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| orifice tube air conditioning system: Two-Phase Flow in Refrigeration Systems Junjie Gu, Shujun Wang, Zhongxue Gan, 2013-08-17 Two-Phase Flow in Refrigeration Systems presents recent developments from the authors' extensive research programs on two-phase flow in refrigeration systems. This book covers advanced mass and heat transfer and vapor compression refrigeration systems and shows how the performance of an automotive air-conditioning system is affected through results obtained experimentally and theoretically, specifically with consideration of two-phase flow and oil concentration. The book is ideal for university postgraduate students as a textbook, researchers and professors as an academic reference book, and by engineers and designers as handbook. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Air Conditioning and Climate Control Systems Steven Daly, 2011-04-18 Automotive Air-conditioning and Climate Control Systems is a complete text and reference on the theoretical, practical and legislative aspects of vehicle climate control systems for automotive engineering students and service professionals. It provides the reader with a thorough up-to-date knowledge of current A/C systems, refrigerants and the new possible replacement systems like CO2, and includes unrivalled coverage of electronic and electrical control. Filling the gap in the automotive engineering and servicing market for students and those training on the job, this book will help both newcomers and those with more experience of air-conditioning systems maintenance engineering to keep up with the latest developments and legislation. - Detailed coverage of European and US vehicle HVAC systems - Thorough explanation of current and future systems including CO2 - Meets relevant C&G, IMI, and HND vocational and professional qualifications - IMI recommended reading material - Includes practical cases studies and examples from design and manufacturing companies including Ford, Vauxhall, Toyota, VW, Visteon, Sanden and others, accompanied by over 300 detailed illustrations and photographs |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Refrigerant Charging and Service Procedures for Air Conditioning Craig Migliaccio, 2019-04-24 This Ebook is dedicated to those who are eager to learn the HVACR Trade and Refrigerant Charging/Troubleshooting Practices. In this book, you will find Step by Step Procedures for preparing an air conditioning and heat pump system for refrigerant, reading the manifold gauge set, measuring the refrigerants charge level, and troubleshooting problems with the system's refrigerant flow. This book differs from others as it gives key insights into each procedure along with tool use from a technician's perspective, in language that the technician can understand. This book explains the refrigeration cycle of air conditioners and heat pumps, refrigerant properties, heat transfer, the components included in the system, the roles of each component, airflow requirements, and common problems. Procedures Included: Pump Down, Vacuum and Standing Vacuum Test, Recovery and Recovery Bottle Use, Refrigerant Manifold Gauge Set and Hose Connections, Service Valve Positions and Port Access, Preparation of the System for Refrigerant, Refrigerant Charging and Recovery on an Active System, Troubleshooting the Refrigerant Charge and System Operation |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Fundamentals of Automotive Technology Kirk VanGelder, 2017-02-23 Automotive technicians must learn how to safely and effectively maintain, diagnose, and repair every system on the automobile. Fundamentals of Automotive Technology provides students with the critical knowledge and essential skills to master these tasks successfully. With a focus on clarity and accuracy, the Second Edition offers students and instructors a single source of unparalleled coverage for every task from MLR through MAST. Fully updated and reorganized, the revised format enhances student comprehension and encourages critical thinking. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: How to Repair Automotive Air-Conditioning and Heating Systems Jerry Clemons, 2019-10-15 Technical instructor and HVAC expert Jerry Clemons completely covers both air-conditioning as well as heating systems, so you can save money repairing your own vehicle. Covered is a history of HVAC systems, airflow throughout the system, the principles of refrigerant, diagnosis of common faults in older systems, testing procedures, and finally repair and, in the case of air conditioning, recharging your system. Also included is proper evacuation and disposal of any residual refrigerant in the system. Components such as compressors, condensers, evaporators and heater cores, pressure switches and climate control electrics and switches are also covered. Finally, for people with older cars, converting from the no-longer-available R-12 to R134a is detailed. Automotive climate controls are a complex system and are difficult to repair without proper instruction. Whether you are trying to get your old classic back to its original form or are just looking to save on expensive repairs, author Jerry Clemons and this book provide the knowledge you will need to get your car back on the road and cruising in comfort. |
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| orifice tube air conditioning system: Fundamentals of Automotive Technology CDX Automotive, 2013 Fundamentals of Automotive Technology: Principles and Practice covers crucial material for career and technical education, secondary/post-secondary, and community college students and provides both rationales and step-by-step instructions for virtually every non-diagnosis NATEF task. Each section provides a comprehensive overview of a key topic area, with real-life problem scenarios that encourage students to develop connections between different skill and knowledge components. Customer service, safety, and math, science, and literary principles are demonstrated throughout the text to build student skill levels. Chapters are linked via cross-reference tools that support skill retention, critical thinking, and problem-solving. Students are regularly reminded that people skills are as important as technical skills in customer service fields. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Joseph Wagner, Kirk VanGelder, 2018-07-13 Automotive Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning is an authoritative guide in the CDX Master Automotive Technician Series that teaches students everything they need to know about mobile HVAC, from basic system design and operation to strategy-based diagnostics. The text combines tried-and-true techniques with information on the latest technology so that students can successfully diagnose and fix any mobile HVAC problems they encounter in the shop. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Fundamentals of Automotive Maintenance and Light Repair Kirk VanGelder, 2019-01-29 Designed to prepare new technicians for ASE G1 Certification, Fundamentals of Automotive Maintenance and Light Repair, Second Edition covers the foundational theory and skills necessary to prepare entry-level technicians to maintain and repair today's light duty vehicles. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Systems Gus Wright, Owen C. Duffy, 2019-07-15 Fundamentals of Medium/Heavy Duty Commercial Vehicle Systems, Second Edition offers comprehensive coverage of basic concepts and fundamentals, building up to advanced instruction on the latest technology coming to market for medium- and heavy-duty trucks and buses. This industry-leading Second Edition includes six new chapters that reflect state-of-the-art technological innovations, such as distributed electronic control systems, energy-saving technologies, and automated driver-assistance systems. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems , 1991-02 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Fundamentals Glen Merrill, Complete guide on the principals of the inner working of the automobile. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: South African Automotive Light Vehicle Level 4 CDX Automotive, 2013-06-15 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: AIR CONDITIONING NARAYAN CHANGDER, 2024-03-12 If you need a free PDF practice set of this book for your studies, feel free to reach out to me at cbsenet4u@gmail.com, and I'll send you a copy! THE AIR CONDITIONING MCQ (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) SERVES AS A VALUABLE RESOURCE FOR INDIVIDUALS AIMING TO DEEPEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF VARIOUS COMPETITIVE EXAMS, CLASS TESTS, QUIZ COMPETITIONS, AND SIMILAR ASSESSMENTS. WITH ITS EXTENSIVE COLLECTION OF MCQS, THIS BOOK EMPOWERS YOU TO ASSESS YOUR GRASP OF THE SUBJECT MATTER AND YOUR PROFICIENCY LEVEL. BY ENGAGING WITH THESE MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS, YOU CAN IMPROVE YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE SUBJECT, IDENTIFY AREAS FOR IMPROVEMENT, AND LAY A SOLID FOUNDATION. DIVE INTO THE AIR CONDITIONING MCQ TO EXPAND YOUR AIR CONDITIONING KNOWLEDGE AND EXCEL IN QUIZ COMPETITIONS, ACADEMIC STUDIES, OR PROFESSIONAL ENDEAVORS. THE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS ARE PROVIDED AT THE END OF EACH PAGE, MAKING IT EASY FOR PARTICIPANTS TO VERIFY THEIR ANSWERS AND PREPARE EFFECTIVELY. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: The Automobile Harbans Singh Reyat, 2004-07 The present edition includes technical data of new Indian cars and trucks.A chapter'Air Conditioning of Automobiles'also has been added.Some new topics such as Rotary Distributior Fuel Injection Pump,Glow Plugs,Metric Size Tyres,etc.,have been incorporated.Theglossary of technical terms has been expanded.Some Questions have been modified keeping in view new models of cars,trucks,buses,etc.At the end,a Survey Report has been given to proviede infromation about the modern trends in Indian automobile manufacturing. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment Owen C. Duffy, Gus Wright, Scott A. Heard, 2017-09-27 Fundamentals of Mobile Heavy Equipment provides students with a thorough introduction to the diagnosis, repair, and maintenance of off-road mobile heavy equipment. With comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the latest technology in the field, it addresses the equipment used in construction, agricultural, forestry, and mining industries. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Air Conditioning & Heating Service & Repair, Domestic Cars, Trucks & Vans Mitchell Information Services, Mitchell Manuals, inc, 1982 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems Ronald K Jurgen, 2000-11-01 Passenger Safety and Convenience Systems is made up of 61 technical papers and articles written in the last decade covering a variety of electronic systems for driver and passenger safety and convenience. Many papers in this book could arguably be considered in both categories because they provide the driver/passenger with multiple functions of safety and convenience. Some examples include keyless entry, security systems, night vision, and more. This book concludes with a chapter on Future Development in Electronically Controlled Body and Safety Systems. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Official Gazette of the United States Patent and Trademark Office United States. Patent and Trademark Office, 1999 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: VEHICLE MAINTENANCE AND GARAGE PRACTICE DOSHI, JIGAR A, PANCHAL, DHRUV U., MANIAR, JAYESH P, 2014-05-26 The orientation towards vehicle maintenance led to the significant advancements in its engineering applications in the past few decades. With the advent of automation and electronics in automobiles, the study gained more momentum, which led vehicle maintenance and garage practice to emerge as a new discipline of automobile engineering. The present book is an attempt to reveal underlying principles and best practices in diagnostic procedures, services, repairs and overhauling of the vehicles. The key techniques and methods described with the help of diagrams and images make the book user-friendly and informative, enabling students to understand the concept easily. The text not only provides theoretical information, but also imparts practical knowledge on vehicle maintenance and repairing, emphasising the role and function of service stations. The book deals with both conventional and non-conventional methods of repairing and overhauling. Primarily designed for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of automobile and mechanical engineering, the lucid and simple presentation of the book makes it useful for the students pursuing diploma in automobile engineering as well. It can be used as an automobile repair guide by vehicle owners for its step-by-step explanation of repair procedures, which help them to carry out repair and maintenance conveniently. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Haynes Lincoln Towncar 1970-1995 Mark Ryan, John H. Haynes, 1995 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Chilling Solutions: An Essential Guide to Process Cooling Charles Nehme, This book is a comprehensive guide that aims to provide a deep understanding of process cooling systems, their principles, applications, and the best practices for designing, implementing, and optimizing them. Process cooling plays a vital role in a wide range of industries, ensuring the efficient operation of equipment, maintaining product quality, and optimizing energy usage. As industries evolve and technologies advance, it becomes increasingly important for professionals in the field of process cooling to stay up-to-date with the latest standards, best practices, and emerging trends. This book is designed to meet the needs of engineers, technicians, facility managers, and anyone involved in the planning, operation, and maintenance of process cooling systems. It covers the fundamental concepts of heat transfer, thermal management, and the various components and technologies used in cooling systems. Additionally, it explores industry-specific applications, such as food and beverage processing, pharmaceuticals, manufacturing, data centers, and HVAC. Mastering Process Cooling is structured to provide a holistic understanding of the subject matter. Starting from the basics, it gradually delves into advanced topics, ensuring that readers of all levels of expertise can benefit from its content. Each chapter is carefully organized, presenting concepts in a clear and concise manner, supported by practical examples, diagrams, and case studies. The book also emphasizes the importance of energy efficiency, sustainability, and the integration of renewable energy sources in process cooling. It addresses the challenges faced in implementing and maintaining efficient cooling systems and provides insights into troubleshooting and optimization techniques. Throughout this book, you will find valuable insights, practical guidelines, and real-world examples that showcase successful implementations. It encourages continuous learning, professional development, and adaptation to evolving industry standards. I invite you to embark on this journey of mastering process cooling. Whether you are a seasoned professional seeking to deepen your knowledge or a newcomer to the field, this book will serve as a valuable resource to enhance your understanding, improve your skills, and contribute to the success of your organization's cooling operations. Let us explore the fascinating world of process cooling together and unlock the key to achieving efficient, reliable, and sustainable cooling systems. Happy reading! Charles Nehme |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Haynes Ford Crown Victoria 1988-94 Haynes Publishing, Mark Ryan, Haynes Automotive Repair Manual, 1995 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Chilton's Ford--Ford Taurus/Mercury Sable 1986-92 Repair Manual Chilton Automotive Books, 1992 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Journal of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, 1926 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Utilitiesman 2 Junior D. Sims, 1990 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: ASE A1-A9 Exam Prep Tony Boyd, 2025-01-29 Are you ready to take your automotive repair skills to the next level and stand out in a competitive industry? In today’s fast-paced automotive world, technicians must be equipped with more than just basic knowledge—they need to master complex systems, diagnose issues accurately, and provide top-notch service. Achieving ASE certification is one of the most valuable steps a technician can take to enhance their career prospects, gain recognition, and become a trusted expert in the field. This comprehensive guide is designed to help aspiring and seasoned automotive professionals navigate the entire ASE certification process, specifically focusing on the A1-A9 exams. With a thorough breakdown of essential topics such as engine repair, transmission systems, suspension and steering, brakes, electrical systems, and more, this resource provides a complete roadmap for success. Whether you're aiming to pass your ASE exams on the first attempt or seeking to refresh your skills, this guide offers detailed insights, practical tips, and real-world examples to ensure you are fully prepared. Understanding the importance of each certification area is key to passing the exams with confidence. The guide not only covers core technical knowledge but also delves into diagnostic techniques, industry best practices, and troubleshooting methods that will help you excel in real-world situations. From understanding engine performance and the intricacies of brake systems to mastering air conditioning and light vehicle diesel engines, this resource ensures you are equipped to handle the evolving demands of modern vehicles. ASE certification is more than just a credential; it’s a statement of your commitment to excellence, professionalism, and continuous learning. By mastering the content covered in this guide, you’ll be ready to take on the challenges of the automotive repair industry and increase your earning potential. Employers seek ASE-certified technicians because they know they can rely on their expertise, and customers trust them to provide reliable, safe, and efficient service. Whether you're just starting your journey into automotive repair or are a seasoned professional aiming to expand your knowledge, this guide is an essential resource for anyone looking to achieve ASE certification. Elevate your career, demonstrate your expertise, and unlock new opportunities in the automotive service industry with the confidence that comes from being ASE certified. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Ford Escort-Mercury Lynx, 1981-92 Chilton Automotive Books, 1992 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Technician Training: Theory Tom Denton, 2014-04-16 A blended learning approach to automotive engineering at levels one to three. Produced alongside the ATT online learning resources, this textbook covers all the theory and technology sections that students need to learn in order to pass levels 1, 2 and 3 automotive courses. It is recommended by the Institute of the Motor Industry and is also ideal for exams run by other awarding bodies. Unlike the current textbooks on the market though, this title takes a blended learning approach, using interactive features that make learning more enjoyable as well as more effective. When linked with the ATT online resources it provides a comprehensive package that includes activities, video footage, assessments and further reading. Information and activities are set out in sequence so as to meet teacher and learner needs as well as qualification requirements. Tom Denton is the leading UK automotive author with a teaching career spanning lecturer to head of automotive engineering in a large college. His nine automotive textbooks published since 1995 are bestsellers and led to his authoring of the Automotive Technician Training multimedia system that is in common use in the UK, USA and several other countries. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Chilton's Guide to Air Conditioning Repair and Service , 1990 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Chilton's Guide to Air Conditioning Repair and Service Chilton Book Company, 1985 Provides maintenance, troubleshooting, and repair information for automotive air conditioning and related parts for domestic and import cars built between 1982-85. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Goodheart-Willcox Automotive Encyclopedia William King Toboldt, 1979 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Handbook of Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Shan K. Wang, 2000-11-07 * A broad range of disciplines--energy conservation and air quality issues, construction and design, and the manufacture of temperature-sensitive products and materials--is covered in this comprehensive handbook * Provide essential, up-to-date HVAC data, codes, standards, and guidelines, all conveniently located in one volume * A definitive reference source on the design, selection and operation of A/C and refrigeration systems |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Federal Register , 2013-05 |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Chilton's Ford--Ford Tempo/Mercury Topaz 1984-92 Repair Manual , 1992 This manual helps to keep your car in top condition: There is a chapter on owner maintenance, up-to-date specification charts, and an expanded index that helps you locate information fast. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Ford Tempo-Mercury Topaz, 1984-92 , 1992 Total Car Care is the most complete, step-by-step automotive repair manual you'll ever use. All repair procedures are supported by detailed specifications, exploded views, and photographs. From the simplest repair procedure to the most complex, trust Chilton's Total Car Care to give you everything you need to do the job. Save time and money by doing it yourself, with the confidence only a Chilton Repair Manual can provide. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Code of Federal Regulations , 2016 Special edition of the Federal Register, containing a codification of documents of general applicability and future effect as of July 1, ... with ancillaries. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Truck and Trailer Systems (PB) Mike Thomas, 2013-10-22 The most complete visual guide to servicing medium- and heavy-duty truck systems Written by an expert with decades of experience as an automotive and diesel technician and instructor, Truck and Trailer Systems offers comprehensive information on medium- and heavy-duty truck service. The book begins by discussing the trucking industry, professional certifications, safety, tools, and measuring equipment. Then, each system is thoroughly covered--from electrical and lighting to brakes and transmissions. Factory procedures from the most common manufacturers for diagnosis and repair are presented along with annotated photos and diagrams. This practical, authoritative resource is essential for those starting out in the field as well as experienced professionals in need of a detailed, on-the-job reference. Chapters include: Objectives Notes Cautions Service tips Photos and diagrams Chapter reviews Truck and Trailer Systems covers: Industry safety Basic electrical Magnetism Batteries Starting system Charging system Lighting and wiring Computer systems Mobile heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning systems Tires, wheels, and wheel end systems Frames and suspensions Steering systems Trailers and fifth wheels Hydraulic brake systems Air brake foundation brakes Air brake air systems Antilock brake systems Drive lines Clutches Drive axles Single and twin countershaft manual transmissions Automated manual transmissions Automatic transmissions Allison transmission overhaul PMI Auxiliary power units |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Heating and Air Conditioning Jack Erjavec, 2005-10 New from today's leading automotive education publisher, each of our eight NATEF (National Automotive Technicians Education Foundation) Standards Job Sheets workbooks has been thoughtfully designed to assist users in gaining valuable job preparedness skills and mastering specific technical competencies required for success as a professional automotive technician. Ideal for use as a stand-alone item, or with any comprehensive or topic-specific automotive text, the entire series is based on the 2005 NATEF tasks and consists of individual books for each of the following areas: Engine Repair, Automatic Transmissions/Transaxles, Manual Drive Trains and Axles, Suspension and Steering, Brakes, Electricity/Electronics, Heating and Air Conditioning, and Engine Performance. Central to each manual are well-designed and easy-to-read job sheets, each of which contains specific, performance-based objectives, lists of required tools and materials, safety precautions, plus step-by-step procedures to lead users to completion of shop activities. As they work through each task, users are encouraged to conduct tests, record measurements, make observations, and employ critical-thinking skills in order to draw conclusions. Space for users to make notes concerning problems encountered while working, as well as space for instructors to add comments and/or grades, is also included. |
| orifice tube air conditioning system: Automotive Principles and Service F. J. Thiessen, D. N. Dales, 1989 |
ORIFICE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ORIFICE is an opening (such as a vent, mouth, or hole) through which something may pass. How to use orifice in a sentence.
Orifice - Wikipedia
An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body.
Orifice plate - Wikipedia
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, reducing pressure or restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate). An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in …
ORIFICE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ORIFICE definition: 1. an opening or hole, especially one in the body, such as the mouth: 2. an opening or hole…. Learn more.
Orifice - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
An orifice is an opening or a hole, most often in the body, such as your mouth or your nostril. We most often use orifice to describe a natural opening in our bodies, but it can an opening into any …
ORIFICE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Orifice definition: an opening or aperture, as of a tube or pipe; a mouthlike opening or hole; mouth; vent.. See examples of ORIFICE used in a sentence.
Hole vs. Orifice — What’s the Difference?
Apr 3, 2024 · A hole is a broad term for any opening or cavity, while an orifice specifically refers to natural or designed openings on living beings or objects. A hole represents an opening through a …
Orifice - definition of orifice by The Free Dictionary
orifice - an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity; "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart"
orifice noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes ...
Definition of orifice noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Body orifice - Wikipedia
A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal. In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are: Other animals may have some other body orifices: …
ORIFICE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of ORIFICE is an opening (such as a vent, mouth, or hole) through which something may pass. How to use orifice in a sentence.
Orifice - Wikipedia
An orifice is any opening, mouth, hole or vent, as in a pipe, a plate, or a body.
Orifice plate - Wikipedia
An orifice plate is a device used for measuring flow rate, reducing pressure or restricting flow (in the latter two cases it is often called a restriction plate). An orifice plate is a thin plate with a …
ORIFICE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
ORIFICE definition: 1. an opening or hole, especially one in the body, such as the mouth: 2. an opening or hole…. Learn more.
Orifice - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
An orifice is an opening or a hole, most often in the body, such as your mouth or your nostril. We most often use orifice to describe a natural opening in our bodies, but it can an opening into …
ORIFICE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Orifice definition: an opening or aperture, as of a tube or pipe; a mouthlike opening or hole; mouth; vent.. See examples of ORIFICE used in a sentence.
Hole vs. Orifice — What’s the Difference?
Apr 3, 2024 · A hole is a broad term for any opening or cavity, while an orifice specifically refers to natural or designed openings on living beings or objects. A hole represents an opening …
Orifice - definition of orifice by The Free Dictionary
orifice - an aperture or hole that opens into a bodily cavity; "the orifice into the aorta from the lower left chamber of the heart"
orifice noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes ...
Definition of orifice noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
Body orifice - Wikipedia
A body orifice is any opening in the body of an animal. In a typical mammalian body such as the human body, the external body orifices are: Other animals may have some other body orifices: …
