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| ras alula: Eritrea Edward Denison, Edward Paice, 2007 A new edition of the essential guide for independent travellers to this unusual and remarkable African country. In addition to the charms of Asmara - with its broad avenues, markets and Roman Catholic cathedral - the interior, rich in historical remains, is well worth visiting and is covered comprehensively. The main port, Massawa, is a natural gateway to the 350 islands in the Red Sea that offer superb diving, and this guide provides all the necessary information. |
| ras alula: Asian and African Studies meisai.org.il, |
| ras alula: Identity Jilted, Or, Re-imagining Identity? Alemseged Abbay, 1998 In this bold study of modern ethno-regional nationalism, the author examines the divergent paths taken by the nationalist insurgencies in Tigray and Eritrea. The author argues that Tigrayans, south of the Mereb River, and Kebessa (highlands) Eritreans, north of the Mereb, are ethnically one people, tied by common history, political economy, myth, language and religion. Both fought against a common enemy, an oppressive Amhara ethnic state, for a period of seventeen and thirty years, respectively. In the process of the armed struggle, however, each evolved separate political identities and, after jointly marching to military victory in 1991, they followed separate political paths - Eritreans created the newest state in Africa and Tigrayans remained within the Ethiopian body politic. |
| ras alula: The Cross and the River Ḥagai Erlikh, 2002 The ongoing Egyptian-Ethiopian dispute over the Nile waters is potentially one of the most difficult issues on the current international agenda, central to the very life of the two countries. Analyzing the context of the dispute across a span of more than a thousand years, The Cross and the River delves into the heart of both countries' identities and cultures. Erlich deftly weaves together three themes: the political relationship between successive Ethiopian and Egyptian regimes; the complex connection between the Christian churches in the two countries; and the influence of the Nile river system on Ethiopian and Egyptian definitions of national identity and mutual perceptions of the Other. Drawing on a vast range of sources, his study is key to an understanding of a bond built on both interdependence and conflict. |
| ras alula: Publication United States. Hydrographic Office, 1922 |
| ras alula: Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot Great Britain. Hydrographic Department, 1944 |
| ras alula: The Battle of Adwa Paulos Milkias, Getachew Metaferia, 2005 Ethiopia trounced the Italians in 1896 in the greatest African victory over Europe since Hannibal, but failed to prevent the loss of Eritrea. The event was a powerful constitutive force in the rise of modern Africa and pan-Africanism and resounds in the shared memory of Africans and Black Americans even today. |
| ras alula: The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot Great Britain. Hydrographic Dept, 1900 |
| ras alula: Late Nineteenth-Century Italy in Africa Stephen C. Bruner, 2017-03-07 “Civilizing Africa” – bringing European institutions and society to Africa – was a common rationale for nineteenth-century European expansions into that continent. However, in March 1891 a news correspondent accused officials in Italy’s Red Sea colony of having ordered, without trial, the secret and brutal killing of certain indigenous notables. A scandal erupted because the news contradicted civilizing expectations, portraying Italians rather than Africans as the barbarians. The press drove a public debate over the accusations, but the debate ultimately led to an unanticipated reversal: public acceptance of the killings, because most Italians no longer considered European standards applicable to Africans. Reportage on three topics turned out to be most influential in shifting the public outlook: an Italo-Abyssinian diplomatic impasse, an on-going Africa famine, and the public persona of a colonial commander. Historians have read the 1891 affair as an inconsequential, essentially minor event in the run-up to the 1896 battle of Adua (Adwa), Italy’s defeat by African forces that some have called an event of world-historical consequence. Yet the Livraghi affair re-shaped the Italian outlook on colonialism, opening the door to the later Italo-Abyssinian conflict and an event like Adua. The affair was so important to contemporary Italians that it occupied public attention for ten months, and influenced attitudes and colonial policy for decades. It prompted an enduring change without which there might have been no Adua. |
| ras alula: The Red Sea and Gulf of Aden Pilot Gran Bretagna. Hydrographic Department, 1892 |
| ras alula: Peace Not War: Traditions of Restorative Justice in Imperial Ethiopia, 1769 - 1960 Charles Schaefer, 2025-05-27 Examines one of the few documented early examples of restorative justice from Africa or Latin America. With a writing system, Ethiopian emperors as well as pretenders to the throne chronicled their exploits including peace-building feats, and this book showcases and analyses historically verified instances, from as early as 1769, where restorative justice modalities were used to resolve conflict and bring peace to the country. Peace not War traces Ethiopia's evolving understanding of restorative justice from the 'forgive and forget' approach which characterized the Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes), where perpetrators were exonerated, allowing them to recoup and build their armies to fight another day, to conditional forgiveness, recorded by the imperial court and dependent on atonement. Ethiopia's long history of experimentation with different forms of restorative justice demonstrates ingenuity, flexibility, and adaptability, but as the twentieth century progressed, workable, indigenous forms of restorative justice were sidelined by Western codified law that emphasized retribution. |
| ras alula: Italian Colonial Troops 1882–1960 Gabriele Esposito, 2022-05-26 A complete illustrated study of the varied range of Italian colonial units who served in East and North Africa. Italy only unified as a nation in 1870 and was late, and therefore impatient, in the 'scramble' for Africa. An initial foothold in Eritrea/Somalia, north-east Africa, led to a disastrous defeat in Ethiopia in 1896 at the Battle of Adwa, but Italian Somaliland was later consolidated on the west coast of the Red Sea. During 1911, Italy also invaded Libya, securing the coast, however fighting continued throughout World War I and only ended in the early 1930s. A number of native colonial regiments were raised in both Italian East Africa and Libya (in the latter, even a pioneering paratroop unit), of which most fought sturdily for Italy against the Allies in 1940–43. These units had particularly colourful uniforms and insignia. Another small guard unit also served in the Italian concession at Tientsin, China in 1902–1943. After World War II, a remnant unit served on in Somalia under a UN mandate until 1960. This intriguing volume describes and illustrates the dress and equipment used by these forces and details how they were deployed to maintain a colonial empire for over half a century. |
| ras alula: The Encyclopaedia Britannica Thomas Spencer Baynes, 1902 |
| ras alula: Greater Tigray and the Mysterious Magnetism of Ethiopia Haggai Erlich, 2024-01-15 A history of the perennial struggle between Amhara and Tigray for hegemony in Ethiopia. |
| ras alula: The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Ita to Lor , 1911 |
| ras alula: The Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1911 |
| ras alula: The Encyclopædia Britannica Hugh Chisholm, James Louis Garvin, 1926 |
| ras alula: The Encyclopædia Britannica , 1911 |
| ras alula: The Other Abyssinians Brian J. Yates, 2020 Reframes the story of modern Ethiopia around the contributions of the Oromo people and the culturally fluid union of communities that shaped the nation's politics and society. |
| ras alula: The Nile Yeworkwoha Ephrem, 2020-07-29 “When the well is dr y , we know the worth of water” Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), January 1746. “The frog does not drink up the pond in which he lives” Indian Pr overb Equitable apportionment and reasonable utilization and conservation of the available water resources is the main response to water scarcity of the twenty-first centur y . |
| ras alula: Layers of Time NA NA, 2016-09-27 Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in the world. This book traces the country's expansion southward during medieval times, its resistance to Muslim invasion, and, under energetic leaders, its defense of its independence during the European scramble for Africa. The author is concerned not only with kings, princes and politicians but also includes insights on daily life, art, architecture, religion, culture, customs and observations by travelers. |
| ras alula: Belgium, Italy, and Switzerland George Edmundson, Henry Wickham Steed, William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge, 1914 |
| ras alula: The Life of Gordon , 1896 |
| ras alula: The Dynamics of an Unfinished African Dream: Eritrea: Ancient History to 1968 Mohamed Kheir Omer, 2020 Eritrea is located in northeast Africa on the Red Sea coast and boasts one of the oldest human settlements in the region. One-million-year-old human remains have been found in the Danakil Depression in the country, which is home to one of the oldest-written scripts in sub-Saharan Africa: Ge'ez. Eritrea was also pioneer in multi-party democracy in Africa and had a democratic constitution based on United Nations principles in 1952. But it is also home to one of the earliest armed liberation movements in Africa - a conflict that Mohamed Kheir Omer witnessed firsthand, having grown up in Eritrea as a member of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). In this book, he traces the history of the country, exploring how ethnicity, religion, geography, colonialism, and other factors have shaped its fate - and what must be done to ensure its people enjoy a brighter future. The history of Eritrea is similar to others on the continent, and its people continue to struggle to build a just, democratic, and inclusive country. |
| ras alula: Between the Jaws of Hyenas - A Diplomatic History of Ethiopia (1876-1896) Richard Caulk, 2002 With the publication of this book, the definitive work on the diplomatic history of Ethiopia in the last quarter of the nineteenth century could be said to have seen the light of day. The book deals with a crucial period when the destiny of Ethiopia hang in the balance. The question - as indeed it was the case for the rest of Africa - was whether the country was to remain independent or become colonized. Menilek, combining diplomatic and military initiatives, not only ensured that Ethiopia remained independent but also expanded its territory to unprecedented limits. The book is based on a critical reading of the secondary literature as well as an exhaustive and analytical use of all the pertinent archival sources, the memoirs and biographies of the principal European characters, and Ethiopian chronicles, biographies and other primary sources. It can serve as the standard text for teaching courses on Ethiopia and the Horn at the university level. At the same time, it provides a useful background to those interested in the formation of the modern Ethiopian state as well as its troubled relations with what eventually became Eritrea. |
| ras alula: The New Volumes of the EncyclpÆedia Britannica , 1902 |
| ras alula: The New Volumes of the Encyclopaedia Britannica , 1902 |
| ras alula: A Military History of Africa Timothy J. Stapleton, 2013-10-21 A detailed and thorough chronological overview of the history of warfare and military structures in Africa, covering ancient times to the present day. A Military History of Africa achieves a daunting task: it synthesizes decades of specialized academic research and literature—including the most recent material—to offer an accessible survey of Africa's military history, from the earliest times to the present day. The first volume examines the precolonial period beginning with warfare in ancient North Africa including ancient Egypt and Carthage and continues through the cavalry-based Muslim empires of the trans-Sahara trade and the wars of the slave trade in West and East Africa. The second volume focuses on the wars of European colonial conquest and African resistance during the late 19th century, African participation in both world wars, and the early violent struggles for independence from the 1950s and early 1960s. The third volume explores warfare in postcolonial Africa, including coverage of the impact of the global Cold War, conflicts in Southern Africa from the 1960s to 1980s, the development of postcolonial African armed forces, and civil wars sparked by the discovery of precious resources, such as diamonds in Sierra Leone. Readers of this three-volume work will understand how warfare and military structures have been consistently central to the development of African societies. |
| ras alula: A Handlist of the Manuscripts in the Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Volume One Demeke Berhane, Melaku Terefe, Steve Delamarter, Jeremy R. Brown, Jacopo Gnisci, 2025-04-15 The Institute of Ethiopian Studies is home to the largest collection of Ethiopian manuscripts in the world. This volume provides a catalog of one subset of the manuscripts: those in Ge'ez and Amharic, which were mostly produced by members of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. There are six introductory essays that provide information about the developments and project, which led to the digitization of the collection in 2010; the history of the IES collection; the cataloging approach; the digitization process; the rationale for undertaking this endeavor; and a short description of some of the illuminated manuscripts in the IES. The catalog provides short handlist entries for 1,530 in the IES that were prepared by qäsis Melaku Terefe with assistance from Steve Delamarter and Jeremy Brown. The final passes were carried out by Jacopo Gnisci and Jeremy Brown, with special attention to technical matters of cataloguing, lists, and indexing. Back matter includes lists of IES Manuscripts arranged by shelf mark and a concordance with pieces microfilmed by the EMML Project, as well as lists of dated or datable and undated codices and magic scrolls. These are followed by indexes of works, miniatures, names, and places in the manuscripts and an index of names of owners in the magic scrolls. Forty-two plates showcase in full detail some highlights from the collection. |
| ras alula: The Nakfa Documents Anthony D'Avray, Richard Pankhurst, 2000 Anyone interested in the history of Eritrea, Ethiopia, or Italian and British Imperialism will learn much from this book. It gives the full texts of the treasure-house of unpublished documents on which the same author's Lords of the Red Sea was based. These documents were produced at the end of the 19th century by the Italian administrators in Eritrea who dealt with the local nomads. These young officers became intrigued by the society and history of the highly developed Habab tribe, even as they became part of that history, replacing loose hegemony with direct sovereignty. Their records document not only their own important role in the Scramble for Africa but also the whole culture and historical memory of a fascinating society. |
| ras alula: A History of Ethiopia: Volume II (Routledge Revivals) E. A. Wallis Budge, 2014-08-01 This is the second volume of Sir E. A. Wallis Budge’s narrative account of Ethiopian history, and continues the chronicle of the Kings of Abyssinia where the first volume ended: the death of Lebna Dengel in 1540. The list of kings ends with the Regent Rās Tafari, who still reigned at the time of first publication in 1928. Thereafter, the author devotes considerable attention to an overview of the cultural, social and political idiosyncrasies of the Ethiopian people: literature, spells and magic, architecture, ethnography, the alphabet, and a wide range of other engrossing topics. This material complements the narrative history, helping to situate the deeds of the kings and the fortunes of their people in a broader context. |
| ras alula: Italian National Identity in the Scramble for Africa Giuseppe Finaldi, 2009 Italy's First African War (1880-1896) pitted a young and ambitious European nation against the ancient Empire of Ethiopia. The Least of Europe's Great Powers rashly assailed Africa's most formidable military power. The outcome was humiliating defeat for Italy and the survival, uniquely for any African nation in the years of the European Scramble for that continent, of Ethiopian independence. Notwithstanding Italy's disastrous first experience in the colonial fray, this book argues that the impact of the war went well beyond the battlefields of the Ethiopian highlands and reached into the minds of the Italian people at home. Through a detailed and exhaustive study of Italian popular culture, this book asks how far the First African War impacted on the Italian nation-building project and how far Italians were themselves changed by undergoing the experience of war and defeat in East Africa. Finaldi argues, for the first time in historiography on the subject, that there was substantial support for and awareness of Italy's military campaign and that 'Empire', as has come to be regarded as fundamental in the histories of other European countries, needs to be brought firmly into the mainstream of Italian national history. This book is an essential contribution to debates on the relationship between European national identity and culture and imperialism in the late 19th century. |
| ras alula: Nineteenth Century and After , 1903 |
| ras alula: The Nineteenth Century and After , 1903 |
| ras alula: The Twentieth Century , 1903 |
| ras alula: Eritrea Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws IBP USA, 2013-08 Eritrea Business Law Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws |
| ras alula: From Slavery to Independence David E. Long, Sebastian Maisel, 2021-03-05 In 1863 slaves and conscript soldiers from Sudan landed in Mexico. What has happened? The Egyptian Khedive has sent them on the request of Napoleon III to fight for the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian against the Mexican republican troops of Benito Juarez of Zapotec origin. Although the story of this military adventure is so multi-facetted and connects a mosaic of diverse identities it is largely forgotten. Based on personal experience, literary translations, interviews, and the exploration of other repositories, David E. Long and Sebastian Maisel bring back the life-stories of those brave Sudanese men and their descendants and their ultimate fight for freedom and independence. |
| ras alula: Through Abyssinia Sir Horace Francis Harrison Smith, 1890 |
| ras alula: The Sacred City of the Ethiopians James Theodore Bent, David Heinrich Müller, John George Garson, 1893 |
| ras alula: Parliamentary Papers Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, 1888 |
Ras Alula - Wikipedia
Ras Alula Engida (Ge'ez: ራስ አሉላ እንግዳ) (1845 – 15 February 1897; also known by his horse name Abba Nega and by Alula Equbi[1]) was an Ethiopian general and politician who …
Ras Alula Abanega: An Ethiopian and African Hero
Alula was a strong charismatic leader in his early 30s and already at the top of the feudal echelon. He became a Ras, just below Negus (king), in spite of the jealousy and hatred encountered by …
Alula, ‘The Son of Qubi’: a ‘King's Man’ in Ethiopia, 1875 ...
Jan 22, 2009 · Ras Alula played a significant role in the political history of northern Ethiopia during the period between the Egyptian invasion in 1875 and the Italian defeat at Adwa in 1896. Alula …
Ras Alula Abba Nega — allaboutETHIO
Ras Alula's legacy as a brilliant military leader places him with the greatest of African generals, second only to Hannibal. Despite many aristocrats' resentment at the young Alula's favor with …
Ras Alula And The Scramble For Africa Haggai Elrich
Apr 16, 2023 · Alula’s political biography.
Ras Alula and the Scramble for Africa: A Political Biography
Ras Alula (1847-1897) was one of the Big Men or Telek Saw who played a prominent role in the making of modern Ethiopia. He was famous enough to be lamented by a British historian as, …
A political biography of Ras Alula 1875-1897.
Oct 16, 2018 · Ras Alula played a significant role in the political history of northern Ethiopia during the period between the Egyptian invasion of 1875 and the Italian defeat at Adwa in 1896. This …
