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| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Routing Congestion in VLSI Circuits Prashant Saxena, Rupesh S. Shelar, Sachin Sapatnekar, 2007-04-27 This volume provides a complete understanding of the fundamental causes of routing congestion in present-day and next-generation VLSI circuits, offers techniques for estimating and relieving congestion, and provides a critical analysis of the accuracy and effectiveness of these techniques. The book includes metrics and optimization techniques for routing congestion at various stages of the VLSI design flow. The subjects covered include an explanation of why the problem of congestion is important and how it will trend, plus definitions of metrics that are appropriate for measuring congestion, and descriptions of techniques for estimating and optimizing routing congestion issues in cell-/library-based VLSI circuits. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Routing Congestion In Vlsi Circuits: Estimation And Optimization Saxena, 2009-09-01 |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Routing Congestion in VLSI Circuits Prashant Saxena, Rupesh S. Shelar, Sachin Sapatnekar, 2008-11-01 This volume provides a complete understanding of the fundamental causes of routing congestion in present-day and next-generation VLSI circuits, offers techniques for estimating and relieving congestion, and provides a critical analysis of the accuracy and effectiveness of these techniques. The book includes metrics and optimization techniques for routing congestion at various stages of the VLSI design flow. The subjects covered include an explanation of why the problem of congestion is important and how it will trend, plus definitions of metrics that are appropriate for measuring congestion, and descriptions of techniques for estimating and optimizing routing congestion issues in cell-/library-based VLSI circuits. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Creating Assertion-Based IP Harry D. Foster, Adam C. Krolnik, 2007-11-26 This book presents formal testplanning guidelines with examples focused on creating assertion-based verification IP. It demonstrates a systematic process for formal specification and formal testplanning, and also demonstrates effective use of assertions languages beyond the traditional language construct discussions Note that there many books published on assertion languages (such as SystemVerilog assertions and PSL). Yet, none of them discuss the important process of testplanning and using these languages to create verification IP. This is the first book published on this subject. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design Michael Orshansky, Sani Nassif, Duane Boning, 2007-10-28 Design for Manufacturability and Statistical Design: A Comprehensive Approach presents a comprehensive overview of methods that need to be mastered in understanding state-of-the-art design for manufacturability and statistical design methodologies. Broadly, design for manufacturability is a set of techniques that attempt to fix the systematic sources of variability, such as those due to photolithography and CMP. Statistical design, on the other hand, deals with the random sources of variability. Both paradigms operate within a common framework, and their joint comprehensive treatment is one of the objectives of this book and an important differentation. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: FinFETs and Other Multi-Gate Transistors J.-P. Colinge, 2008 This book explains the physics and properties of multi-gate field-effect transistors (MuGFETs), how they are made and how circuit designers can use them to improve the performances of integrated circuits. It covers the emergence of quantum effects due to the reduced size of the devices and describes the evolution of the MOS transistor from classical structures to SOI (silicon-on-insulator) and then to MuGFETs. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: CMOS Biotechnology Hakho Lee, Donhee Ham, Robert M. Westervelt, 2007-05-04 CMOS Biotechnology reviews the recent research and developments joining CMOS technology with biology. Written by leading researchers these chapters delve into four areas including: Microfluidics for electrical engineers CMOS Actuators CMOS Electrical Sensors CMOS Optical Sensors Bioanalytical instruments have been miniaturized on ICs to study various biophenomena or to actuate biosystems. These bio-lab-on-IC systems utilize the IC to facilitate faster, repeatable, and standardized biological experiments at low cost with a small volume of biological sample. CMOS Biotechnology will interest electrical engineers, bioengineers, biophysicists as well as researchers in MEMS, bioMEMS, microelectronics, microfluidics, and circuits and systems. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Data Science, Machine Learning and Applications; Volume 1 Amit Kumar, Vinit Kumar Gunjan, Sabrina Senatore, Yu-Chen Hu, 2024-10-05 This book (Volume 1) includes peer reviewed articles from the 5th International Conference on Data Science, Machine Learning and Applications, 2023, held at the G Narayanamma Institute of Technology and Sciences, Hyderabad on 15-16th December, India. ICDSMLA is one of the most prestigious conferences conceptualized in the field of Data Science & Machine Learning offering in-depth information on the latest developments in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Soft Computing, Human Computer Interaction, and various data science & machine learning applications. It provides a platform for academicians, scientists, researchers and professionals around the world to showcase broad range of perspectives, practices, and technical expertise in these fields. It offers participants the opportunity to stay informed about the latest developments in data science and machine learning. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Layout Optimization in VLSI Design Bing Lu, Ding-Zhu Du, S. Sapatnekar, 2013-06-29 Introduction The exponential scaling of feature sizes in semiconductor technologies has side-effects on layout optimization, related to effects such as inter connect delay, noise and crosstalk, signal integrity, parasitics effects, and power dissipation, that invalidate the assumptions that form the basis of previous design methodologies and tools. This book is intended to sample the most important, contemporary, and advanced layout opti mization problems emerging with the advent of very deep submicron technologies in semiconductor processing. We hope that it will stimulate more people to perform research that leads to advances in the design and development of more efficient, effective, and elegant algorithms and design tools. Organization of the Book The book is organized as follows. A multi-stage simulated annealing algorithm that integrates floorplanning and interconnect planning is pre sented in Chapter 1. To reduce the run time, different interconnect plan ning approaches are applied in different ranges of temperatures. Chapter 2 introduces a new design methodology - the interconnect-centric design methodology and its centerpiece, interconnect planning, which consists of physical hierarchy generation, floorplanning with interconnect planning, and interconnect architecture planning. Chapter 3 investigates a net-cut minimization based placement tool, Dragon, which integrates the state of the art partitioning and placement techniques. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Handbook of Algorithms for Physical Design Automation Charles J. Alpert, Dinesh P. Mehta, Sachin S. Sapatnekar, 2008-11-12 The physical design flow of any project depends upon the size of the design, the technology, the number of designers, the clock frequency, and the time to do the design. As technology advances and design-styles change, physical design flows are constantly reinvented as traditional phases are removed and new ones are added to accommodate changes in |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Multilevel Optimization in VLSICAD Jingsheng Jason Cong, Joseph R. Shinnerl, 2013-03-14 In the last few decades, multiscale algorithms have become a dominant trend in large-scale scientific computation. Researchers have successfully applied these methods to a wide range of simulation and optimization problems. This book gives a general overview of multiscale algorithms; applications to general combinatorial optimization problems such as graph partitioning and the traveling salesman problem; and VLSICAD applications, including circuit partitioning, placement, and VLSI routing. Additional chapters discuss optimization in reconfigurable computing, convergence in multilevel optimization, and model problems with PDE constraints. Audience: Written at the graduate level, the book is intended for engineers and mathematical and computational scientists studying large-scale optimization in electronic design automation. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure Andrew B. Kahng, Jens Lienig, Igor L. Markov, Jin Hu, 2022-06-14 The complexity of modern chip design requires extensive use of specialized software throughout the process. To achieve the best results, a user of this software needs a high-level understanding of the underlying mathematical models and algorithms. In addition, a developer of such software must have a keen understanding of relevant computer science aspects, including algorithmic performance bottlenecks and how various algorithms operate and interact. This book introduces and compares the fundamental algorithms that are used during the IC physical design phase, wherein a geometric chip layout is produced starting from an abstract circuit design. This updated second edition includes recent advancements in the state-of-the-art of physical design, and builds upon foundational coverage of essential and fundamental techniques. Numerous examples and tasks with solutions increase the clarity of presentation and facilitate deeper understanding. A comprehensive set of slides is available on the Internet for each chapter, simplifying use of the book in instructional settings. “This improved, second edition of the book will continue to serve the EDA and design community well. It is a foundational text and reference for the next generation of professionals who will be called on to continue the advancement of our chip design tools and design the most advanced micro-electronics.” Dr. Leon Stok, Vice President, Electronic Design Automation, IBM Systems Group “This is the book I wish I had when I taught EDA in the past, and the one I’m using from now on.” Dr. Louis K. Scheffer, Howard Hughes Medical Institute “I would happily use this book when teaching Physical Design. I know of no other work that’s as comprehensive and up-to-date, with algorithmic focus and clear pseudocode for the key algorithms. The book is beautifully designed!” Prof. John P. Hayes, University of Michigan “The entire field of electronic design automation owes the authors a great debt for providing a single coherent source on physical design that is clear and tutorial in nature, while providing details on key state-of-the-art topics such as timing closure.” Prof. Kurt Keutzer, University of California, Berkeley “An excellent balance of the basics and more advanced concepts, presented by top experts in the field.” Prof. Sachin Sapatnekar, University of Minnesota |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Next Generation EDA Flow Khaled Salah Mohamed, 2025-05-13 This book serves as a comprehensive guide to the world of EDA tools, offering readers a deeper understanding of their inner workings and a glimpse into the future of electronic design. With a meticulous focus on numerical methods, the author delves deeply into the mathematical foundations that underpin EDA tools. From finite element analysis to Monte Carlo simulations, readers will gain a thorough understanding of the numerical techniques employed to model and simulate complex electronic systems. Furthermore, this book elucidates the diverse modeling methods utilized in EDA tools, providing readers with a holistic view of the methods employed to represent and analyze electronic circuits and systems. Whether exploring circuit-level simulations or system-level modeling, readers will be equipped with the knowledge needed to navigate the intricacies of EDA toolsets. The author also delves into the fascinating intersection of quantum mechanics and electronic design, examining the evolving landscape of quantum EDA tools and offering insights into the transformative potential of quantum computing in electronic design. Lastly, this book explores the transformative impact of machine learning on EDA tools, offering insights into how artificial intelligence techniques can enhance performance and productivity. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Advancing VLSI through Machine Learning Abhishek Narayan Tripathi, Jagana Bihari Padhy, Indrasen Singh, Shubham Tayal, Ghanshyam Singh, 2025-03-31 This book explores the synergy between very large-scale integration (VLSI) and machine learning (ML) and its applications across various domains. It investigates how ML techniques can enhance the design and testing of VLSI circuits, improve power efficiency, optimize layouts, and enable novel architectures. This book bridges the gap between VLSI and ML, showcasing the potential of this integration in creating innovative electronic systems, advancing computing capabilities, and paving the way for a new era of intelligent devices and technologies. Additionally, it covers how VLSI technologies can accelerate ML algorithms, enabling more efficient and powerful data processing and inference engines. It explores both hardware and software aspects, covering topics like hardware accelerators, custom hardware for specific ML tasks, and ML-driven optimization techniques for chip design and testing. This book will be helpful for academicians, researchers, postgraduate students, and those working in ML-driven VLSI. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Low Power Design Essentials Jan Rabaey, 2009-04-21 This book contains all the topics of importance to the low power designer. It first lays the foundation and then goes on to detail the design process. The book also discusses such special topics as power management and modal design, ultra low power, and low power design methodology and flows. In addition, coverage includes projections of the future and case studies. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Handbook of Approximation Algorithms and Metaheuristics Teofilo F. Gonzalez, 2018-05-15 Handbook of Approximation Algorithms and Metaheuristics, Second Edition reflects the tremendous growth in the field, over the past two decades. Through contributions from leading experts, this handbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the underlying theory and methodologies, as well as the various applications of approximation algorithms and metaheuristics. Volume 1 of this two-volume set deals primarily with methodologies and traditional applications. It includes restriction, relaxation, local ratio, approximation schemes, randomization, tabu search, evolutionary computation, local search, neural networks, and other metaheuristics. It also explores multi-objective optimization, reoptimization, sensitivity analysis, and stability. Traditional applications covered include: bin packing, multi-dimensional packing, Steiner trees, traveling salesperson, scheduling, and related problems. Volume 2 focuses on the contemporary and emerging applications of methodologies to problems in combinatorial optimization, computational geometry and graphs problems, as well as in large-scale and emerging application areas. It includes approximation algorithms and heuristics for clustering, networks (sensor and wireless), communication, bioinformatics search, streams, virtual communities, and more. About the Editor Teofilo F. Gonzalez is a professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He completed his Ph.D. in 1975 from the University of Minnesota. He taught at the University of Oklahoma, the Pennsylvania State University, and the University of Texas at Dallas, before joining the UCSB computer science faculty in 1984. He spent sabbatical leaves at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education and Utrecht University. He is known for his highly cited pioneering research in the hardness of approximation; for his sublinear and best possible approximation algorithm for k-tMM clustering; for introducing the open-shop scheduling problem as well as algorithms for its solution that have found applications in numerous research areas; as well as for his research on problems in the areas of job scheduling, graph algorithms, computational geometry, message communication, wire routing, etc. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Proceedings of the 2011 2nd International Congress on Computer Applications and Computational Science Ford Lumban Gaol, Quang Vinh Nguyen, 2012-02-23 The latest inventions in computer technology influence most of human daily activities. In the near future, there is tendency that all of aspect of human life will be dependent on computer applications. In manufacturing, robotics and automation have become vital for high quality products. In education, the model of teaching and learning is focusing more on electronic media than traditional ones. Issues related to energy savings and environment is becoming critical. Computational Science should enhance the quality of human life, not only solve their problems. Computational Science should help humans to make wise decisions by presenting choices and their possible consequences. Computational Science should help us make sense of observations, understand natural language, plan and reason with extensive background knowledge. Intelligence with wisdom is perhaps an ultimate goal for human-oriented science. This book is a compilation of some recent research findings in computer application and computational science. This book provides state-of-the-art accounts in Computer Control and Robotics, Computers in Education and Learning Technologies, Computer Networks and Data Communications, Data Mining and Data Engineering, Energy and Power Systems, Intelligent Systems and Autonomous Agents, Internet and Web Systems, Scientific Computing and Modeling, Signal, Image and Multimedia Processing, and Software Engineering. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Adaptive Techniques for Dynamic Processor Optimization Alice Wang, Samuel Naffziger, 2008-07-23 The integrated circuit has evolved tremendously in recent years as Moore’s Law has enabled exponentially more devices and functionality to be packed onto a single piece of silicon. In some ways however, these highly integrated circuits, of which microprocessors are the flagship example, have become victims of their own success. Despite dramatic reductions in the switching energy of the transistors, these reductions have kept pace neither with the increased integration levels nor with the higher switching frequencies. In addition, the atomic dimensions being utilized by these highly integrated processors have given rise to much higher levels of random and systematic variation which undercut the gains from process scaling that would otherwise be realized. So these factors—the increasing impact of variation and the struggle to control power consumption—have given rise to a tremendous amount of innovation in the area of adaptive techniques for dynamic processor optimization. The fundamental premise behind adaptive processor design is the recognition that variations in manufacturing and environment cause a statically configured operating point to be far too inefficient. Inefficient designs waste power and performance and will quickly be surpassed by more adaptive designs, just as it happens in the biological realm. Organisms must adapt to survive, and a similar trend is seen with processors – those that are enabled to adapt to their environment, will be far more competitive. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Introduction to VLSI Design Flow Sneh Saurabh, 2023-06-15 Chip designing is a complex task that requires an in-depth understanding of VLSI design flow, skills to employ sophisticated design tools, and keeping pace with the bleeding-edge semiconductor technologies. This lucid textbook is focused on fulfilling these requirements for students, as well as a refresher for professionals in the industry. It helps the user develop a holistic view of the design flow through a well-sequenced set of chapters on logic synthesis, verification, physical design, and testing. Illustrations and pictorial representations have been used liberally to simplify the explanation. Additionally, each chapter has a set of activities that can be performed using freely available tools and provide hands-on experience with the design tools. Review questions and problems are given at the end of each chapter to revise the concepts. Recent trends and references are listed at the end of each chapter for further reading. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Wafer Level 3-D ICs Process Technology Chuan Seng Tan, Ronald J. Gutmann, L. Rafael Reif, 2009-06-29 This book focuses on foundry-based process technology that enables the fabrication of 3-D ICs. The core of the book discusses the technology platform for pre-packaging wafer lever 3-D ICs. However, this book does not include a detailed discussion of 3-D ICs design and 3-D packaging. This is an edited book based on chapters contributed by various experts in the field of wafer-level 3-D ICs process technology. They are from academia, research labs and industry. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Modern Circuit Placement Gi-Joon Nam, Jingsheng Jason Cong, 2007-08-26 Modern Circuit Placement: Best Practices and Results describes advanced techniques in VLSI circuit placement which is one of the most important steps of the VLSI physical design flow. Physical design addresses the back-end layout stage of the chip design process. As technology scales down, the significance of interconnect optimization becomes much more important and physical design, particularly the placement process, is essential to interconnect optimization. This book has four unique characteristics. First, it focuses on the most recent highly scalable placement techniques used for multi-million gate circuit designs, with consideration of many practical aspects of modern circuit placement, such as density and routability control, mixed-size placement support, and area I/O support. Second the book addresses dominant techniques being used in the field. This book includes all the academic placement tools that competed at the International Symposium on Physical Design (ISPD) placement contest in 2005 and 2006. Although these tools are developed by academia, many core techniques in these tools are being used extensively in industry and represent today’s advanced placement techniques. Third, the book provides quantitative comparison among the various techniques on common benchmark circuits derived from real-life industrial designs. The book includes significant amounts of analysis on each technique, such as trade-offs between quality-of-results (QoR) and runtime. Finally, analysis of the optimality of the placement techniques is included. This is done by utilizing placement benchmarks with known optimal solutions, yet with characteristics similar to real industrial designs. Modern Circuit Placement: Best Practices and Results is a valuable tool and a must-read for graduate students, researchers and CAD tool developers in the VLSI physical synthesis and physical design fields. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Design and Optimization of Global Interconnect in High Speed VLSI Circuits Haihua Su, 2002 |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: SAT-Based Scalable Formal Verification Solutions Malay Ganai, Aarti Gupta, 2007-05-26 Functional verification has become an important aspect of the chip design process. Significant resources, both in industry and academia, are devoted to the design complexity and verification endeavors. SAT-Based Scalable Formal Verification Solutions discusses in detail several of the latest and interesting scalable SAT-based techniques including: Hybrid SAT Solver, Customized Bounded/Unbounded Model Checking, Distributed Model Checking, Proofs and Proof-based Abstraction Methods, Verification of Embedded Memory System & Multi-clock Systems, and Synthesis for Verification Paradigm. These techniques have been designed and implemented in a verification platform Verisol (formally called DiVer) and have been used successfully in industry. This book provides algorithmic details and engineering insights into devising scalable approaches for an effective realization. It also includes the authors’ practical experiences and recommendations in verifying the large industry designs using VeriSol. The book is primarily written for researchers, scientists, and verification engineers who would like to gain an in-depth understanding of scalable SAT-based verification techniques. The book will also be of interest for CAD tool developers who would like to incorporate various SAT-based advanced techniques in their products. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Design systems for VLSI circuits Giovanni DeMicheli, Giovanni De Micheli, P. Antognetti, Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli, 1987-07-31 Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, L'Aquila, Italy, July 7-18, 1986 |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Cognitive and Intelligent Computing, Volume 2 Amit Kumar, Gheorghita Ghinea, Suresh Merugu, 2025-02-25 This book presents original, peer-reviewed select articles from the International Conference on Cognitive and Intelligent Computing (ICCIC-2023), held on December 8–9, 2023, at Hyderabad, in India. The book focuses on the comprehensive nature of computational intelligence, cognitive computing, AI, ML, and DL in order to highlight its role in the modelling, identification, optimisation, prediction, forecasting, and control of future intelligent systems. It includes contributions from a methodological/application standpoint in understanding artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches and their capabilities in solving a wide range of problems in the real world. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Optimal Interconnection Trees in the Plane Marcus Brazil, Martin Zachariasen, 2015-04-13 This book explores fundamental aspects of geometric network optimisation with applications to a variety of real world problems. It presents, for the first time in the literature, a cohesive mathematical framework within which the properties of such optimal interconnection networks can be understood across a wide range of metrics and cost functions. The book makes use of this mathematical theory to develop efficient algorithms for constructing such networks, with an emphasis on exact solutions. Marcus Brazil and Martin Zachariasen focus principally on the geometric structure of optimal interconnection networks, also known as Steiner trees, in the plane. They show readers how an understanding of this structure can lead to practical exact algorithms for constructing such trees. The book also details numerous breakthroughs in this area over the past 20 years, features clearly written proofs, and is supported by 135 colour and 15 black and white figures. It will help graduate students, working mathematicians, engineers and computer scientists to understand the principles required for designing interconnection networks in the plane that are as cost efficient as possible. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Electronic Design Automation Laung-Terng Wang, Yao-Wen Chang, Kwang-Ting (Tim) Cheng, 2009-03-11 This book provides broad and comprehensive coverage of the entire EDA flow. EDA/VLSI practitioners and researchers in need of fluency in an adjacent field will find this an invaluable reference to the basic EDA concepts, principles, data structures, algorithms, and architectures for the design, verification, and test of VLSI circuits. Anyone who needs to learn the concepts, principles, data structures, algorithms, and architectures of the EDA flow will benefit from this book. - Covers complete spectrum of the EDA flow, from ESL design modeling to logic/test synthesis, verification, physical design, and test - helps EDA newcomers to get up-and-running quickly - Includes comprehensive coverage of EDA concepts, principles, data structures, algorithms, and architectures - helps all readers improve their VLSI design competence - Contains latest advancements not yet available in other books, including Test compression, ESL design modeling, large-scale floorplanning, placement, routing, synthesis of clock and power/ground networks - helps readers to design/develop testable chips or products - Includes industry best-practices wherever appropriate in most chapters - helps readers avoid costly mistakes |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Practical Computing on the Cell Broadband Engine Sandeep Koranne, 2009-07-07 Practical Programming in the Cell Broadband Engine offers a unique programming guide for the Cell Broadband Engine, demonstrating a large number of real-life programs to identify and solve problems in engineering, logic design, VLSI CAD, number-theory, graph-theory, computational geometry, image processing, and other subjects. Key features include: Numerous diagrams, mnemonics, tables, charts, code samples for making program development on the CBE as accessible as possible Comprehensive reading list for introductory material to the subject matter A website providing all source codes and sample-data for examples presented in this text. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Ultra Wideband Ranjit Gharpurey, Peter Kinget, 2008-03-06 Recent advances in wireless communication technologies have had a transfor- tive impact on society and have directly contributed to several economic and social aspects of daily life. Increasingly, the untethered exchange of information between devices is becoming a prime requirement for further progress, which is placing an ever greater demand on wireless bandwidth. The ultra wideband (UWB) system marks a major milestone in this progress. Since 2002, when the FCC allowed the unlicensed use of low-power, UWB radio signals in the 3. 1–10. 6GHz frequency band, there has been signi?cant synergistic advance in this technology at the c- cuits, architectural and communication systems levels. This technology allows for devices to communicate wirelessly, while coexisting with other users by ensuring that its power density is suf?ciently low so that it is perceived as noise to other users. UWB is expected to address existing needs for high data rate short-range c- munication applications between devices, such as computers and peripherals or consumer electronic devices. In the long term, it makes available spectrum to - periment with new signaling formats such as those based on very short pulses of radio-frequency (RF) energy. As such it represents an opportunity to design fun- mentally different wireless systems which rely on the bandwidth of the signals to enhance the data rate or which use the available bandwidth for diverse applications such as ranging and biomedical instrumentation. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Ultra-Low Voltage Nano-Scale Memories Kiyoo Itoh, Masashi Horiguchi, Hitoshi Tanaka, 2007-09-04 Ultra-low voltage large-scale integrated circuits (LSIs) in nano-scale technologies are needed both to meet the needs of a rapidly growing mobile cell phone market and to offset a significant increase in the power dissipation of high-end microprocessor units. The goal of this book is to provide a detailed explanation of the state-of-the-art nanometer and sub-1-V memory LSIs that are playing decisive roles in power conscious systems. Emerging problems between the device, circuit, and system levels are systematically discussed in terms of reliable high-speed operations of memory cells and peripheral logic circuits. The effectiveness of solutions at device and circuit levels is also described at length through clarifying noise components in an array, and even essential differences in ultra-low voltage operations between DRAMs and SRAMs. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Carbon Nanotube Electronics Ali Javey, Jing Kong, 2009-04-21 This book provides a complete overview of the field of carbon nanotube electronics. It covers materials and physical properties, synthesis and fabrication processes, devices and circuits, modeling, and finally novel applications of nanotube-based electronics. The book introduces fundamental device physics and circuit concepts of 1-D electronics. At the same time it provides specific examples of the state-of-the-art nanotube devices. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Design for Manufacturability and Yield for Nano-Scale CMOS Charles Chiang, Jamil Kawa, 2007-06-15 This book walks the reader through all the aspects of manufacturability and yield in a nano-CMOS process. It covers all CAD/CAE aspects of a SOC design flow and addresses a new topic (DFM/DFY) critical at 90 nm and beyond. This book is a must read book the serious practicing IC designer and an excellent primer for any graduate student intent on having a career in IC design or in EDA tool development. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Digital Microfluidic Biochips Krishnendu Chakrabarty, Fei Su, 2018-10-03 Digital Microfluidic Biochips focuses on the automated design and production of microfluidic-based biochips for large-scale bioassays and safety-critical applications. Bridging areas of electronic design automation with microfluidic biochip research, the authors present a system-level design automation framework that addresses key issues in the design, analysis, and testing of digital microfluidic biochips. The book describes a new generation of microfluidic biochips with more complex designs that offer dynamic reconfigurability, system scalability, system integration, and defect tolerance. Part I describes a unified design methodology that targets design optimization under resource constraints. Part II investigates cost-effective testing techniques for digital microfluidic biochips that include test resource optimization and fault detection while running normal bioassays. Part III focuses on different reconfiguration-based defect tolerance techniques designed to increase the yield and dependability of digital microfluidic biochips. Expanding upon results from ongoing research on CAD for biochips at Duke University, this book presents new design methodologies that address some of the limitations in current full-custom design techniques. Digital Microfluidic Biochips is an essential resource for achieving the integration of microfluidic components in the next generation of system-on-chip and system-in-package designs. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Organic Field Effect Transistors Ioannis Kymissis, 2008-12-25 Organic Field Effect Transistors presents the state of the art in organic field effect transistors (OFETs), with a particular focus on the materials and techniques useful for making integrated circuits. The monograph begins with some general background on organic semiconductors, discusses the types of organic semiconductor materials suitable for making field effect transistors, the fabrication processes used to make integrated Circuits, and appropriate methods for measurement and modeling. Organic Field Effect Transistors is written as a basic introduction to the subject for practitioners. It will also be of interest to researchers looking for references and techniques that are not part of their subject area or routine. A synthetic organic chemist, for example, who is interested in making OFETs may use the book more as a device design and characterization reference. A thin film processing electrical engineer, on the other hand, may be interested in the book to learn about what types of electron carrying organic semiconductors may be worth trying and learning more about organic semiconductor physics. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Multiscale Optimization Methods and Applications William W. Hager, Shu-Jen Huang, Panos M. Pardalos, Oleg A. Prokopyev, 2006-06-18 As optimization researchers tackle larger and larger problems, scale interactions play an increasingly important role. One general strategy for dealing with a large or difficult problem is to partition it into smaller ones, which are hopefully much easier to solve, and then work backwards towards the solution of original problem, using a solution from a previous level as a starting guess at the next level. This volume contains 22 chapters highlighting some recent research. The topics of the chapters selected for this volume are focused on the development of new solution methodologies, including general multilevel solution techniques, for tackling difficult, large-scale optimization problems that arise in science and industry. Applications presented in the book include but are not limited to the circuit placement problem in VLSI design, a wireless sensor location problem, optimal dosages in the treatment of cancer by radiation therapy, and facility location. |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: mm-Wave Silicon Technology Ali M. Niknejad, Hossein Hashemi, 2008-01-03 This book compiles and presents the research results from the past five years in mm-wave Silicon circuits. This area has received a great deal of interest from the research community including several university and research groups. The book covers device modeling, circuit building blocks, phased array systems, and antennas and packaging. It focuses on the techniques that uniquely take advantage of the scale and integration offered by silicon based technologies. |
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| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Proceedings , 2007 |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: A Practical Approach to VLSI System on Chip (SoC) Design Veena S. Chakravarthi, 2022-12-13 Now in a thoroughly revised second edition, this practical practitioner guide provides a comprehensive overview of the SoC design process. It explains end-to-end system on chip (SoC) design processes and includes updated coverage of design methodology, the design environment, EDA tool flow, design decisions, choice of design intellectual property (IP) cores, sign-off procedures, and design infrastructure requirements. The second edition provides new information on SOC trends and updated design cases. Coverage also includes critical advanced guidance on the latest UPF-based low power design flow, challenges of deep submicron technologies, and 3D design fundamentals, which will prepare the readers for the challenges of working at the nanotechnology scale. A Practical Approach to VLSI System on Chip (SoC) Design: A Comprehensive Guide, Second Edition provides engineers who aspire to become VLSI designers with all the necessary information and details of EDA tools. It will be a valuable professional reference for those working on VLSI design and verification portfolios in complex SoC designs |
| routing congestion in vlsi circuits estimation and optimization: Transistor Level Micro Placement and Routing for Two-dimensional Digital VLSI Cell Synthesis Michael Anthony Riepe, 1999 The automated synthesis of mask geometry for VLSI leaf cells, referred to as the cell synthesis problem, is an important component of any structured custom integrated circuit design environment. Traditional approaches based on the classic functional cell style of Uehara & VanCleemput pose this problem as a straightforward one-dimensional graph optimization problem for which optimal solution methods are known. However, these approaches are only directly applicable to static CMOS circuits and they break down when faced with more exotic logic styles. Our methodology is centered around techniques for the efficient modeling and optimization of geometry sharing. Chains of diffusion-merged transistors are formed explicitly and their ordering optimized for area and global routing. In addition, more arbitrary merged structures are supported by allowing electrically compatible adjacent transistors to overlap during placement. The synthesis flow in TEMPO begins with a static transistor chain formation step. These chains are broken at the diffusion breaks and the resulting sub-chains passed to the placement step. During placement, an ordering is found for each chain and a location and orientation is assigned to each sub-chain. Different chain orderings affect the placement by changing the relative sizes of the sub-chains and their routing contribution. We conclude with a detailed routing step and an optional compaction step. |
Search routing numbers for banks in United States - Bank Code
Your bank routing number is a 9-digit code used to identify a financial institution in a transaction. Routing numbers are sometimes called routing transit numbers, ABA routing numbers, or RTNs.
What is Routing? - GeeksforGeeks
Aug 16, 2024 · Routing is a fundamental concept in computer science that allows every network device across the world to share data across the internet. Here, the shortest path is selected …
Routing - Wikipedia
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched …
What is Routing? - Network Routing Explained - AWS
A routing protocol is a set of rules that specify how routers identify and forward packets along a network path. Routing protocols are grouped into two distinct categories: interior gateway …
What is routing? | IP routing - Cloudflare
What is routing? Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or more networks. The principles of routing can apply to any type of network, from telephone networks to public …
What Is a Routing Number? Definition and Where to Find Yours
Jun 3, 2024 · What Is a Routing Number? Definition and Where to Find Yours. This nine-digit number identifies your bank in a financial transaction. You’ll need your routing number for tasks …
Routing (in TCP/IP Networks) - Network Encyclopedia
Apr 12, 2024 · ROUTING is the process of selecting a path through an internetwork over which to transmit packets to a destination host or hosts and then having devices called routers forward …
Basic Routing Concepts and Protocols Explained
Dec 30, 2024 · There are three types of routing protocols: distance-vector, link-state, and hybrid. Let's understand how each type of routing protocol works and how it differs from others. …
What is Network Routing and How it Works?
At its core, network routing is the process of determining the best path for data packets to travel from one device to another on a computer network. Routers, the backbone of network …
What Is Network Routing? Definition, Steps, and Types
Mar 17, 2023 · Network routing is the decision-making process for routers as they learn available routes, build tables, and send data on the fastest and cheapest paths. These tasks optimize …
Search routing numbers for banks in United States - Bank Code
Your bank routing number is a 9-digit code used to identify a financial institution in a transaction. Routing numbers are sometimes called routing transit numbers, ABA routing numbers, or RTNs.
What is Routing? - GeeksforGeeks
Aug 16, 2024 · Routing is a fundamental concept in computer science that allows every network device across the world to share data across the internet. Here, the shortest path is selected …
Routing - Wikipedia
Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks. Broadly, routing is performed in many types of networks, including circuit-switched …
What is Routing? - Network Routing Explained - AWS
A routing protocol is a set of rules that specify how routers identify and forward packets along a network path. Routing protocols are grouped into two distinct categories: interior gateway …
What is routing? | IP routing - Cloudflare
What is routing? Network routing is the process of selecting a path across one or more networks. The principles of routing can apply to any type of network, from telephone networks to public …
What Is a Routing Number? Definition and Where to Find Yours
Jun 3, 2024 · What Is a Routing Number? Definition and Where to Find Yours. This nine-digit number identifies your bank in a financial transaction. You’ll need your routing number for …
Routing (in TCP/IP Networks) - Network Encyclopedia
Apr 12, 2024 · ROUTING is the process of selecting a path through an internetwork over which to transmit packets to a destination host or hosts and then having devices called routers forward …
Basic Routing Concepts and Protocols Explained
Dec 30, 2024 · There are three types of routing protocols: distance-vector, link-state, and hybrid. Let's understand how each type of routing protocol works and how it differs from others. …
What is Network Routing and How it Works?
At its core, network routing is the process of determining the best path for data packets to travel from one device to another on a computer network. Routers, the backbone of network …
What Is Network Routing? Definition, Steps, and Types
Mar 17, 2023 · Network routing is the decision-making process for routers as they learn available routes, build tables, and send data on the fastest and cheapest paths. These tasks optimize …
