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| peace of westphalia 1648: The Peace of Westphalia Derek Croxton, Anuschka Tischer, 2002 The peace of Westphalia constituted a watershed in early modern history. It guided a number of political, territorial, and legal decisions that determined the internal politics of the Holy Roman Empire and the international landscape. This work provides an insight into the Peace of Westphalia. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: War and Religion After Westphalia, 1648-1713 David Onnekink, 2009 The purpose of this volume is to challenge the assumption that Westphalia brought an end to more than a century of religious conflicts and marked the beginning of a new era in which secular power politics were the motivating factors in international relations and warfare. It also reconceptualizes the relationship between war, foreign policy, and religion during the period 1648 to 1713. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Myth of 1648 Benno Teschke, 2020-05-05 Winner of the 2003 Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize This book rejects a commonplace of European history: that the treaties of Westphalia not only closed the Thirty Years' War but also inaugurated a new international order driven by the interaction of territorial sovereign states. Benno Teschke, through this thorough and incisive critique, argues that this is not the case. Domestic 'social property relations' shaped international relations in continental Europe down to 1789 and even beyond. The dynastic monarchies that ruled during this time differed from their medieval predecessors in degree and form of personalization, but not in underlying dynamic. 1648, therefore, is a false caesura in the history of international relations. For real change we must wait until relatively recent times and the development of modern states and true capitalism. In effect, it's not until governments are run impersonally, with no function other than the exercise of its monopoly on violence, that modern international relations are born. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Towards A Westphalia for the Middle East Patrick Milton, Michael Axworthy, Brendan Simms, 2019-02-01 It was the original forever war, which went on interminably, fuelled by religious fanaticism, personal ambition, fear of hegemony, and communal suspicion. It dragged in all the neighbouring powers. It was punctuated by repeated failed ceasefires. It inflicted suffering beyond belief and generated waves of refugees. No, this is not Syria today, but the Thirty Years' War (1618-48), which turned Germany and much of central Europe into a disaster zone. The Thirty Years' War is often cited as a parallel in discussions of the Middle East. The Peace of Westphalia, which ended the conflict in 1648, has featured strongly in such discussions, usually with the observation that recent events in some parts of the region have seen the collapse of ideas of state sovereignty--ideas that supposedly originated with the 1648 settlement. Axworthy, Milton and Simms argue that the Westphalian treaties, far from enshrining state sovereignty, in fact reconfigured and strengthened a structure for legal resolution of disputes, and provided for intervention by outside guarantor powers to uphold the peace settlement. This book argues that the history of Westphalia may hold the key to resolving the new long wars in the Middle East today. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Peace Treaties and International Law in European History Randall Lesaffer, 2004-08-19 In the formation of the modern law of nations, peace treaties played a pivotal role. Many basic principles and rules that governed and still govern relations between states were introduced and elaborated in the great peace treaties from the Renaissance onwards. Nevertheless, until recently few scholars have studied these primary sources of the law of nations from a juridical perspective. In this edited collection, specialists from all over Europe, including legal and diplomatic historians, international lawyers and an International Relations theorist, analyse peace treaty practice from the late fifteenth century to the Peace of Versailles of 1919. Important emphasis is given to the doctrinal debate about peace treaties and the influence of older, Roman and medieval concepts on modern practices. This book goes back further in time beyond the epochal Peace of Treaties of Westphalia of 1648 and this broader perspective allows for a reassessment of the role of the sovereign state in the modern international legal order. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Peace and War Kalevi J. Holsti, 1991-04-26 Professor Holsti examines the origins of war and the foundations of peace of the last 350 years. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe Daniel H. Nexon, 2009-03-31 Scholars have long argued over whether the 1648 Peace of Westphalia, which ended more than a century of religious conflict arising from the Protestant Reformations, inaugurated the modern sovereign-state system. But they largely ignore a more fundamental question: why did the emergence of new forms of religious heterodoxy during the Reformations spark such violent upheaval and nearly topple the old political order? In this book, Daniel Nexon demonstrates that the answer lies in understanding how the mobilization of transnational religious movements intersects with--and can destabilize--imperial forms of rule. Taking a fresh look at the pivotal events of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries--including the Schmalkaldic War, the Dutch Revolt, and the Thirty Years' War--Nexon argues that early modern composite political communities had more in common with empires than with modern states, and introduces a theory of imperial dynamics that explains how religious movements altered Europe's balance of power. He shows how the Reformations gave rise to crosscutting religious networks that undermined the ability of early modern European rulers to divide and contain local resistance to their authority. In doing so, the Reformations produced a series of crises in the European order and crippled the Habsburg bid for hegemony. Nexon's account of these processes provides a theoretical and analytic framework that not only challenges the way international relations scholars think about state formation and international change, but enables us to better understand global politics today. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: German Armies Peter Wilson, 2002-11-01 German armies examines the diversity of German involvement in European conflict from the Peace of Westphalia to the age of Napoleon. Challenging assumptions of the Holy Roman Empire as weak and divided, this study provides a comprehensive account of its survival in a hostile environment of centralizing belligerent states. In contrast to the later german states, the Empire was inherently defensive, yet many of its component territories embarked on expansionist, militaristic policies, creating their own armies to advance their objectives. The author examines the resultant tensions and explains the structure and role of the different German forces. In addition, a number of wider issues are addressed, such as war and the emergence of absolutism, the rise of Austria and Prussia as great powers, non-violent forms of conflict resolution and the relative effectiveness of German military and political institutions in meeting the challenge of revolutionary France. Drawing on a range of sources, the author provides a detailed analysis of the German dimension of the great struggles against Louis XIV's France, competition for supremacy in the Baltic and Mediterranean and the prolonged wars with the Ottoman Turks. German armies extends the boundaries of military history by placing ancien regime warfare within a wider social, cultural and international context. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: America in Retreat Bret Stephens, 2015-10-27 Americans are weary of acting as the world's policeman, especially in the face of our unending economic troubles at home. President Obama stands for cutting defense budgets, leaving Afghanistan, abandoning Iraq, appeasing Russia, and offering premature declarations of victory over al Qaeda. Meanwhile, some Republicans now also argue for a far smaller and less expensive American footprint abroad. Pulitzer Prize-winning Wall Street Journal columnist Bret Stephens rejects this view. As he sees it, retreating from our global responsibilities will ultimately exact a devastating price to our security and prosperity. In the 1930s, it was the weakness and vacillation of the democracies that led to war and genocide. Today the regimes in Tehran, Damascus, Beijing, and Moscow continue to test America's will. Americans have often been tempted to turn our backs on a world that fails to live up to our idealism and doesn't easily bend. But succumbing to that temptation always leads to tragedy. The mantle of global leadership is a responsibility we must shoulder for the sake of our freedom, our prosperity, and our safety-- |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Mazarin’s Quest Paul Sonnino, 2008-11-30 In a provocative study, Paul Sonnino examines the diplomatic negotiations that took place in Westphalia from 1643 to 1648, which brought an end to the agonizing civil and religious conflict of the Thirty Years’ War. Sonnino steps back from myriad historical readings of Westphalia to take the diplomats’ intentions and interactions strictly on their own terms. He places the reader alongside the pivotal figure of French minister Jules Cardinal Mazarin as he maneuvers for gain. The narrative thus offers a firsthand experience of the negotiations as they played out, as well as a penetrating look into the character, personality, and ideas of the crafty cardinal. Although Mazarin acquired the province of Alsace—making him a hero to French nationalists—he had a much more successful peace within his grasp, but lost it when he insisted on annexing the Spanish Low Countries. Sonnino also offers a new interpretation of the origins of the Fronde, linking the French domestic revolt to foreign policy, in Mazarin’s failure to secure peace with Spain. Based on unprecedented archival documentation, Mazarin’s Quest provides an original and illuminating look at one of the most complicated diplomatic gatherings of all time. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Westphalia D. Croxton, 2013-07-25 This sweeping, exhaustively researched history is the first comprehensive account of the Peace of Westphalia in English. Bringing together the latest scholarship with an engaging narrative, it retraces the historical origins of the Peace, exploring its political-intellectual underpinnings and placing it in a broad global and chronological context. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years War C. V. Wedgwood, 2005-06-30 Europe in 1618 was riven between Protestants and Catholics, Bourbon and Hapsburg--as well as empires, kingdoms, and countless principalities. After angry Protestants tossed three representatives of the Holy Roman Empire out the window of the royal castle in Prague, world war spread from Bohemia with relentless abandon, drawing powers from Spain to Sweden into a nightmarish world of famine, disease, and seemingly unstoppable destruction. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years' War 1618–1648 Richard Bonney, 2014-06-06 More than three and a half centuries have passed since the Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War (1618-48); but this most devastating of wars in the early modern period continues to capture the imagination of readers: this book reveals why. It was one of the first wars where contemporaries stressed the importance of atrocities, the horrors of the fighting and also the sufferings of the civilian population. The Thirty Years' War remains a conflict of key importance in the history of the development of warfare and the 'military revolution'. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: A Cultural History of Peace in the Age of Enlightenment Stella Ghervas, David Armitage, 2022-02-24 This set covers a span of 2500 years, tracing how different cultures and societies have thought about, struggled for, developed and sustained peace in different ways and at different times. Each volume discusses the same themes in its chapters: definitions of peace; human nature, peace and war; peace, war and gender; peace, pacifism and religion; representations of peace; peace as integration; peace movements; and peace, security and deterrence. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: International Law and Peace Settlements Marc Weller, Mark Retter, Andrea Varga, 2021-01-31 |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years War Peter H. Wilson, 2019-08-20 A deadly continental struggle, the Thirty Years War devastated seventeenth-century Europe, killing nearly a quarter of all Germans and laying waste to towns and countryside alike. Peter Wilson offers the first new history in a generation of a horrifying conflict that transformed the map of the modern world. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Coping with Life during the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) Sigrun Haude, 2021-08-30 At its core, Coping with Life during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648) explores how people tried to survive the Thirty Years’ War, on what resources they drew, and how they attempted to make sense of it. A rich tapestry of stories brings to light contemporaries’ trauma as well as women and men’s unrelenting initiatives to stem the war’s negative consequences. Through these close-ups, Sigrun Haude shows that experiences during the Thirty Years’ War were much more diverse and often more perplexing than a straightforward story line of violence and destruction can capture. Life during the Thirty Years’ War was not a homogenous vale of gloom and doom, but a multifaceted story that was often heartbreaking, yet, at times, also uplifting. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: War and Religion Arnaud Blin, 2019-03-19 The resurgence of violent terrorist organizations claiming to act in the name of God has rekindled dramatic public debate about the connection between violence and religion and its history. Offering a panoramic view of the tangled history of war and religion throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, War and Religion takes a hard look at the tumultuous history of war in its relationship to religion. Arnaud Blin examines how this relationship began through the concurrent emergence of the Mediterranean empires and the great monotheistic faiths. Moving through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and into the modern era, Blin concludes with why the link between violence and religion endures. For each time period, Blin shows how religion not only fueled a great number of conflicts but also defined the manner in which wars were conducted and fought. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Rethinking Europe , 2019-07-01 The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) lies at the intersection of early modern and modern times. Frequently portrayed as the concluding chapter of the Reformation, it also points to the future by precipitating fundamental changes in the military, legal, political, religious, economic, and cultural arenas that came to mark a new, the modern era. Prompted by the 400th anniversary of the outbreak of the war, the contributors reconsider the event itself and contextualize it within the broader history of the Reformation, military conflicts, peace initiatives, and negotiations of war. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Twelve Years Truce (1609) , 2014-07-03 The Twelve Years Truce of 9 April 1609 made a temporary end to the hostilities between Spain and the Northern Netherlands that had lasted for over four decades. The Truce signified a crucial step in the recognition of the Republic of the Northern Netherlands as a sovereign power. As the direct source of inspiration for the 1648 Peace of Munster the Truce is a crucial text in the formation of the early modern law of nations. As few other texts, it reflects the radical changes to the laws of war and peace from around 1600. The Twelve Years Truce offers a collection of essays by leading specialists on the diplomatic and legal history of the Antwerp Truce of 1609. The first part covers the negotiation process leading up to the Truce. The second part collects essays on the consequences of the Truce on the state of war. In the third part, the consequences of the Truce for the sovereignty of the Northern and Southern Netherlands as well as it wider significance for the changing laws of war and peace of the age are scrutinised. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: From Hierarchy to Anarchy J. Larkins, 2009-11-23 This book considers the rise of territoriality in international relations. Larkins takes the reader on a tour that moves from the mental horizons of Medieval European thought to the Renaissance. The end product is a theoretical and historical account of a momentous transformation that ultimately gives rise to the territorial state. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Peace Oliver P. Richmond, 2023-01-24 Very Short Introductions: Brilliant, Sharp, Inspiring The concept of peace has always attracted radical thought, action, and practices. It has been taken to mean merely an absence of overt violence or war, but in the contemporary era it is often used interchangeably with 'peacemaking', 'peacebuilding', 'conflict resolution', and 'statebuilding'. The modern concept of peace has therefore broadened from the mere absence of violence to something much more complicated. In this Very Short Introduction, Oliver Richmond explores the evolution of peace in practice and in theory, exploring our modern assumptions about peace and the various different interpretations of its applications. This second edition has been theoretically and empirically updated and introduces a new framework to understand the overall evolution of the international peace architecture. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Exorcising the Ghost of Westphalia Charles W. Kegley, Gregory A. Raymond, 2002 The authors of this groundbreaking book take as a point of departure the precedent-setting agreements established by the Treaties of Westphalia to illuminate the options for maintaining peace. The book describes the system of world order established by the Peace of Westphalia and offers readers an evaluation of its relevance for the increasingly globalized world of the early twenty-fist century, as well as proposing an alternative system of global governance. Provides comprehensive coverage of the causes of great-powers war, the evolutionary course of the Thirty Years' War, durable peace settlements, the relevance of Thirty Years' War to today's environment, and offers an alternative model of world order. For individuals interested in international relations and global issues. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Europe Illusion Stuart Sweeney, 2019-04-01 In The Europe Illusion, Stuart Sweeney considers Britain’s relationships with France and Prussia-Germany since the map of Europe was redrawn at Westphalia in 1648. A timely and far-sighted study, it argues that integration in Europe has evolved through diplomatic, economic, and cultural links cemented among these three states. Indeed, as wars became more destructive and economic expectations were elevated these states struggled to survive alone. Yet it has been rare for all three to be friends at the same time. Instead, apparent setbacks like Brexit can be seen as reflective of a more pragmatic Europe, where integration proceeds within variable geometry. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Ancient and medieval Josephus Nelson Larned, 1905 |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Revolutions in Sovereignty Daniel Philpott, 2001-02-25 How did the world come to be organized into sovereign states? This work argues that two historical revolutions in ideas are responsible; the Protestant Reformation which ended Christendom and introduced a system of sovereign states, and the colonial nationalism of the 1960s. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: An Historical Atlas Robert Henlopen Labberton, 1884 |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years War and the Conflict for European Hegemony, 1600-1660 Sigfrid Henry Steinberg, 1967 |
| peace of westphalia 1648: International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great William Young, 2004-09-01 The Peace of Westphalia (1648), ending the Thirty Years' War, resulted in the rise of the modern European states system. However, dynasticism, power politics, commerce, and religion continued to be the main issues driving International politics and warfare. Dr. William Young examines war and diplomacy during the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great. His study focuses on the later part of the Franco-Spanish War, the Wars of Louis XIV, and the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the West. In addition, the author explores the wars of the Baltic Region and East Europe, including the Thirteen Years' War, Second Northern War, War of the Holy League, and the Great Northern War. The study includes a guide to the historical literature concerning war and diplomacy during this period. It includes bibliographical essays and a valuable annotated bibliography of over six hundred books, monographs, dissertations, theses, journal articles, and essays published in the English language. International Politics and Warfare in the Age of Louis XIV and Peter the Great is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the history of diplomacy, warfare, and Early Modern Europe. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Invention of Peace Michael Howard, 2000-01-01 In this book, a preeminent military historian considers why this is so.--BOOK JACKET. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Courage and Grief Mary Elizabeth Ailes, 2018-01-01 Women on campaign -- Peasant women and conscription -- Officers' wives on the home front -- Queen Christina and female military leadership -- Conclusion |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 Samuel Rawson Gardiner, 1894 |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Ashgate Research Companion to the Thirty Years' War Olaf Asbach, Peter Schröder, 2016-03-23 The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) remains a puzzling and complex subject for students and scholars alike. This is hardly surprising since it is often contested among historians whether it is actually appropriate to speak of a single war or a series of conflicts. Similarly emphasis is also put on the different motives for going to war, as conflicting religious and political interests were involved. This research companion brings together leading scholars in the field to synthesize the range of existing research on the war, which is still fragmented and divided along national historical lines, and to further explore the complexities of the conflict using an innovative comparative approach. The companion is designed to provide scholars and graduate students with a comprehensive and authoritative overview of research on one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status Frank Chiang, 2017-11-21 The One-China Policy: State, Sovereignty, and Taiwan's International Legal Status examines the issue from the perspective of international law, also suggesting a peaceful solution. The book presents two related parts, with the first detailing the concept of the State, the theory of sovereignty, and their relations with international law. The second part of the work analyzes the political status of the Republic of China in Taiwan and the legal status of the island of Taiwan in international law. Written by a leading international expert in international law, this book provides approaches and answers to the question of Taiwan and the One-China policy. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Thirty Years' War Geoffrey Parker, 1987 The Thirty Years War is the key issue of early modern history, the core of the 'general crisis' of the seventeenth century. In this book Parker brings together a team of leading scholars to cover the massive body of source material. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Peacemaking in Early Modern Europe Derek Croxton, 1999 In 1648, after five years of negotiations. France signed the Peace of Westphalia. The treaties not only ended a long war with the Holy Roman Empire, but also transferred large parts of Alsace and Lorraine to France. This book is the first full-length study of the French negotiating position: who formulated it, why, and how it changed over time. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law Krista Nadakavukaren Schefer, Thomas Cottier, 2025-08-28 This revised and expanded Encyclopedia is the new benchmark and flagship reference work for the study of international economic law. A comprehensive resource, its pages present the breadth of the field in a real-world context. Organized thematically rather than alphabetically, the Encyclopedia includes four significant thematic sections: the foundations, architecture and principles of international economic law; regulatory framework; regulatory areas; and regulatory challenges. Including updated and new entries, traditional international economic law topics are now supplemented by coverage of critical perspectives and a broader range of newly developing areas such as taxation, sustainability, and digitalization. Concepts and rules of trade, investment, finance, competition, and international tax law are found alongside entries examining how international economic law impacts on environmental protection, labor standards, development, and human rights. Embedded within its own legal context, each concise entry presents an accessible and condensed understanding of what it means and why it is significant. Contributors offer insight into how institutions interact with each other and other legal systems, in addition to providing individual overviews of their history, structure, principles and procedures. Entries are followed by selected references suggesting directions for further study. Completely new to this edition is an entire section of extended entries on specific jurisdictions focusing on how these contribute to and engage with international economic law. These longer pieces describe the national legal frameworks responsible for developing international policies on trade investment, financial regulation, and tax, offering insight into how international rules actually work at the national level. Key Features: Concise, structured entries from top experts and new voices in the field Organised thematically, covering newly developing areas of international economic law Selected references for further study |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Law of Nations and Natural Law, 1625-1800 Simone Zurbuchen, 2019 Twelve international scholars offer innovative studies of the law of nations from the Peace of Westphalia to the Enlightenment. The focus is on little known contexts and sources, and on novel interpretations of classics in the field. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: The Lion from the North Michael Fredholm Von Essen, 2020-08-19 After the death of Gustavus Adolphus, his chancellor Axel Oxenstierna assumed overall command and led the Swedish army to victory in the Thirty Years War. |
| peace of westphalia 1648: Essays on International Law and Organization Leo Gross, 1984 This two volume work is a collection of scholarly essays on a wide ranging set of international law topics written over the past forty years. |
PEACE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PEACE is a state of tranquility or quiet. How to use peace in a sentence.
Peace - Wikipedia
Peace is a state of harmony in the absence of hostility and violence, and everything that discusses achieving human welfare through justice and peaceful conditions. In a …
PEACE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PEACE definition: 1. freedom from war and violence, especially when people live and work together happily without…. Learn more.
Peace - definition of peace by The Free Dictionary
1. freedom from war; a cessation or absence of hostilities between nations. 2. a state of harmony between people or groups; …
peace, n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dictionary
Jul 17, 2023 · Peace..is the opposite of passion, and of labour, toil and effort. Peace is that state in which there are no desires madly demanding an impossible gratification.
PEACE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of PEACE is a state of tranquility or quiet. How to use peace in a sentence.
Peace - Wikipedia
Peace is a state of harmony in the absence of hostility and violence, and everything that discusses achieving human welfare through justice and …
PEACE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
PEACE definition: 1. freedom from war and violence, especially when people live and work together happily …
Peace - definition of peace by The Free Dictionary
1. freedom from war; a cessation or absence of hostilities between nations. 2. a state of harmony between …
peace, n. meanings, etymology and more - Oxford English Dic…
Jul 17, 2023 · Peace..is the opposite of passion, and of labour, toil and effort. Peace is that state in which there are no desires madly demanding an …
