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| prolog programs examples: Practical PROLOG Richard J. Young, 1989 This introduction to the unique features of Prolog includes a wide range of learning techniques and methods to ensure learning logic programming success for every reader. |
| prolog programs examples: Prolog by Example Helder Coelho, Jose C. Cotta, 2012-12-06 Prolog has a declarative style. A predicate definition includes both the input and output parameters, and it allows a programmer to define a desired result without being concerned about the detailed instructions of how it is to be computed. Such a declarative language offers a solution to the software crisis, because it is shorter and more concise, more powerful and understandable than present-day languages. Logic highlights novel aspects of programming, namely using the same program to compute a relation and its inverse, and supporting deductive retrieval of informa tion. This is a book about using Prolog. Its real point is the examples introduced from Chapter 3 onwards, and so a Prolog programmer does not need to read Chapters 1 and 2, which are oriented more to teachers and to students, respec tively. The book is recommended for introductory and advanced university courses, where students may need to remember the basics about logic program ming and Prolog, before starting doing. Chapters 1 and 2 were also kept for the sake of unity of the whole material. In Chapter 1 a teaching strategy is explained based on the key concepts of Pro log which are novel aspects of programming. Prolog is enhanced as a computer programming language used for solving problems that involve objects and the relationships between objects. This chapter provides a pedagogical tour of pre scriptions for the organization of Prolog programs, by pointing out the main draw backs novices may encounter. |
| prolog programs examples: Logic Programming with Prolog Max Bramer, 2005-11-30 Written for those who wish to learn Prolog as a powerful software development tool, but do not necessarily have any background in logic or AI. Includes a full glossary of the technical terms and self-assessment exercises. |
| prolog programs examples: Clause and Effect William F. Clocksin, 2012-12-06 This book is for people who have done some programming, either in Prolog or in a language other than Prolog, and who can find their way around a reference manual. The emphasis of this book is on a simplified and disciplined methodology for discerning the mathematical structures related to a problem, and then turning these structures into Prolog programs. This book is therefore not concerned about the particular features of the language nor about Prolog programming skills or techniques in general. A relatively pure subset of Prolog is used, which includes the 'cut', but no input/output, no assert/retract, no syntactic extensions such as if then-else and grammar rules, and hardly any built-in predicates apart from arithmetic operations. I trust that practitioners of Prolog program ming who have a particular interest in the finer details of syntactic style and language features will understand my purposes in not discussing these matters. The presentation, which I believe is novel for a Prolog programming text, is in terms of an outline of basic concepts interleaved with worksheets. The idea is that worksheets are rather like musical exercises. Carefully graduated in scope, each worksheet introduces only a limited number of new ideas, and gives some guidance for practising them. The principles introduced in the worksheets are then applied to extended examples in the form of case studies. |
| prolog programs examples: The Art of Prolog, second edition Leon S. Sterling, Ehud Y. Shapiro, 1994-03-10 This new edition of The Art of Prolog contains a number of important changes. Most background sections at the end of each chapter have been updated to take account of important recent research results, the references have been greatly expanded, and more advanced exercises have been added which have been used successfully in teaching the course. Part II, The Prolog Language, has been modified to be compatible with the new Prolog standard, and the chapter on program development has been significantly altered: the predicates defined have been moved to more appropriate chapters, the section on efficiency has been moved to the considerably expanded chapter on cuts and negation, and a new section has been added on stepwise enhancement—a systematic way of constructing Prolog programs developed by Leon Sterling. All but one of the chapters in Part III, Advanced Prolog Programming Techniques, have been substantially changed, with some major rearrangements. A new chapter on interpreters describes a rule language and interpreter for expert systems, which better illustrates how Prolog should be used to construct expert systems. The chapter on program transformation is completely new and the chapter on logic grammars adds new material for recognizing simple languages, showing how grammars apply to more computer science examples. |
| prolog programs examples: Prolog Programming in Depth Michael A. Covington, Donald Nute, André Vellino, 1997 Appropriate for courses in artificial intelligence, computer science, logic programming, and expert systems. Can be used as supplemental text in courses in computational linguistics (natural language processing). This text covers the Prolog programming language thoroughly with an emphasis on building practical application software, not just theory. Working through this book, students build several types of expert systems, as well as natural language processing software and utilities to read foreign file formats. This is the first book to cover ISO Standard Prolog, but the programs are compatible with earlier dialects of the language. Program files are available by FTP from The University of Georgia. |
| prolog programs examples: Simply Logical Peter Flach, 1994-04-07 An introduction to Prolog programming for artificial intelligence covering both basic and advanced AI material. A unique advantage to this work is the combination of AI, Prolog and Logic. Each technique is accompanied by a program implementing it. Seeks to simplify the basic concepts of logic programming. Contains exercises and authentic examples to help facilitate the understanding of difficult concepts. |
| prolog programs examples: Techniques of Prolog Programming with Implementation of Logical Negation and Quantified Goals T. Van Le, 1992-11-06 Approaches the subject by applying the format used in successful language courses. Offers a comprehensive exhibition of Prolog programming techniques in four stages--declarative, procedural, advanced and meta-programming. Presents simple and efficient implementation of logical negation and quantified goals which are necessary in expert systems. The dynamics of these new features are shown in the construction of a multilingual expert system shell that supports negative and quantified queries as well as subtypes. The easy-to-follow tutorial style and numerous fully-solved exercises facilitate understanding. Comes with 3.5 inch disk containing all programs in the book. |
| prolog programs examples: The Craft of Prolog Richard O'Keefe, 2009-12-07 The emphasis in The Craft of Prolog is on using Prolog effectively. It presents a loose collection of topics that build on and elaborate concepts learned in a first course. Hacking your program is no substitute for understanding your problem. Prolog is different, but not that different. Elegance is not optional. These are the themes that unify Richard O'Keefe's very personal statement on how Prolog programs should be written. The emphasis in The Craft of Prolog is on using Prolog effectively. It presents a loose collection of topics that build on and elaborate concepts learned in a first course. These may be read in any order following the first chapter, Basic Topics in Prolog, which provides a basis for the rest of the material in the book. Richard A. O'Keefe is Lecturer in the Department of Computer Science at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. He is also a consultant to Quintus Computer Systems, Inc.Contents: Basic Topics in Prolog. Searching. Where Does the Space Go? Methods of Programming. Data Structure Design. Sequences. Writing Interpreters. Some Notes on Grammar Rules. Prolog Macros. Writing Tokenisers in Prolog. All Solutions. |
| prolog programs examples: Prolog and Natural-language Analysis Fernando C. N. Pereira, Stuart M. Shieber, 2002 |
| prolog programs examples: An Introduction to Programming in Prolog Patrick Saint-Dizier, 2012-12-06 This book is an introduction to Prolog (£rQgramming in ~ic). It presents the basic foundations of Prolog and basic and fundamental programming methods. This book is written for programmers familiar with other programming languages, as well as for novices in computer science, willing to have an original introduction to programming. The approach adopted in this book is thus based on methodological elements together with some pragmatic aspects. The book is composed of two parts. In the fIrst part the major aspects of programming in Prolog are presented step by step. Each new aspect is illustrated by short examples and exercises. The second part is composed of more developed examples, which are often games, that illustrate major aspects of artifIcial intelligence. More advanced books are given in the bibliography and will allow the reader to deepen his or her know ledge of Prolog. Prolog was first designed in France at OJ.A., Marseille, with a specific syntax. We have adopted here a more common notation, defIned at Edinburgh, which tends to be an implicit norm. At the end of each chapter of the fIrst part, there are exercises that the reader is invited to do and to test on his or her machine. Complete answers are given in Appendix A, at the end of the book. |
| prolog programs examples: Artificial Intelligence Through Prolog Neil C. Rowe, 1999 |
| prolog programs examples: Prolog: The Standard Pierre Deransart, AbdelAli Ed-Dbali, Laurent Cervoni, 2012-12-06 From the viewpoint of an industrial this book is most welcome, as one of the most significant demonstrations of the maturity of Prolog. Logic programming is a fascinating area in computer science, which held for years - and still does - the promise of freeing ourselves from programming based on the Von Neumann machine. In addition computer programming has long been for solid theoretical foundations. While conventional engineering, dealing mainly with analogical complexity, developed over some hundred years a complete body of mathematical tools, no such toolset was available for digital complexity. The only mathematical discipline which deals with digital complexity is logic and Prolog is certainly the operational tool which comes closest to the logical programming ideal. So, why does Prolog, despite nearly twenty years of development, still appear to many today to be more of a research or academic tool, rather than an industrial programming language? A few reasons may explain this: First, I think Prolog suffers from having been largely assimilated into - and thus followed the fate of - Artificial Intelligence. Much hype in the late 1980 created overexpectations and failed to deliver, and the counterreaction threw both AI and Prolog into relative obscurity. In a way, maybe this is a new chance for the Prolog community: the ability to carry out real work and progress without the disturbance of limelights and the unrealistic claims of various gurus. Second, programming in Prolog is a new experience for computer professionals. |
| prolog programs examples: Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, and the Design of Intelligent Agents Michael Gelfond, Yulia Kahl, 2014-03-10 This in-depth introduction for students and researchers shows how to use ASP for intelligent tasks, including answering queries, planning, and diagnostics. |
| prolog programs examples: AI Algorithms, Data Structures, and Idioms in Prolog, Lisp, and Java George F. Luger, William A. Stubblefield, 2009 |
| prolog programs examples: Real World OCaml Yaron Minsky, Anil Madhavapeddy, Jason Hickey, 2013-11-04 This fast-moving tutorial introduces you to OCaml, an industrial-strength programming language designed for expressiveness, safety, and speed. Through the book’s many examples, you’ll quickly learn how OCaml stands out as a tool for writing fast, succinct, and readable systems code. Real World OCaml takes you through the concepts of the language at a brisk pace, and then helps you explore the tools and techniques that make OCaml an effective and practical tool. In the book’s third section, you’ll delve deep into the details of the compiler toolchain and OCaml’s simple and efficient runtime system. Learn the foundations of the language, such as higher-order functions, algebraic data types, and modules Explore advanced features such as functors, first-class modules, and objects Leverage Core, a comprehensive general-purpose standard library for OCaml Design effective and reusable libraries, making the most of OCaml’s approach to abstraction and modularity Tackle practical programming problems from command-line parsing to asynchronous network programming Examine profiling and interactive debugging techniques with tools such as GNU gdb |
| prolog programs examples: Language Processing with Perl and Prolog Pierre M. Nugues, 2014-08-06 The areas of natural language processing and computational linguistics have continued to grow in recent years, driven by the demand to automatically process text and spoken data. With the processing power and techniques now available, research is scaling up from lab prototypes to real-world, proven applications. This book teaches the principles of natural language processing, first covering practical linguistics issues such as encoding and annotation schemes, defining words, tokens and parts of speech and morphology, as well as key concepts in machine learning, such as entropy, regression and classification, which are used throughout the book. It then details the language-processing functions involved, including part-of-speech tagging using rules and stochastic techniques, using Prolog to write phase-structure grammars, syntactic formalisms and parsing techniques, semantics, predicate logic and lexical semantics and analysis of discourse and applications in dialogue systems. A key feature of the book is the author's hands-on approach throughout, with sample code in Prolog and Perl, extensive exercises, and a detailed introduction to Prolog. The reader is supported with a companion website that contains teaching slides, programs and additional material. The second edition is a complete revision of the techniques exposed in the book to reflect advances in the field the author redesigned or updated all the chapters, added two new ones and considerably expanded the sections on machine-learning techniques. |
| prolog programs examples: A Guide to Artificial Intelligence with Visual Prolog Randall Scott, 2010 Get started with the simplest, most powerful prolog ever: Visual Prolog If you want to explore the potential of Artificial Intelligence (AI), you need to know your way around Prolog. Prolog - which stands for programming with logic - is one of the most effective languages for building AI applications, thanks to its unique approach. Rather than writing a program that spells out exactly how to solve a problem, with Prolog you define a problem with logical Rules, and then set the computer loose on it. This paradigm shift from Procedural to Declarative programming makes Prolog ideal for applications involving AI, logic, language parsing, computational linguistics, and theorem-proving. Now, Visual Prolog (available as a free download) offers even more with its powerful Graphical User Interface (GUI), built-in Predicates, and rather large provided Program Foundation Class (PFC) libraries. A Guide to Artificial Intelligence with Visual Prolog is an excellent introduction to both Prolog and Visual Prolog. Designed for newcomers to Prolog with some conventional programming background (such as BASIC, C, C++, Pascal, etc.), Randall Scott proceeds along a logical, easy-to-grasp path as he explains the beginnings of Prolog, classic algorithms to get you started, and many of the unique features of Visual Prolog. Readers will also gain key insights into application development, application design, interface construction, troubleshooting, and more. In addition, there are numerous sample examples to learn from, copious illustrations and information on helpful resources. A Guide to Artificial Intelligence with Visual Prolog is less like a traditional textbook and more like a workshop where you can learn at your own pace - so you can start harnessing the power of Visual Prolog for whatever your mind can dream up. |
| prolog programs examples: The Reasoned Schemer Daniel P. Friedman, William E. Byrd, Oleg Kiselyov, 2005-10-14 Extending the functional language Scheme with logical constructs in order to help the functional programmer think logically and the logic programmer think functionally. The goal of The Reasoned Schemer is to help the functional programmer think logically and the logic programmer think functionally. The authors of The Reasoned Schemer believe that logic programming is a natural extension of functional programming, and they demonstrate this by extending the functional language Scheme with logical constructs—thereby combining the benefits of both styles. The extension encapsulates most of the ideas in the logic programming language Prolog. The pedagogical method of The Reasoned Schemer is a series of questions and answers, which proceed with the characteristic humor that marked The Little Schemer and The Seasoned Schemer. Familiarity with a functional language or with the first eight chapters of The Little Schemer is assumed. Adding logic capabilities required the introduction of new forms. The authors' goal is to show to what extent writing logic programs is the same as writing functional programs using these forms. In this way, the reader of The Reasoned Schemer will come to understand how simple logic programming is and how easy it is to define functions that behave like relations. |
| prolog programs examples: Programming Language Pragmatics Michael Scott, 2015-11-30 Programming Language Pragmatics, Fourth Edition, is the most comprehensive programming language textbook available today. It is distinguished and acclaimed for its integrated treatment of language design and implementation, with an emphasis on the fundamental tradeoffs that continue to drive software development.The book provides readers with a solid foundation in the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of the full range of programming languages, from traditional languages like C to the latest in functional, scripting, and object-oriented programming. This fourth edition has been heavily revised throughout, with expanded coverage of type systems and functional programming, a unified treatment of polymorphism, highlights of the newest language standards, and examples featuring the ARM and x86 64-bit architectures. - Updated coverage of the latest developments in programming language design, including C & C++11, Java 8, C# 5, Scala, Go, Swift, Python 3, and HTML 5 - Updated treatment of functional programming, with extensive coverage of OCaml - New chapters devoted to type systems and composite types - Unified and updated treatment of polymorphism in all its forms - New examples featuring the ARM and x86 64-bit architectures |
| prolog programs examples: Logic, Programming and Prolog Ulf Nilsson, Jan Maluszynski, 1995-08-30 What sets this book apart from others on logic programming is the breadth of its coverage. The authors have achieved a fine balance between a clear and authoritative treatment of the theory and a practical, problem-solving approach to its applications. This edition introduces major new developments in a continually evolving field and includes such topics as concurrency and equational and constraint logic programming. |
| prolog programs examples: The Logic Programming Paradigm Krzysztof R. Apt, Victor W. Marek, Mirek Truszczynski, David S. Warren, 2012-12-06 Logic Programming was founded 25 years ago. This exciting new text reveals both the evolution of this programming paradigm since its inception and the impressively broad scope of current research in Logic Programming. The contributions to the book deal with both theoretical and practical issues. They address such diverse topics as: computational molecular biology, machine learning, mobile computing, multi-agent systems, planning, numerical computing and dynamical systems, database systems, an alternative to the formulas as types approach, program semantics and analysis, and natural language processing. The contributors are all leading world experts in Logic Programming and their contributions were all invited and refereed. |
| prolog programs examples: Applications of Declarative Programming and Knowledge Management Dietmar Seipel, Michael Hanus, Armin Wolf, 2009-04-22 knowledgewrappedinrules,databases,ortheWeballowsonetoexploreintere- ing hidden knowledge.Declarativetechniques for the transformation,deduction, induction, visualization, or querying of knowledge, or data mining techniques for exploring knowledge have the advantage of high transparency and better maintainability compared to procedural approaches. |
| prolog programs examples: Programming with Higher-Order Logic Dale Miller, Gopalan Nadathur, 2012-06-11 A programming language based on a higher-order logic provides a declarative approach to capturing computations involving types, proofs and other syntactic structures. |
| prolog programs examples: Javascript Douglas Crockford, 2017-07-17 JavaScript was written to give readers an accurate, concise examination of JavaScript objects and their supporting nuances, such as complex values, primitive values, scope, inheritance, the head object, and more. If you're an intermediate JavaScript developer and want to solidify your understanding of the language, or if you've only used JavaScript beneath the mantle of libraries such as jQuery or Prototype, this is the book for you. This updated and expanded second edition of Book provides a user-friendly introduction to the subject, Taking a clear structural framework, it guides the reader through the subject's core elements. A flowing writing style combines with the use of illustrations and diagrams throughout the text to ensure the reader understands even the most complex of concepts. This succinct and enlightening overview is a required reading for all those interested in the subject . We hope you find this book useful in shaping your future career & Business. |
| prolog programs examples: The Art of Prolog Leon Sterling, Ehud Y. Shapiro, 1994 This second edition contains revised chapters taking into account recent research advances. More advanced exercises have been included, and Part II The Prolog Language has been modified to be compatible with the new Prolog standard. This is a graduate level text that can be used for self-study. |
| prolog programs examples: Discrete Structures, Logic, and Computability James L. Hein, 2001 Discrete Structure, Logic, and Computability introduces the beginning computer science student to some of the fundamental ideas and techniques used by computer scientists today, focusing on discrete structures, logic, and computability. The emphasis is on the computational aspects, so that the reader can see how the concepts are actually used. Because of logic's fundamental importance to computer science, the topic is examined extensively in three phases that cover informal logic, the technique of inductive proof; and formal logic and its applications to computer science. |
| prolog programs examples: Seven Languages in Seven Weeks Bruce Tate, 2010 Seven Languages in Seven Weeks presents a meaningful exploration of seven languages within a single book. Rather than serve as a complete reference or installation guide, the book hits what's essential and unique about each language. |
| prolog programs examples: Logic Programming and Databases Stefano Ceri, Georg Gottlob, Letizia Tanca, 2012-12-06 The topic of logic programming and databases. has gained in creasing interest in recent years. Several events have marked the rapid evolution of this field: the selection, by the Japanese Fifth Generation Project, of Prolog and of the relational data model as the basis for the development of new machine archi tectures; the focusing of research in database theory on logic queries and on recursive query processing; and the pragmatic, application-oriented development of expert database systems and of knowledge-base systems. As a result, an enormous amount of work has been produced in the recent literature, coupled with the spontaneous growth of several advanced projects in this area. The goal of this book is to present a systematic overview of a rapidly evolving discipline, which is presently not described with the same approach in other books. We intend to introduce stu dents and researchers to this new discipline; thus we use a plain, tutorial style, and complement the description of algorithms with examples and exercises. We attempt to achieve a balance be tween theoretical foundations and technological issues; thus we present a careful introduction to the new language Datalog, but we also focus on the efficient interfacing of logic programming formalisms (such as Prolog and Datalog) with large databases. |
| prolog programs examples: Foundations of Probabilistic Logic Programming Fabrizio Riguzzi, 2023-07-07 Since its birth, the field of Probabilistic Logic Programming has seen a steady increase of activity, with many proposals for languages and algorithms for inference and learning. This book aims at providing an overview of the field with a special emphasis on languages under the Distribution Semantics, one of the most influential approaches. The book presents the main ideas for semantics, inference, and learning and highlights connections between the methods. Many examples of the book include a link to a page of the web application http://cplint.eu where the code can be run online. This 2nd edition aims at reporting the most exciting novelties in the field since the publication of the 1st edition. The semantics for hybrid programs with function symbols was placed on a sound footing. Probabilistic Answer Set Programming gained a lot of interest together with the studies on the complexity of inference. Algorithms for solving the MPE and MAP tasks are now available. Inference for hybrid programs has changed dramatically with the introduction of Weighted Model Integration. With respect to learning, the first approaches for neuro-symbolic integration have appeared together with algorithms for learning the structure for hybrid programs. Moreover, given the cost of learning PLPs, various works proposed language restrictions to speed up learning and improve its scaling. |
| prolog programs examples: Logic Programming Leon Sterling, 1995 Topics covered: Theoretical Foundations. Higher-Order Logics. Non-Monotonic Reasoning. Programming Methodology. Programming Environments. Extensions to Logic Programming. Constraint Satisfaction. Meta-Programming. Language Design and Constructs. Implementation of Logic Programming Languages. Compilation Techniques. Architectures. Parallelism. Reasoning about Programs. Deductive Databases. Applications. 13-16 June 1995, Tokyo, Japan ICLP, which is sponsored by the Association for Logic Programming, is one of two major annual international conferences reporting recent research results in logic programming. Logic programming originates from the discovery that a subset of predicate logic could be given a procedural interpretation which was first embodied in the programming language, Prolog. The unique features of logic programming make it appealing for numerous applications in artificial intelligence, computer-aided design and verification, databases, and operations research, and for exploring parallel and concurrent computing. The last two decades have witnessed substantial developments in this field from its foundation to implementation, applications, and the exploration of new language designs. Topics covered: Theoretical Foundations. Higher-Order Logics. Non-Monotonic Reasoning. Programming Methodology. Programming Environments. Extensions to Logic Programming. Constraint Satisfaction. Meta-Programming. Language Design and Constructs. Implementation of Logic Programming Languages. Compilation Techniques. Architectures. Parallelism. Reasoning about Programs. Deductive Databases. Applications. Logic Programming series, Research Reports and Notes |
| prolog programs examples: Algorithmic Program Debugging Ehud Y. Shapiro, 2004-07-01 Shapiro productively combines elements of programming languages, environments, logic, and inductive inference to produce effective debugging aids. The author's use of the PROLOG language provides an efficient implementation of the debugging algorithms. |
| prolog programs examples: Logic Programming Danny De Schreye, 1999-11-08 Includes tutorials, lectures, and refereed papers on all aspects of logic programming, including theoretical foundations, constraints, concurrency and parallelism, deductive databases, language design and implementation, nonmonotonic reasoning, and logic programming and the Internet. The International Conference on Logic Programming, sponsored by the Association for Logic Programming, includes tutorials, lectures, and refereed papers on all aspects of logic programming, including theoretical foundations, constraints, concurrency and parallelism, deductive databases, language design and implementation, nonmonotonic reasoning, and logic programming and the Internet. |
| prolog programs examples: Information Modelling and Knowledge Bases V Hannu Jaakkola, Hannu Kangassalo, 1994 This is the fifth volume in a sub-series based on the joint effort of Nordic and Japanese scientists in the field of information modelling and knowledge bases. |
| prolog programs examples: Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems Rossitza Setchi, Ivan Jordanov, 2010-08-30 The four-volume set LNAI 6276--6279 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, KES 2010, held in Cardiff, UK, in September 2010. The 272 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 360 submissions. They present the results of high-quality research on a broad range of intelligent systems topics. |
| prolog programs examples: Automated and Algorithmic Debugging Peter A. Fritzson, 1993-11-10 Debugging has always been a costly part of software development, and many attempts have been made to provide automatic computer support for this task.Automated debugging has seen major develoments over the last decade. Onesuccessful development is algorithmic debugging, which originated in logic programming but was later generalized to concurrent, imperative, and lazy functional languages. Important advances have also been made in knowledge-based program debugging, and in approaches to automated debugging based on static and dynamic program slicing based on dataflow and dependence analysis technology. This is the first collected volume of papers on automated debugging and presents latest developments, tutorial papers, and surveys. |
| prolog programs examples: Logic for Applications Anil Nerode, Richard A. Shore, 2012-12-06 In writing this book, our goal was to produce a text suitable for a first course in mathematical logic more attuned than the traditional textbooks to the re cent dramatic growth in the applications oflogic to computer science. Thus, our choice oftopics has been heavily influenced by such applications. Of course, we cover the basic traditional topics: syntax, semantics, soundnes5, completeness and compactness as well as a few more advanced results such as the theorems of Skolem-Lowenheim and Herbrand. Much ofour book, however, deals with other less traditional topics. Resolution theorem proving plays a major role in our treatment of logic especially in its application to Logic Programming and PRO LOG. We deal extensively with the mathematical foundations ofall three ofthese subjects. In addition, we include two chapters on nonclassical logics - modal and intuitionistic - that are becoming increasingly important in computer sci ence. We develop the basic material on the syntax and semantics (via Kripke frames) for each of these logics. In both cases, our approach to formal proofs, soundness and completeness uses modifications of the same tableau method in troduced for classical logic. We indicate how it can easily be adapted to various other special types of modal logics. A number of more advanced topics (includ ing nonmonotonic logic) are also briefly introduced both in the nonclassical logic chapters and in the material on Logic Programming and PROLOG. |
| prolog programs examples: Novice Programming Environments Marc Eisenstadt, Mark Keane, Tim Rajan, 2018-05-15 This book, originally published in 1992, encapsulates ten years of research at the Open University’s Human Cognition Research Laboratory. The research investigates the problems of novice programmers, and is strongly oriented toward the design and implementation of programming environments aimed at eliminating or easing novices’ problems. A range of languages is studied: Pascal, SOLO, Lisp, Prolog and Knowledge Engineering Programming. The primary emphasis of the empirical studies is to gain some understanding of novices’ mental models of the inner workings of computers. Such (erroneous) models are constructed by novices in their own heads to account for the idiosyncrasies of particular programming languages. The primary emphasis of the implementations described in the book is the provision of automatic debugging aids, i.e. artificial intelligence programs which can analyse novices’ buggy programs, and make sense of them, thereby providing useful advice for the novices. Another related strand taken in some of the work is the concept of pre-emptive design, i.e. the provision of tools such as syntax-directed editors and graphical tracers which help programmers avoid many frequently-occurring errors. A common thread throughout the book is its Cognitive Science/Artificial Intelligence orientation. AI tools are used, for instance, to construct simulation models of subjects writing programs, in order to provide insights into what their deep conceptual errors are. At the other extreme, AI programs which were developed in order to help student debug their programs are observed empirically in order to ensure that they provide facilities actually needed by real programmers. This book will be of great interest to advanced undergraduate, postgraduate, and professional researchers in Cognitive Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Human-Computer Interaction. |
| prolog programs examples: Extensions of Logic Programming Evelina Lamma, Paola Mello, 1993-02-12 This book contains papers which investigate how to extend logic programming toward the artificial intelligence and software engineering areas, covering both theoretical and practical aspects. Some papers investigate topics such as abductive reasoning and negation. Some works discuss how to enhance the expressive power of logic programming by introducing constraints, sets, and integration with functional programming. Other papers deal with the structuring of knowledge into modules, taxonomies, and objects, withthe aim of extending logic programming toward software engineering applications. A section is devoted to papers concentrating on proof theory and inspired by Gentzen-style sequent or natural deduction systems. Topics such as concurrency are considered to enhance the expressive power of logic languages. Finally, some papers mainly concernimplementation techniques for some of these logic programming extensions. |
| prolog programs examples: Measurement and Multivariate Analysis Shizuhiko Nishisato, Y. Baba, H. Bozdogan, K. Kanefuji, 2013-11-11 Diversity is characteristic of the information age and also of statistics. To date, the social sciences have contributed greatly to the development of handling data under the rubric of measurement, while the statistical sciences have made phenomenal advances in theory and algorithms. Measurement and Multivariate Analysis promotes an effective interplay between those two realms of research-diversity with unity. The union and the intersection of those two areas of interest are reflected in the papers in this book, drawn from an international conference in Banff, Canada, with participants from 15 countries. In five major categories - scaling, structural analysis, statistical inference, algorithms, and data analysis - readers will find a rich variety of topics of current interest in the extended statistical community. |
What does \+ mean in Prolog? - Stack Overflow
Jan 31, 2015 · The way I memorize it is through the following logical rule: \+ = 'if unsure or false, assume false' This is different from standard boolean logic in that if your goal is uncertain …
What is the difference between == and = in Prolog?
May 25, 2015 · The = "operator" in Prolog is actually a predicate (with infix notation) =/2 that succeeds when the two terms are unified. Thus X = 2 or 2 = X amount to the same thing, a …
math - Prolog =:= operator - Stack Overflow
Part of the brilliant genius of prolog , in my opinion , is that every op IS a funktor (predicate) . In fact , every element of your source becomes a predicate . In this way it can be seen that the …
Not equal and not unify in Prolog - Stack Overflow
Jul 14, 2012 · A \= B is equivalent to not (A = B). So lets compare =/2 and ==/2 first; from the swi-prolog manual:?Term1 = ?Term2
What's the -> operator in Prolog and how can I use it?
Jun 2, 2018 · Not sure if that's worth it! I mean, especially if the preconditions become slightly more complex, this may get messy. As for backtracking: for this version (SWI-)prolog does not …
What is the logical 'not' in Prolog? - Stack Overflow
Dec 16, 2011 · In Prolog, the "not" is an example of "negation as failure", but it is felt that \+ will make it clearer to the programmer just what precisely is being asserted in any given rule. So …
'if' in prolog? - Stack Overflow
May 16, 2019 · And it's very essential for you to understand that what is the facts and rulse and differents between together in prolog language programing. In Prolog, "if" is implied by using :- …
syntax - Prolog "or" operator, query - Stack Overflow
Nov 22, 2012 · I'm working on some prolog that I'm new to. I'm looking for an "or" operator. registered(X, Y), Y=ct101, Y=ct102, Y=ct103. Here's my query. What I want to write is code …
Sorting a list in Prolog - Stack Overflow
Dec 8, 2011 · Note that in Prolog it is straight forward to extend a list both in the beginning and at the end. Thus, we have to merge [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and [2] only. A current system that uses the …
How to run prolog queries from within the prolog file in swi …
May 29, 2017 · If I have a prolog file defining the rules, and open it in a prolog terminal in windows, it loads the facts. However, then it shows the ?- prompt for me to manually type …
What does \+ mean in Prolog? - Stack Overflow
Jan 31, 2015 · The way I memorize it is through the following logical rule: \+ = 'if unsure or false, assume false' This is different from standard boolean logic in that if your goal is uncertain …
What is the difference between == and = in Prolog?
May 25, 2015 · The = "operator" in Prolog is actually a predicate (with infix notation) =/2 that succeeds when the two terms are unified. Thus X = 2 or 2 = X amount to the same thing, a …
math - Prolog =:= operator - Stack Overflow
Part of the brilliant genius of prolog , in my opinion , is that every op IS a funktor (predicate) . In fact , every element of your source becomes a predicate . In this way it can be seen that the …
Not equal and not unify in Prolog - Stack Overflow
Jul 14, 2012 · A \= B is equivalent to not (A = B). So lets compare =/2 and ==/2 first; from the swi-prolog manual:?Term1 = ?Term2
What's the -> operator in Prolog and how can I use it?
Jun 2, 2018 · Not sure if that's worth it! I mean, especially if the preconditions become slightly more complex, this may get messy. As for backtracking: for this version (SWI-)prolog does not …
What is the logical 'not' in Prolog? - Stack Overflow
Dec 16, 2011 · In Prolog, the "not" is an example of "negation as failure", but it is felt that \+ will make it clearer to the programmer just what precisely is being asserted in any given rule. So …
'if' in prolog? - Stack Overflow
May 16, 2019 · And it's very essential for you to understand that what is the facts and rulse and differents between together in prolog language programing. In Prolog, "if" is implied by using :- …
syntax - Prolog "or" operator, query - Stack Overflow
Nov 22, 2012 · I'm working on some prolog that I'm new to. I'm looking for an "or" operator. registered(X, Y), Y=ct101, Y=ct102, Y=ct103. Here's my query. What I want to write is code …
Sorting a list in Prolog - Stack Overflow
Dec 8, 2011 · Note that in Prolog it is straight forward to extend a list both in the beginning and at the end. Thus, we have to merge [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] and [2] only. A current system that uses the …
How to run prolog queries from within the prolog file in swi-prolog ...
May 29, 2017 · If I have a prolog file defining the rules, and open it in a prolog terminal in windows, it loads the facts. However, then it shows the ?- prompt for me to manually type …
