Principles Of Modern Chemistry

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  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry David W. Oxtoby, 1998-07-01 PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY has dominated the honors and high mainstream general chemistry courses and is considered the standard for the course. The fifth edition is a substantial revision that maintains the rigor of previous editions but reflects the exciting modern developments taking place in chemistry today. Authors David W. Oxtoby and H. P. Gillis provide a unique approach to learning chemical principles that emphasizes the total scientific process'from observation to application'placing general chemistry into a complete perspective for serious-minded science and engineering students. Chemical principles are illustrated by the use of modern materials, comparable to equipment found in the scientific industry. Students are therefore exposed to chemistry and its applications beyond the classroom. This text is perfect for those instructors who are looking for a more advanced general chemistry textbook.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry David W. Oxtoby, H. P. Gillis, Alan Campion, 2016
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemistry Bruce Averill, Patricia Eldredge, 2007 Emphasises on contemporary applications and an intuitive problem-solving approach that helps students discover the exciting potential of chemical science. This book incorporates fresh applications from the three major areas of modern research: materials, environmental chemistry, and biological science.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry + Owlv2, 4-term Access ,
  principles of modern chemistry: Student Solutions Manual for Oxtoby, Gillis, and Campion's Principles of Modern Chemistry Wade A. Freeman, 2007-03 You cannot expect to succeed in a serious chemistry course without solving problems, which are universally used to illustrate concepts and to test understanding. This manual offers detailed solutions to all of the odd-numbered problems in the text to assist you in working through them.
  principles of modern chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, 1997 Appropriate for 2-semester or 3-quarter general chemistry courses. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications is recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument. This edition introduces a number of innovative features—including new Feature Problems, new follow-up Practice Exercises to accompany every in-chapter Example, and a number of new Focus On application boxes.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry Leo A. Paquette, 1968
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemistry from First Principles Jan C. A. Boeyens, 2008-09-11 Chemistry from First Principles examines the appearance of matter in its most primitive form. It features the empirical rules of chemical affinity that regulate the synthesis and properties of molecular matter, analyzes the compatibility of the theories of chemistry with the quantum and relativity theories of physics, formulates a consistent theory based on clear physical pictures and manageable mathematics to account for chemical concepts such as the structure and stability of atoms and molecules. This text also explains the self-similarity between space-time, nuclear structure, covalent assembly, biological growth, planetary systems, and galactic conformation.
  principles of modern chemistry: Modern Quantum Chemistry Attila Szabo, Neil S. Ostlund, 2012-06-08 This graduate-level text explains the modern in-depth approaches to the calculation of electronic structure and the properties of molecules. Largely self-contained, it features more than 150 exercises. 1989 edition.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Analytical Chemistry Miguel Valcarcel, 2014-08-23 Principles of Analytical Chemistry gives readers a taste of what the field is all about. Using keywords of modern analytical chemistry, it constructs an overview of the discipline, accessible to readers pursuing different scientific and technical studies. In addition to the extremely easy-to-understand presentation, practical exercises, questions, and lessons expound a large number of examples.
  principles of modern chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph Petrucci, Carey Bissonnette, F. Herring, Jeffry Madura, 2016-03-31 The most trusted general chemistry text in Canada is back in a thoroughly revised 11thedition. General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications, is the most trusted book on the market recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument and precise and detailed and treatment of the subject. The 11th edition offers enhanced hallmark features, new innovations and revised discussions that that respond to key market needs for detailed and modern treatment of organic chemistry, embracing the power of visual learning and conquering the challenges of effective problem solving and assessment. Note: You are purchasing a standalone product; MasteringChemistry does not come packaged with this content. Students, if interested in purchasing this title withMasteringChemistry, ask your instructor for the correct package ISBN and Course ID. Instructors, contact your Pearson representative for more information. If you would like to purchase both the physical text andMasteringChemistry, search for: 0134097327 / 9780134097329General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications Plus MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Access Card Package, 11/e Package consists of: 0132931281 / 9780132931281General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387917 / 9780133387919 Study Card for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications 0133387801 / 9780133387803MasteringChemistry with Pearson eText -- Valuepack Access Card -- for General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications
  principles of modern chemistry: Elements, Principles and Corpuscles Antonio Clericuzio, 2000 In Elements, Principles and Particles, Antonio Clericuzio explores the relationships between chemistry and corpuscular philosophy in the age of the Scientific Revolution. Science historians have regarded chemistry and corpuscular philosophy as two distinct traditions. Clericuzio's view is that since the beginning of the 17th century atomism and chemistry were strictly connected. This is attested by Daniel Sennert and by many hitherto little-known French and English natural philosophers. They often combined a corpuscular theory of matter with Paracelsian chemical (and medical) doctrines. Boyle plays a central part in the present book: Clericuzio redefines Boyle's chemical views, by showing that Boyle did not subordinate chemistry to the principles of mechanical philosophy. When Boyle explained chemical phenomena, he had recourse to corpuscles endowed with chemical, not mechanical, properties. The combination of chemistry and corpuscular philosophy was adopted by a number of chemists active in the last decades of the 17th century, both in England and on the Continent. Using a large number of primary sources, the author challenges the standard view of the corpuscular theory of matter as identical with the mechanical philosophy. He points out that different versions of the corpuscular philosophy flourished in the 17th century. Most of them were not based on the mechanical theory, i.e. on the view that matter is inert and has only mechanical properties. Throughout the 17th century, active principles, as well as chemical properties, are attributed to corpuscles. Given its broad coverage, the book is a significant contribution to both history of science and history of philosophy.
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemistry: A Fundamental Overview of Essential Principles (First Edition) David R. Khan, Jason C. Yarbrough, 2018-05-03 Written in a straightforward style, and tailored to majors and non-majors alike, Chemistry: A Fundamental Overview of Essential Principles gives readers a comprehensive introduction to contemporary topics in the discipline. The book is directed to the development of analytical, problem-solving and quantitative reasoning skills in a manner that is accessible to a variety of students from various courses of study. Students will learn about the structure of matter, compounds and formulas, the mole, chemical equations, and stoichiometry. The first half of the book covers solutions and aqueous chemistry, gases, atomic structure, and molecular geometry. Later chapters take a deeper dive into essential topics necessary for STEM majors such as intermolecular forces, chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, thermochemistry, electrochemistry, and kinetics, as well as organic chemistry and biochemistry. Additionally, comprehensive homework problem sets allow students to reinforce and apply the concepts covered in each chapter. Chemistry is a highly effective instructional text that meets the needs of a broad student population. Its expansive coverage of the subject matter and inclusion of specialized topics make it appropriate for general chemistry I and II. However, it is also ideal for one-semester introductory or survey courses.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Soil Chemistry, Fourth Edition Kim H. Tan, 2011-07-08 Learn the secrets of soil chemistry and its role in agriculture and the environment. Examine the fundamental laws of soil chemistry, how they affect dissolution, cation and anion exchange, and other reactions. Explore how water can form water-bridges and hydrogen bonding, the most common forces in adsorption, chelation, and more. Discover how electrical charges develop in soils creating electrochemical potentials forcing ions to move into the plant body through barriers such as root membranes, nourishing crops and plants. You can do all this and more with Principles of Soil Chemistry, Fourth Edition. Since the first edition published in 1982, this resource has made a name for itself as a textbook for upper level undergraduates and as a handy reference for professionals and scientists. This fourth edition reexamines the entire reach of soil chemistry while maintaining the clear, concise style that made previous editions so user-friendly. By completely revising, updating, and incorporating a decade’s worth of new information, author Kim Tan has made this edition an entirely new and better book. See what's new in the Fourth Edition Reexamines atoms as the smallest particle that will enter into chemical reactions by probing new advances testifying the presence of subatomic particles and concepts such as string theory Underscores oxygen as the key element in soil air and atmosphere for life on earth Reevaluates the idea of transformation of orthoclase into albite by simple cation exchange reactions as misleading and bending scientific concepts of ion exchange over the limit of truth Examines the role of fertilizers, sulfur, pyrite, acid rain, and nitrogen fixation in soil acidity, underscoring the controversial effect of nitrification on increasing soil acidity over time Addresses the old and new approaches to humic acids by comparing the traditional operational concept against the currently proposed supramolecular and pseudomicellar concept Proposes soil organics, such as nucleic acids of DNA and others, to also adsorb cation ions held as diffusive ion clouds around the polymers Tan explains, in easy and simple language, the chemical make-up of the four soil constituents, their chemical reactions and interactions in soils as governed by basic chemical laws, and their importance in agriculture, industry, and the environment. He differentiates soil chemistry from geochemistry and physical chemistry. Containing more than 200 equations, 123 figures, and 38 tables, this popular text and resource supplies a comprehensive treatment of soil chemistry that builds a foundation for work in environmental pollution, organic and inorganic soil contamination, and potential ecological health and environmental health risks.
  principles of modern chemistry: Holt McDougal Modern Chemistry Mickey Sarquis, 2012
  principles of modern chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, Geoff E. Herring, Jeff Madura, 2008-08-15 General Chemistry: Principles and Modern Applications is recognized for its superior problems, lucid writing, and precision of argument. This updated and expanded edition retains the popular and innovative features of previous editions-including Feature Problems, follow-up Integrative and Practice Exercises to accompany every in-chapter Example, and Focus On application boxes, as well as new Keep in Mind marginal notes. Topics covered include atoms and the atomic theory, chemical compounds and reactions, gases, Thermochemistry, electrons in atoms, chemical bonding, liquids, solids, and intermolecular forces, chemical kinetics, principles of chemical equilibrium, acids and bases, electrochemistry, representative and transitional elements, and nuclear and organic chemistry. For individuals interested in a broad overview of chemical principles and applications.
  principles of modern chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, F. Geoffrey Herring, Jeffry D. Madura, Carey Bissonnette, 2010-05
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemical Thermodynamics: Advanced Applications J. Bevan Ott, Juliana Boerio-Goates, 2000-06-16 This book is an excellent companion to Chemical Thermodynamics: Principles and Applications. Together they make a complete reference set for the practicing scientist. This volume extends the range of topics and applications to ones that are not usually covered in a beginning thermodynamics text. In a sense, the book covers a middle ground between the basic principles developed in a beginning thermodynamics textbook, and the very specialized applications that are a part of an ongoing research project. As such, it could prove invaluable to the practicing scientist who needs to apply thermodynamic relationships to aid in the understanding of the chemical process under consideration. The writing style in this volume remains informal, but more technical than in Principles and Applications. It starts with Chapter 11, whichsummarizes the thermodynamic relationships developed in this earlier volume. For those who want or need more detail, references are given tothe sections in Principles and Applications where one could go to learn more about the development, limitations, and conditions where these equations apply. This is the only place where Advanced Applications ties back to the previous volume. Chapter 11 can serve as a review of the fundamental thermodynamic equations that are necessary for the more sophisticated applications described in the remainder of this book. This may be all that is necessary for the practicing scientist who has been away from the field for some time and needs some review. The remainder of this book applies thermodynamics to the description of a variety of problems. The topics covered are those that are probably of the most fundamental and broadest interest. Throughout the book, examples of real systems are used as much as possible. This is in contrast to many books where generic examples are used almost exclusively. A complete set of references to all sources of data and to supplementary reading sources is included. Problems are given at the end of each chapter. This makes the book ideally suited for use as a textbook in an advanced topics course in chemical thermodynamics. - An excellent review of thermodynamic principles and mathematical relationships along with references to the relevant sections in Principles and Applications where these equations are developed - Applications of thermodynamics in a wide variety of chemical processes, including phase equilibria, chemical equilibrium, properties of mixtures, and surface chemistry - Case-study approach to demonstrate the application of thermodynamics to biochemical, geochemical, and industrial processes - Applications at the cutting edge of thermodynamics - Examples and problems to assist in learning - Includes a complete set of references to all literature sources
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry David W. Oxtoby, H. Pat Gillis, Laurie J. Butler, 2016-01-01 Long considered the standard for honors and high-level mainstream general chemistry courses, PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY continues to set the standard as the most modern, rigorous, and chemically and mathematically accurate text on the market. This authoritative text features an atoms first approach and thoroughly revised chapters on Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure (Chapter 6), Electrochemistry (Chapter 17), and Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry (Chapter 20). In addition, the text utilizes mathematically accurate and artistic atomic and molecular orbital art, and is student friendly without compromising its rigor. End-of-chapter study aids focus on only the most important key objectives, equations and concepts, making it easier for students to locate chapter content, while applications to a wide range of disciplines, such as biology, chemical engineering, biochemistry, and medicine deepen students' understanding of the relevance of chemistry beyond the classroom.
  principles of modern chemistry: Clinical Chemistry Michael L. Bishop, Janet L. Duben-Engelkirk, Edward P. Fody, 2000 Written in a concise, readable style, the Fourth Edition of this leadi ng text continues to set the standard in the constantly evolving field of clinical chemistry. Completely revised and updated, this text refl ects the latest developments in clinical chemistry. Recent advances in quality assurance, PCR and laboratory automation receive full coverag e. The immunochemistry chapter has been expanded to reflect the latest technological advances, and two entirely new chapters on cardiac func tion and point of care testing have been added. Chapters have been com bined and restructured to match the changes that have occurred in the clinical laboratory. Plus, the contributors continue to be the leaders in the field of clinical chemistry. Other text features include outli nes, objectives, case studies, practice questions and exercises, a glo ssary and more.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Chemical Nomenclature G. J. Leigh, 2011 Aimed at pre-university and undergraduate students, this volume surveys the current IUPAC nomenclature recommendations in organic, inorganic and macromolecular chemistry.
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemistry: A Very Short Introduction Peter Atkins, 2015-02-26 Most people remember chemistry from their schooldays as largely incomprehensible, a subject that was fact-rich but understanding-poor, smelly, and so far removed from the real world of events and pleasures that there seemed little point, except for the most introverted, in coming to terms with its grubby concepts, spells, recipes, and rules. Peter Atkins wants to change all that. In this Very Short Introduction to Chemistry, he encourages us to look at chemistry anew, through a chemist's eyes, in order to understand its central concepts and to see how it contributes not only towards our material comfort, but also to human culture. Atkins shows how chemistry provides the infrastructure of our world, through the chemical industry, the fuels of heating, power generation, and transport, as well as the fabrics of our clothing and furnishings. By considering the remarkable achievements that chemistry has made, and examining its place between both physics and biology, Atkins presents a fascinating, clear, and rigorous exploration of the world of chemistry - its structure, core concepts, and exciting contributions to new cutting-edge technologies. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
  principles of modern chemistry: General Chemistry Ralph H. Petrucci, William S. Harwood, F. Geoffrey Herring, 2002
  principles of modern chemistry: Introductory Chemistry Kevin Revell, 2020-11-17 Introductory Chemistry creates light bulb moments for students and provides unrivaled support for instructors! Highly visual, interactive multimedia tools are an extension of Kevin Revell’s distinct author voice and help students develop critical problem solving skills and master foundational chemistry concepts necessary for success in chemistry.
  principles of modern chemistry: General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry Dorothy M. Feigl, John William Hill, 1983
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of General Chemistry Martin S. Silberberg, 2007 Silberberg’s Principles of General Chemistry offers students the same authoritative topic coverage as his 4th edition textbook while appealing to today’s efficiency-minded and value-conscious instructors and students. Principles allows for succinct coverage of content with minimal emphasis on pedagogic learning aids. This new approach offers a more straightforward approach to learning the core principles without sacrificing depth, clarity, or rigor.
  principles of modern chemistry: Chemistry David W. Oxtoby, Wade A. Freeman, Toby F. Block, 1998 Textbook of chemistry concepts
  principles of modern chemistry: Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry John D. Roberts, Marjorie C. Caserio, 1977 Introduction what is organic chemistry all about?; Structural organic chemistry the shapes of molecules functional groups; Organic nomenclature; Alkanes; Stereoisomerism of organic molecules; Bonding in organic molecules atomic-orbital models; More on nomenclature compounds other than hydrocarbons; Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions; Separation and purification identification of organic compounds by spectroscopic techniques; Alkenes and alkynes. Ionic and radical addition reactions; Alkenes and alkynes; Oxidation and reduction reactions; Acidity or alkynes.
  principles of modern chemistry: The Principles of Chemistry (Volume II) Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, 2024-10-08 The Principles of Chemistry (Volume II), a classical book, has been considered important throughout the human history, and so that this work is never forgotten we at Alpha Editions have made efforts in its preservation by republishing this book in a modern format for present and future generations. This whole book has been reformatted, retyped and designed. These books are not made of scanned copies of their original work and hence the text is clear and readable.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, eBook, Global Edition Nivaldo J. Tro, 2015-08-11 For two-semester courses in General Chemistry. A relevant, problem-solving approach to chemistry The 3rd Edition of Principles of Chemistry: A Molecular Approach presents core concepts without sacrificing rigor, enabling students to make connections between chemistry and their lives or intended careers. Drawing upon his classroom experience as an award-winning educator, Professor Tro extends chemistry to the student’s world by capturing student attention with examples of everyday processes and a captivating writing style. Throughout this student-friendly text, chemistry is presented visually through multi-level images that help students see the connections between the world around them (macroscopic), the atoms and molecules that compose the world (molecular), and the formulas they write down on paper (symbolic). The 3rd Edition improves upon the hallmark features of the text and adds new assets–Self Assessment Quizzes, Interactive Worked Examples, and Key Concept Videos–creating the best learning resource available for general chemistry students. The full text downloaded to your computer With eBooks you can: search for key concepts, words and phrases make highlights and notes as you study share your notes with friends eBooks are downloaded to your computer and accessible either offline through the Bookshelf (available as a free download), available online and also via the iPad and Android apps. Upon purchase, you'll gain instant access to this eBook. Time limit The eBooks products do not have an expiry date. You will continue to access your digital ebook products whilst you have your Bookshelf installed.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Chemistry Michael Munowitz, 2000-07-01
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry , 1966
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Colloid and Surface Chemistry Paul C. Hiemenz, 1977
  principles of modern chemistry: Concepts of Biology Samantha Fowler, Rebecca Roush, James Wise, 2023-05-12 Black & white print. Concepts of Biology is designed for the typical introductory biology course for nonmajors, covering standard scope and sequence requirements. The text includes interesting applications and conveys the major themes of biology, with content that is meaningful and easy to understand. The book is designed to demonstrate biology concepts and to promote scientific literacy.
  principles of modern chemistry: Organic Chemistry Robert Thornton Morrison, Robert Neilson Boyd, 2001
  principles of modern chemistry: Student Lab Notebook Hayden McNeil, Hayden-McNeil Staff, 2000
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry Oxtoby, 1997-11 PRINCIPLES OF MODERN CHEMISTRY has dominated the honors and high mainstream general chemistry courses and is considered the standard for the course. The fifth edition is a substantial revision that maintains the rigor of previous editions but reflects the exciting modern developments taking place in chemistry today. Authors David W. Oxtoby and H. P. Gillis provide a unique approach to learning chemical principles that emphasizes the total scientific process'from observation to application'placing general chemistry into a complete perspective for serious-minded science and engineering students. Chemical principles are illustrated by the use of modern materials, comparable to equipment found in the scientific industry. Students are therefore exposed to chemistry and its applications beyond the classroom. This text is perfect for those instructors who are looking for a more advanced general chemistry textbook.
  principles of modern chemistry: Principles of Modern Chemistry Friedrich Albrecht Carl Gren, 1800
  principles of modern chemistry: Student Solutions Manual for Oxtoby, Gillis, and Nachtrieb's Principles of Modern Chemistry Wade A. Freeman, 2003
PRINCIPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption; a rule or code of conduct; habitual devotion to right principles… See the full definition

Principles by Ray Dalio
Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that helped him create unique results in life and business.

Principle - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
A principle is a kind of rule, belief, or idea that guides you. You can also say a good, ethical person has a lot of principles.

PRINCIPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
Principal as an adjective means ‘most important’: … [ C ] His guiding principle is that everyone should have equal access to high-quality health care. [ C ] He refused to compromise his …

Principle - Wikipedia
There are many principles observed in physics, notably in cosmology which observes the mediocrity principle, the anthropic principle, the principle of relativity and the cosmological …

PRINCIPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Principle, canon, rule imply something established as a standard or test, for measuring, regulating, or guiding conduct or practice. A principle is a general and fundamental truth that …

PRINCIPLE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A principle is a general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your behaviour. Buck never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against …

principle noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of principle noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions. He has high …

Principle Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
In principle, making the changes should be a simple matter, but there may be problems we haven't thought of. They accepted the offer in principle. Do not confuse principle with principal.

Principle Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Principle definition: A basic truth, law, or assumption.

PRINCIPLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
a comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption; a rule or code of conduct; habitual devotion to right principles… See the full definition

Principles by Ray Dalio
Ray Dalio, one of the world’s most successful investors and entrepreneurs, shares the unconventional principles that helped him create unique results in life and business.

Principle - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
A principle is a kind of rule, belief, or idea that guides you. You can also say a good, ethical person has a lot of principles.

PRINCIPLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
Principal as an adjective means ‘most important’: … [ C ] His guiding principle is that everyone should have equal access to high-quality health care. [ C ] He refused to compromise his …

Principle - Wikipedia
There are many principles observed in physics, notably in cosmology which observes the mediocrity principle, the anthropic principle, the principle of relativity and the cosmological …

PRINCIPLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Principle, canon, rule imply something established as a standard or test, for measuring, regulating, or guiding conduct or practice. A principle is a general and fundamental truth that …

PRINCIPLE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
A principle is a general belief that you have about the way you should behave, which influences your behaviour. Buck never allowed himself to be bullied into doing anything that went against …

principle noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage …
Definition of principle noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. [countable, usually plural, uncountable] a moral rule or a strong belief that influences your actions. He has high …

Principle Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
In principle, making the changes should be a simple matter, but there may be problems we haven't thought of. They accepted the offer in principle. Do not confuse principle with principal.

Principle Definition & Meaning - YourDictionary
Principle definition: A basic truth, law, or assumption.