of R.N. Kao’s life, allowing his story to inspire and resonate with readers from all walks of life.
  research and analysis wing office: Reality and Belief of Indian Military Affairs K. K. Singh, India does not admit easily to broad generalizations. It is an extraordinarily complex and diverse society and Indian elites show little evidence of having thought coherently and systematically about national strategy, although this situation may now be changing. Despite India`s cultural greatness and longevity as a civilization, Indian history is often dimly perceived and poorly recorded; given an oral tradition in imparting past events and the destruction of most records, much of this history is difficult to verify. Until the middle of the eighteenth century, Indians knew little of their national history and seemed uninterested in it. Four principal factors help to explain Indian actions and views about power and security: Indian geography; the discovery of Indian history by Indian elites over the past 150 years; Indian cultural and social structures and belief systems: and the British rule. Geography has imparted a view of the Indian subcontinent as a single strategic entity, with various topographical features contributing to an insular perspective and a tradition of localism and particularism. India`s unique culture reinforced this unity and imparted, first, a tendency toward diversity and accommodation to existing realities and, second, a highly developed capacity to absorb dissimilar concepts and theories. This tolerance was strengthened by the caste system, which also helped maintain an extraordinarily durable system and ethic for social relations.
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