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| psychological stimulus: Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose Deirdre Barrett, 2010-02-22 How our once-helpful instincts got hijacked by our garish modern world. Have you ever wondered why some men choose pornography over actual women? Why so many people watch Friends instead of going out with their own buddies? Why a person would “feed” a plastic Pocket Pet while shirking real duties? Why both sides of every war see the other as the aggressor against whom their “Department of Defense” must respond? Harvard evolutionary psychologist Deirdre Barrett explains how human instincts—for food, sex, or territorial protection—developed for life on the savannah ten thousand years ago, not for today’s world of densely populated cities, technological innovations, and pollution. Evolution, quite simply, has been unable to keep pace with the rapid changes of modern life. We now have access to a glut of larger-than-life objects—from candy to pornography to atomic bombs—that gratify outmoded but persistent drives with dangerous results. In the 1930s Dutch Nobel laureate Niko Tinbergen found that birds that lay small, pale-blue eggs speckled with gray preferred to sit on giant, bright-blue, plaster dummies with black polka dots. He coined the term “supernormal stimuli” to describe these imitations that appeal to primitive instincts and, oddly, exert a stronger attraction than real things. Obviously these hard-wired preferences pose a danger to a species’ survival. Barrett’s singular insight is to apply this phenomenon for the first time to the alarming disconnect between human instinct and our created environment. Her book adroitly demonstrates how supernormal stimuli are a driving force in many of today’s most pressing problems, including obesity, our addiction to television and video games, and the past century’s extraordinarily violent wars. Man-made imitations, it turns out, have wreaked havoc on how we nurture our children, what food we put into our bodies, how we make love and war, and even how we understand ourselves. Barrett does more than pull the fire alarm to show how these unfettered instincts fuel dangerous excesses. There is a hopeful message here as well. Once we recognize how supernormal stimuli operate, we can craft new approaches to modern predicaments. Humans have one stupendous advantage over Tinbergen’s birds: a giant brain. The message of this book is that this gives us the unique ability to exercise self-control, override instincts that lead us astray, and save ourselves from civilization’s gaudy traps. |
| psychological stimulus: Psychological Foundations of Attitudes Anthony G. Greenwald, Timothy C. Brock, Thomas M. Ostrom, 2013-09-24 Psychological Foundations of Attitudes presents various approaches and theories about attitudes. The book opens with a chapter on the development of attitude theory from 1930 to 1950. This is followed by separate chapters on the principles of the attitude-reinforcer-discriminative system; a systematic test of a learning theory analysis of interpersonal attraction; a spread of effect in attitude formation; Hullian learning theory; and possible origins of learned attitudinal cognitions. Subsequent chapters deal with mechanisms through which attitudes can function as both independent and dependent variables in the attitude-behavior link; and the problem of how people go about applying a summary label to their attitudes and the reciprocal effects that rating has on the content of attitude. The final chapters discuss a commodity theory that relates selective social communication to value formation; the freedoms there are in regard to attitudes; attitude change occasioned by actions which are discrepant from one's previously existing attitudes or values; and the conflict-theory approach to attitude change. |
| psychological stimulus: Dictionary of Psychology M. Basavanna, 2000 |
| psychological stimulus: Psychological Research M. Asch, 2005 |
| psychological stimulus: Psychological Review James Mark Baldwin, James McKeen Cattell, Howard Crosby Warren, John Broadus Watson, Herbert Sidney Langfeld, Carroll Cornelius Pratt, Theodore Mead Newcomb, 1922 Issues for 1894-1903 include the section: Psychological literature. |
| psychological stimulus: Psychology James S. Nairne, Dawn M. McBride, 2022 With their extensive knowledge and expertise in human memory and cognition, James S. Nairne and new co-author Dawn M. McBride have fully revised the best-selling Psychology, Seventh Edition, presenting a broad survey of the field through a unique problem-solving framework. By first considering the purpose of concepts and processes students are prepared to understand the context of when, why and how psychological phenomena occur in real life. This structure helps students appreciate why psychological concepts are important by stressing the function and purpose of those concepts in everyday life. Empirically-based pedagogy is presented throughout the text --including concept reviews, self-tests, critical thinking activities, and active chapter summaries; each promotes active learning and deeper thinking. Key topics are also reinforced through retrieval practice, a process supported by memory research. The Seventh Edition includes updated research on key topics in cognition, neuroscience, social psychology, and research methodology, as well as a brand-new feature that teaches students how to become critical consumers of research. |
| psychological stimulus: A Psychological Interpretation of the Gospel M. A. Moore-Bentley, Mrs. Mary Ann Moore-Bentley, 1917 |
| psychological stimulus: Psychological Bulletin , 1913 Vol. 49, no. 4, pt. 2 (July 1952) is the association's Publication manual. |
| psychological stimulus: Handbook of Psychology: Personality and social psychology Irving B. Weiner, Donald K. Freedheim, 2003 Includes established theories and cutting-edge developments. Presents the work of an international group of experts. Presents the nature, origin, implications, an future course of major unresolved issues in the area. |
| psychological stimulus: Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment Carina Coulacoglou, Donald H. Saklofske, 2017-06-19 Psychometrics and Psychological Assessment: Principles and Applications reports on contemporary perspectives and models on psychological assessment and their corresponding measures. It highlights topics relevant to clinical and neuropsychological domains, including cognitive abilities, adaptive behavior, temperament, and psychopathology.Moreover, the book examines a series of standard as well as novel methods and instruments, along with their psychometric properties, recent meta-analytic studies, and their cross-cultural applications. - Discusses psychometric issues and empirical studies that speak to same - Explores the family context in relation to children's behavioral outcomes - Features major personality measures as well as their cross cultural variations - Identifies the importance of coping and resilience in assessing personality and psychopathology - Examines precursors of aggression and violence for prediction and prevention |
| psychological stimulus: Principles of Psychology Jacob Robert Kantor, 1926 According to the author, only by avoiding meticulously all powers or functions--whether considered as psychic or biological--which do not represent actual observable phenomena or interpretations derived from such observations, can psychology as a science be erected upon a firm foundation. |
| psychological stimulus: The Psychological Record Jacob Robert Kantor, 1962 Vols. 1-5 consist of monographs. |
| psychological stimulus: EXPERIMENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY HUSSAIN, AKBAR, 2014-10-11 Primarily intended for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of psychology, this book will help understand the methodology of experiments and the basic concepts of experimental psychology. Since the experiments are described in detail with the help of purely hypothetical data, the readers will easily understand the procedure and the steps involved in each experiment. Complete reports of more than fifty experiments will certainly help understand the significance of each step in an experiment. The detailed description of experiments will also help in conceptualising relevant problems and designing appropriate experiments. Another feature is that, more than half of the experiments described in the book do not require sophisticated apparatus. Key Features • Sample data are provided in each experiment. • Theoretical background of experiments is sufficient and clear. • Sample data are analysed with the help of statistical techniques. • Language is lucid and easy to comprehend. • Experiments on most of the topics have been covered. |
| psychological stimulus: International Perspectives On Psychological Science, II: The State of the Art Paul Bertelson, Paul Eelen, Gery d'Ydewalle, 2013-05-24 The essays appearing in these two volumes are based on Keynote (Vol. 1) and State-of-the-Art (Vol. 2) Lectures delivered at the XXVth International Congress of Psychology, in Brussels, July 1992. The Brussels Congress was the latest in a series of conferences which are organized at regular intervals under the auspices of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS), the main international organization in the field of Scientific Psychology. The first of those meetings took place in Paris in 1889. An important function of the International Congresses is to promote communication between different specializations in Psychology. Speakers were therefore asked to present lectures and discussions in their own fields of study, in a way that would be accessible to fellow psychologists active in other fields. State-of-the-Art lecturers were specifically asked to prepare a tutorial review on a topic which, in the view of the Program Committee, had recently given rise to particularly important developments. These contributions are included in Volume Two. Keynote lecturers were left free to address whatever subject they felt was of greatest interest. The chapters in Volume 1 are preceded by the Presidential Address by Mark R. Rosenzweig. |
| psychological stimulus: Experimental Psychology Edward Bradford Titchener, 1905 |
| psychological stimulus: A History of Modern Psychology David C. Ludden, Jr., 2019-12-11 Ludden’s text is a breath of fresh air, enabling students of all backgrounds to see themselves reflected in well-researched and humanized portrayals of the pioneers of the field, working within the context from which psychological science has emerged. —Cynthia A. Edwards, Meredith College A History of Modern Psychology: The Quest for a Science of the Mind presents a history of psychology up to the turn of the 21st century. Author David C. Ludden, Jr. uses a topical approach to discuss key thinkers and breakthroughs within the context of various schools of thought, allowing students to see how philosophers, researchers, and academics influenced one another to create the rich and diverse landscape of modern psychology. Through detailed timelines and Looking Back and Looking Ahead sections, the book provides connections between movements and gives students a deeper appreciation for the transference of knowledge that has shaped the field. Included with this title: The password-protected Instructor Resource Site (formally known as SAGE Edge) offers access to all text-specific resources, including a test bank and editable, chapter-specific PowerPoint® slides. |
| psychological stimulus: Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association Annual Meeting American Medico-Psychological Association, 1919 |
| psychological stimulus: Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association , 1919 |
| psychological stimulus: The American Journal of Psychology Granville Stanley Hall, Edward Bradford Titchener, Karl M. Dallenbach, Madison Bentley, Edwin Garrigues Boring, Margaret Floy Washburn, 1922 |
| psychological stimulus: Psychology Fleming Allen Clay Perrin, David Ballin Klein, 1926 |
| psychological stimulus: Proceedings of the American Medico-Psychological Association ... Annual Meeting American Psychiatric Association, 1919 List of members in each volume except v. 27. |
| psychological stimulus: Introductory Psychology R.B. Burns, C.B. Dobson, 2012-12-06 The last few years have seen a growth in the number of psychology courses which are being offered as single subject or combined studies options in universities, polytechnics and colleges of higher education. More recently, there has been a marked increase in the number of students in schools and colleges of further education taking 'A' level, '0' level and 'Ala' level psychology examinations. Psychology, too, features much more prominently in professional training schemes, and it is now quite common to encounter the subject in courses for police officers, clergy, teachers, nurses and other paramedical and caring profes sions. In the past, students had to rely extensively on a diet of psychology texts published in the USA, supplemented by a few modest British contributions, and by a number of specialist books written by scholars reflecting their particular interests. Nowadays, it is possible to point to a significantly larger number of British texts and monographs which deal with major issues in psychology, and a number of general textbooks have been written especially for school and college students preparing for GeE examinations. |
| psychological stimulus: Conceptual Spaces: Elaborations and Applications Mauri Kaipainen, Frank Zenker, Antti Hautamäki, Peter Gärdenfors, 2019-06-25 This edited book focuses on concepts and their applications using the theory of conceptual spaces, one of today’s most central tracks of cognitive science discourse. It features 15 papers based on topics presented at the Conceptual Spaces @ Work 2016 conference. The contributors interweave both theory and applications in their papers. Among the first mentioned are studies on metatheories, logical and systemic implications of the theory, as well as relations between concepts and language. Examples of the latter include explanatory models of paradigm shifts and evolution in science as well as dilemmas and issues of health, ethics, and education. The theory of conceptual spaces overcomes many translational issues between academic theoretization and practical applications. The paradigm is mainly associated with structural explanations, such as categorization and meronomy. However, the community has also been relating it to relations, functions, and systems. The book presents work that provides a geometric model for the representation of human conceptual knowledge that bridges the symbolic and the sub-conceptual levels of representation. The model has already proven to have a broad range of applicability beyond cognitive science and even across a number of disciplines related to concepts and representation. |
| psychological stimulus: 21st Century Psychology: A Reference Handbook Stephen F. Davis, William Buskist, 2008 Highlights the most important topics, issues, questions, and debates in the field of psychology. Provides material of interest for students from all corners of psychological studies, whether their interests be in the biological, cognitive, developmental, social, or clinical arenas. |
| psychological stimulus: Conceptual and Historical Issues in Psychology Brad Piekkola, 2016-12-07 This book covers key movements that helped to shape psychology – from the early philosophical debate between rationalism and empiricism or realists and antirealists through to the emergence of psychology as a science and the ongoing debates about ‘objectivity’ and ‘truth’ and what a science of psychology should be. Often nuanced and complex, the author examines major conceptual issues in the history of psychology that continue to be debated and influence public policy and lay understanding. The latter stages of the book explore notions of individuality, hereditarianism, critical psychology, and feminist perspectives. While deeply rooted in human history, it is made clear that psychology, how it is conceived and practiced, has a bearing on our understanding of what it is to be human. Accessible, objective and above all comprehensive, this book will help students locate psychology in the wider field of science and understand the forces that continue to shape and define it. |
| psychological stimulus: Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science Wilma Bucci, 1997-05-16 Although psychoanalytic concepts underlie most forms of psychotherapy practiced today, the basic Freudian theory of mind the metapsychology does not mesh with current scientific views in psychology and related fields. As a result, despite its many strengths, psychoanalysis has been relegated to the periphery by clinicians and researchers alike. Filling a significant void, this book from cognitive scientist and psychoanalytic researcher Wilma Bucci proposes a new model of psychological organization that integrates psychoanalytic theory with the investigation of mental processes. Solidly rooted in current cognitive science, multiple code theory recognizes the focus on meanings and motives that is intrinsic to psychoanalytic clinical work. The theory points to parallel functions underlying free association and dreams, as well as conceptual development in children and creative work in sciences and the arts, and provides a strong foundation for empirical research on the psychoanalytic treatment process. |
| psychological stimulus: Children′s Thinking David F. Bjorklund, 2022-10-18 Children′s Thinking: Cognitive Development and Individual Differences, Seventh Edition by David Bjorklund presents current, thorough research studies and data to show the effects of biology, and both physical and social environments on children′s cognitive development. |
| psychological stimulus: Modern Issues in Perception E.A. Geissler, 2000-04-01 The book deals with two focal issues: 1. The structural rules according to which information is organized in perception (Part I). 2. The rules on how pieces of information are integrated and transformed into judgements (Part II).Included in Part I are theories on neural mechanisms and models linking perception and memory. Part II refers to simple physical and complex semantic dimensions. Antecedents in animal behaviour are explored too. The book is intended for a broad readership; it should stimulate research which will link topics that have been traditionally separated.Features of the book are: - a synopsis of discrete, structural and quantitative aspects of perception linking perception with higher cognition and memory. - an overview on new approaches and findings from East and West on perceptual organization and rules inherent to judgement. - the chapters are strongly interconnected and didactical in tone. Introductions are designed to increase readability of the work. |
| psychological stimulus: The Psychology of Learning and Motivation , 2004-02-19 The Psychology of Learning and Motivation publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in cognitive and experimental psychology, ranging from classical and instrumental conditioning to complex learning and problem solving. Each chapter provides a thoughtful integration of a body of work. |
| psychological stimulus: Psychological Monographs Psychological Review Publications, 1920 |
| psychological stimulus: Greek and Interbehavioral Psychology Noel W. Smith, 1993 In this book, the author uses a selection of twenty-six of his papers in which he sets forth both interbehavioral psychology and Hellenic Greek psychology together with psychological concepts of hunter-gatherers, Egyptians, and Indo-Europeans. Contents: I. Introduction. II. Pre-Greek, Greek, and Indian Psychology. III. Interbehavioral Psychology: General Framework; Special Topics; Studies Concerning the Founder of Interbehavioral Psychology; Tribute; Selected Bibliography. |
| psychological stimulus: The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky L.S. Vygotsky, 1987 Presents a theoretical work originally written in the 1920s, long believed to be lost, by a Soviet psychologist. He responds to the proliferation of different schools within the field with the formulation of a unified theory based on Marxism. For scholars in psychology and the history of psychology. |
| psychological stimulus: The Movement Towards "physiological" Psychology Robert Mark Wenley, 1908 |
| psychological stimulus: The Dictionary of Psychology Raymond J. Corsini, 1999 The most comprehensive up-to-date reference of its kind, user friendly with a clear and functional design. The Dictionary offers over 30,000 entries, (including interdisciplinary terms and slang), 125 illustrations and extensive cross-referencing. |
| psychological stimulus: Proceedings of the American Psychological Association American Psychological Association, 1893 |
| psychological stimulus: Choice, Decision, and Measurement A.A.J. Marley, 2019-05-23 This volume is the result of a conference held at the University of California, Irvine, on the topics that provide its title -- choice, decision, and measurement. The conference was planned, and the volume prepared, in honor of Professor R. Duncan Luce on his 70th birthday. Following a short autobiographical statement by Luce, the volume is organized into four topics, to each of which Luce has made significant contributions. The book provides an overview of current issues in each area and presents some of the best recent theoretical and empirical work. Personal reflections on Luce and his work begin each section. These reflections were written by outstanding senior researchers: Peter Fishburn (Preference and Decision Making), Patrick Suppes (Measurement Theory and Axiomatic Systems), William J. McGill (Psychophysics and Reaction Time), and W.K. Estes (Choice, Identification and Categorization). The first section presents recent theoretical and empirical work on descriptive models of decision making, and theoretical results on general probabilistic models of choice and ranking. Luce's recent theoretical and empirical work on rank- and sign-dependent utility theory is important in many of these contributions. The second section presents results from psychophysics, probabilistic measurement, aggregation of expert opinion, and test theory. The third section presents various process oriented models, with supportive data, for tasks such as redundant signal detection, forced choice, and absolute identification. The final section contains theory and data on categorization and attention, and general theoretical results for developing and testing models in these domains. |
| psychological stimulus: The Nature of Psychology Kenneth J. W. Craik, 1966 This selection of papers from Kenneth Craik, explores the measurement of perception, sensory physiology and the relationship of nervous function to machines. |
| psychological stimulus: Dictionary of philosophy and psychology: Prefatory note. Text, Le-Z. Addenda: indices. I. Greek terms. II. Latin terms. III. German terms. IV. French terms. V. Italian terms James Mark Baldwin, 1902 |
| psychological stimulus: The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 3 W. Edward Craighead, Charles B. Nemeroff, 2002-11-11 A comprehensive reference for psychology research and practice The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Volume 3 provides researchers, practicing psychologists, teachers, and students with an exhaustive reference for the field. Covering psychological and behavioral conditions, treatments, testing, diagnoses, and much more, this invaluable resource provides information on over 1,200 topics across four volumes. This Third Edition features new coverage of biomedical research and neuroscience findings to reflect the growing impact of evidence-based treatment, and includes profiles of influential psychologists and psychological organizations from around the world. |
| psychological stimulus: Paradigms in Theory Construction Luciano L'Abate, 2011-12-01 Within the field of psychology there is a proliferation of paradigms, theories, models, and dimensions without an underlying conceptual framework or theory. This conclusion has been reached by representatives of many different psychological specialties. In response to this inconsistency this book presents a hierarchical framework about important theoretical issues that are present in psychological thinking. These issues concern definitions of three major theoretical concepts in theory and practice: (a) paradigms, (b) theories, and (c) models. It focuses on defining, comparing, and contrasting these three conceptual terms. This framework clarifies differences among paradigms, theories, and models, terms which have become increasingly confused in the psychological literature. Paradigms are usually confused with theories or with models while theories are confused with models. Examples of misuses of these terms suggest the need for a hierarchical structure that views paradigms as conceptual constructions overseeing a variety of psychological theories and verifiable models. |
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PSYCHOLOGICAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PSYCHOLOGICAL is of or relating to psychology. How to use psychological in a sentence.
Psychology - Wikipedia
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. [1][2] Its subject matter includes the behavior of humans and nonhumans, both conscious and unconscious phenomena, and …
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