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| observational units statistics: Design of Observational Studies Paul R. Rosenbaum, 2009-10-22 An observational study is an empiric investigation of effects caused by treatments when randomized experimentation is unethical or infeasible. Observational studies are common in most fields that study the effects of treatments on people, including medicine, economics, epidemiology, education, psychology, political science and sociology. The quality and strength of evidence provided by an observational study is determined largely by its design. Design of Observational Studies is both an introduction to statistical inference in observational studies and a detailed discussion of the principles that guide the design of observational studies. Design of Observational Studies is divided into four parts. Chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Part I cover concisely, in about one hundred pages, many of the ideas discussed in Rosenbaum’s Observational Studies (also published by Springer) but in a less technical fashion. Part II discusses the practical aspects of using propensity scores and other tools to create a matched comparison that balances many covariates. Part II includes a chapter on matching in R. In Part III, the concept of design sensitivity is used to appraise the relative ability of competing designs to distinguish treatment effects from biases due to unmeasured covariates. Part IV discusses planning the analysis of an observational study, with particular reference to Sir Ronald Fisher’s striking advice for observational studies, make your theories elaborate. The second edition of his book, Observational Studies, was published by Springer in 2002. |
| observational units statistics: Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User's Guide Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (U.S.), 2013-02-21 This User’s Guide is a resource for investigators and stakeholders who develop and review observational comparative effectiveness research protocols. It explains how to (1) identify key considerations and best practices for research design; (2) build a protocol based on these standards and best practices; and (3) judge the adequacy and completeness of a protocol. Eleven chapters cover all aspects of research design, including: developing study objectives, defining and refining study questions, addressing the heterogeneity of treatment effect, characterizing exposure, selecting a comparator, defining and measuring outcomes, and identifying optimal data sources. Checklists of guidance and key considerations for protocols are provided at the end of each chapter. The User’s Guide was created by researchers affiliated with AHRQ’s Effective Health Care Program, particularly those who participated in AHRQ’s DEcIDE (Developing Evidence to Inform Decisions About Effectiveness) program. Chapters were subject to multiple internal and external independent reviews. More more information, please consult the Agency website: www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov) |
| observational units statistics: Introductory Business Statistics 2e Alexander Holmes, Barbara Illowsky, Susan Dean, 2023-12-13 Introductory Business Statistics 2e aligns with the topics and objectives of the typical one-semester statistics course for business, economics, and related majors. The text provides detailed and supportive explanations and extensive step-by-step walkthroughs. The author places a significant emphasis on the development and practical application of formulas so that students have a deeper understanding of their interpretation and application of data. Problems and exercises are largely centered on business topics, though other applications are provided in order to increase relevance and showcase the critical role of statistics in a number of fields and real-world contexts. The second edition retains the organization of the original text. Based on extensive feedback from adopters and students, the revision focused on improving currency and relevance, particularly in examples and problems. This is an adaptation of Introductory Business Statistics 2e by OpenStax. You can access the textbook as pdf for free at openstax.org. Minor editorial changes were made to ensure a better ebook reading experience. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. |
| observational units statistics: OpenIntro Statistics David Diez, Christopher Barr, Mine Çetinkaya-Rundel, 2015-07-02 The OpenIntro project was founded in 2009 to improve the quality and availability of education by producing exceptional books and teaching tools that are free to use and easy to modify. We feature real data whenever possible, and files for the entire textbook are freely available at openintro.org. Visit our website, openintro.org. We provide free videos, statistical software labs, lecture slides, course management tools, and many other helpful resources. |
| observational units statistics: Statistics Using Technology, Second Edition Kathryn Kozak, 2015-12-12 Statistics With Technology, Second Edition, is an introductory statistics textbook. It uses the TI-83/84 calculator and R, an open source statistical software, for all calculations. Other technology can also be used besides the TI-83/84 calculator and the software R, but these are the ones that are presented in the text. This book presents probability and statistics from a more conceptual approach, and focuses less on computation. Analysis and interpretation of data is more important than how to compute basic statistical values. |
| observational units statistics: Workshop Statistics Allan J. Rossman, Beth L. Chance, 2011-10-25 Allan Rossman's 4th Edition of Workshop Statistics: Discovery with Data is enhanced from previous issues with more focus and emphasis on collaborative learning. It further requires student observation, and integrates technology for gathering, recording, and synthesizing data. The text offers more flexibility in selecting technology tools for classrooms primarily using technologies other than graphing calculators or Fathom Dynamic Data software. Furthermore, it presents more standards for teaching statistics in an innovative, investigative, and accessible as well as provides in-depth guidance and resources to support active learning of statistics and includes updated real data sets with everyday applications in order to promote statistical literacy. |
| observational units statistics: Statistical Methods Donna L. Mohr, 2010-08-17 Statistical Methods, Third Edition, provides students with a working introduction to statistical methods offering a wide range of applications that emphasize the quantitative skills useful across many academic disciplines. This text takes a classic approach that emphasizes concepts and techniques for working out problems and intepreting results. The book includes research projects, real-world case studies, numerous examples, and data exercises organized by level of difficulty. Students are required to be familiar with algebra. This updated edition includes new exercises applying different techniques and methods; new examples and datasets using current real-world data; new text organization to create a more natural connection between regression and the Analysis of the Variance; new material on generalized linear models; new expansion of nonparametric techniques; new student research projects; and new case studies for gathering, summarizing, and analyzing data. - Integrates the classical conceptual approach with modern day computerized data manipulation and computer applications - Accessibile to students who may not have a background in probability or calculus - Offers reader-friendly exposition, without sacrificing statistical rigor - Includes many new data sets in various applied fields such as Psychology, Education, Biostatistics, Agriculture, Economics |
| observational units statistics: Encyclopedia of Research Design Neil J. Salkind, 2010-06-22 To request a free 30-day online trial to this product, visit www.sagepub.com/freetrial Research design can be daunting for all types of researchers. At its heart it might be described as a formalized approach toward problem solving, thinking, and acquiring knowledge—the success of which depends upon clearly defined objectives and appropriate choice of statistical tools, tests, and analysis to meet a project′s objectives. Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. Key Features Covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research Addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences Provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies Uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases Key Themes Descriptive Statistics Distributions Graphical Displays of Data Hypothesis Testing Important Publications Inferential Statistics Item Response Theory Mathematical Concepts Measurement Concepts Organizations Publishing Qualitative Research Reliability of Scores Research Design Concepts Research Designs Research Ethics Research Process Research Validity Issues Sampling Scaling Software Applications Statistical Assumptions Statistical Concepts Statistical Procedures Statistical Tests Theories, Laws, and Principles Types of Variables Validity of Scores The Encyclopedia of Research Design is the perfect instrument for new learners as well as experienced researchers to explore both the original and newest branches of the field. |
| observational units statistics: Introduction to Statistical Investigations, Loose-Leaf Print Companion Nathan Tintle, George W. Cobb, Allan J. Rossman, Soma Roy, Todd Swanson, Jill VanderStoep, 2018-05-14 Introduction to Statistical Investigations leads students to learn about the process of conducting statistical investigations from data collection, to exploring data, to statistical inference, to drawing appropriate conclusions. The text is designed for a one-semester introductory statistics course. It focuses on genuine research studies, active learning, and effective use of technology. Simulations and randomization tests introduce statistical inference, yielding a strong conceptual foundation that bridges students to theory-based inference approaches. Repetition allows students to see the logic and scope of inference. This implementation follows the GAISE recommendations endorsed by the American Statistical Association. |
| observational units statistics: A Step-by-Step Approach to Using SAS for Univariate & Multivariate Statistics Norm O'Rourke, Larry Hatcher, Edward J. Stepanski, 2005 Providing practice data inspired by actual studies, this book explains how to choose the right statistic, understand the assumptions underlying the procedure, prepare an SAS program for an analysis, interpret the output, and summarize the analysis and results according to the format prescribed in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. |
| observational units statistics: Development Research in Practice Kristoffer Bjärkefur, Luíza Cardoso de Andrade, Benjamin Daniels, Maria Ruth Jones, 2021-07-16 Development Research in Practice leads the reader through a complete empirical research project, providing links to continuously updated resources on the DIME Wiki as well asillustrative examples from the Demand for Safe Spaces study. The handbook is intended to train users of development data how to handle data effectively, efficiently, and ethically.“In the DIME Analytics Data Handbook, the DIME team has produced an extraordinary public good: a detailed, comprehensive, yet easy-to-read manual for how to manage a data-oriented research project from beginning to end. It offers everything from big-picture guidance on the determinants of high-quality empirical research, to specific practical guidance on how to implement specific workflows—and includes computer code! I think it will prove durably useful to a broad range of researchers in international development and beyond, and I learned new practices that I plan on adopting in my own research group.”—Marshall Burke, Associate Professor, Department of Earth System Science, and Deputy Director, Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University“Data are the essential ingredient in any research or evaluation project, yet there has been too little attention to standardized practices to ensure high-quality data collection, handling, documentation, and exchange. Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook seeks to fill that gap with practical guidance and tools, grounded in ethics and efficiency, for data management at every stage in a research project. This excellent resource sets a new standard for the field and is an essential reference for all empirical researchers.”—Ruth E. Levine, PhD, CEO, IDinsight“Development Research in Practice: The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is an important resource and a must-read for all development economists, empirical social scientists, and public policy analysts. Based on decades of pioneering work at the World Bank on data collection, measurement, and analysis, the handbook provides valuable tools to allow research teams to more efficiently and transparently manage their work flows—yielding more credible analytical conclusions as a result.”—Edward Miguel, Oxfam Professor in Environmental and Resource Economics and Faculty Director of the Center for Effective Global Action, University of California, Berkeley“The DIME Analytics Data Handbook is a must-read for any data-driven researcher looking to create credible research outcomes and policy advice. By meticulously describing detailed steps, from project planning via ethical and responsible code and data practices to the publication of research papers and associated replication packages, the DIME handbook makes the complexities of transparent and credible research easier.”—Lars Vilhuber, Data Editor, American Economic Association, and Executive Director, Labor Dynamics Institute, Cornell University |
| observational units statistics: Ten Projects in Applied Statistics Peter McCullagh, 2023-02-04 The first half of the book is aimed at quantitative research workers in biology, medicine, ecology and genetics. The book as a whole is aimed at graduate students in statistics, biostatistics, and other quantitative disciplines. Ten detailed examples show how the author approaches real-world statistical problems in a principled way that allows for adequate compromise and flexibility. The need to accommodate correlations associated with space, time and other relationships is a recurring theme, so variance-components models feature prominently. Statistical pitfalls are illustrated via examples taken from the recent scientific literature. Chapter 11 sets the scene, not just for the second half of the book, but for the book as a whole. It begins by defining fundamental concepts such as baseline, observational unit, experimental unit, covariates and relationships, randomization, treatment assignment, and the role that these play in model formulation. Compatibility of the model with the randomization scheme is crucial. The effect of treatment is invariably modelled as a group action on probability distributions. Technical matters connected with space-time covariance functions, residual likelihood, likelihood ratios, and transformations are discussed in later chapters. |
| observational units statistics: JMP for Basic Univariate and Multivariate Statistics Ann Lehman, Norm O'Rourke, Larry Hatcher, Edward Stepanski, 2013 Learn how to manage JMP data and perform the statistical analyses most commonly used in research in the social sciences and other fields with JMP for Basic Univariate and Multivariate Statistics: Methods for Researchers and Social Scientists, Second Edition. Updated for JMP 10 and including new features on the statistical platforms, this book offers clearly written instructions to guide you through the basic concepts of research and data analysis, enabling you to easily perform statistical analyses and solve problems in real-world research. Step by step, you'll discover how to obtain descriptive and inferential statistics, summarize results clearly in a way that is suitable for publication, perform a wide range of JMP analyses, interpret the results, and more. Topics include screening data for errors selecting subsets computing the coefficient alpha reliability index (Cronbach's alpha) for a multiple-item scale performing bivariate analyses for all types of variables performing a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple regression, and a one-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) Advanced topics include analyzing models with interactions and repeated measures. There is also comprehensive coverage of principle components with emphasis on graphical interpretation. This user-friendly book introduces researchers and students of the social sciences to JMP and to elementary statistical procedures, while the more advanced statistical procedures that are presented make it an invaluable reference guide for experienced researchers as well. |
| observational units statistics: Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists and Pharmacologists, Fourth Edition Shayne C. Gad, 2005-07-18 Purposefully designed as a resource for practicing and student toxicologists, Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists and Pharmacologists, Fourth Edition equips you for the regular statistical analysis of experimental data. Starting with the assumption of basic mathematical skills and knowledge, the author supplies a complete and systematic yet practical introduction to the statistical methodologists available for, and used in, the discipline. For every technique presented, a worked example from toxicology is also presented. See what's new in the Fourth Edition: The first practical guide to performing meta analysis allowing for using the power inherent in multiple similar studies Coverage of Bayesian analysis and data analysis in pharmacology and toxicology Almost 200 problems with solutions Discussion of analysis of receptor binding assays, safety pharmacology assays and other standard types conducted in pharmacology A new chapter explaining the basics of Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) For those with computer skills, this edition has been enhanced with the addition of basic SAS Written specifically for toxicologists and pharmacologists, the author draws on more than 30 years of experience to provide understanding of the philosophical underpinnings for the overall structure of analysis. The book's organization fosters the ordered development of skills and yet still facilitates ease of access to information as needed. This Fourth Edition gives you the tools necessary to perform rigorous and critical analysis of experimental data and the insight to know when to use them. |
| observational units statistics: Advances in Business Statistics, Methods and Data Collection Ger Snijkers, Mojca Bavdaz, Stefan Bender, Jacqui Jones, Steve MacFeely, Joseph W. Sakshaug, Katherine J. Thompson, Arnout van Delden, 2023-02-07 ADVANCES IN BUSINESS STATISTICS, METHODS AND DATA COLLECTION Advances in Business Statistics, Methods and Data Collection delivers insights into the latest state of play in producing establishment statistics, obtained from businesses, farms and institutions. Presenting materials and reflecting discussions from the 6th International Conference on Establishment Statistics (ICES-VI), this edited volume provides a broad overview of methodology underlying current establishment statistics from every aspect of the production life cycle while spotlighting innovative and impactful advancements in the development, conduct, and evaluation of modern establishment statistics programs. Highlights include: Practical discussions on agile, timely, and accurate measurement of rapidly evolving economic phenomena such as globalization, new computer technologies, and the informal sector. Comprehensive explorations of administrative and new data sources and technologies, covering big (organic) data sources and methods for data integration, linking, machine learning and visualization. Detailed compilations of statistical programs’ responses to wide-ranging data collection and production challenges, among others caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. In-depth examinations of business survey questionnaire design, computerization, pretesting methods, experimentation, and paradata. Methodical presentations of conventional and emerging procedures in survey statistics techniques for establishment statistics, encompassing probability sampling designs and sample coordination, non-probability sampling, missing data treatments, small area estimation and Bayesian methods. Providing a broad overview of most up-to-date science, this book challenges the status quo and prepares researchers for current and future challenges in establishment statistics and methods. Perfect for survey researchers, government statisticians, National Bank employees, economists, and undergraduate and graduate students in survey research and economics, Advances in Business Statistics, Methods and Data Collection will also earn a place in the toolkit of researchers working –with data– in industries across a variety of fields. |
| observational units statistics: Statistics in a Nutshell Sarah Boslaugh, 2012-11-15 A clear and concise introduction and reference for anyone new to the subject of statistics. |
| observational units statistics: Intermediate Statistical Investigations Nathan Tintle, Beth L. Chance, Karen McGaughey, Soma Roy, Todd Swanson, Jill VanderStoep, 2020-09-09 Intermediate Statistical Investigations provides a unified framework for explaining variation across study designs and variable types, helping students increase their statistical literacy and appreciate the indispensable role of statistics in scientific research. Requiring only a single introductory statistics course as a prerequisite, the program uses the immersive, simulation-based inference approach for which the author team is known.Students engage with various aspects of data collection and analysis using real examples and clear explanations designed to strengthen multivariable understanding and reinforce first-course concepts. Each chapter contains in-depth exercises which follow a consistent six-step statistical exploration and investigation method (ask a research question, design a study, explore the data, draw inferences, formulate conclusions, and look back and ahead) enabling students to assess a variety of concepts in a single assignment. Challenging questions based on research articles strengthen critical reading skills, fully worked examples demonstrate essential concepts and methods, and engaging visualizations illustrate key themes of explained variation. End-of-chapter investigations use real data from popular culture and published research studies in a variety of disciplines, exposing students to various applications of statistics in the real world. Throughout the text, user-friendly Rossman Chance web applets allow students to conduct the simulations and analyses covered in the book. |
| observational units statistics: Computational Statistics James E. Gentle, 2009-07-28 Computational inference is based on an approach to statistical methods that uses modern computational power to simulate distributional properties of estimators and test statistics. This book describes computationally intensive statistical methods in a unified presentation, emphasizing techniques, such as the PDF decomposition, that arise in a wide range of methods. |
| observational units statistics: Computational Statistics , 2010-04-29 Computational inference is based on an approach to statistical methods that uses modern computational power to simulate distributional properties of estimators and test statistics. This book describes computationally intensive statistical methods in a unified presentation, emphasizing techniques, such as the PDF decomposition, that arise in a wide range of methods. |
| observational units statistics: Basic Statistics Olive Jean Dunn, Virginia A. Clark, 2009-08-11 New Edition of a Classic Guide to Statistical Applications in the Biomedical Sciences In the last decade, there have been significant changes in the way statistics is incorporated into biostatistical, medical, and public health research. Addressing the need for a modernized treatment of these statistical applications, Basic Statistics, Fourth Edition presents relevant, up-to-date coverage of research methodology using careful explanations of basic statistics and how they are used to address practical problems that arise in the medical and public health settings. Through concise and easy-to-follow presentations, readers will learn to interpret and examine data by applying common statistical tools, such as sampling, random assignment, and survival analysis. Continuing the tradition of its predecessor, this new edition outlines a thorough discussion of different kinds of studies and guides readers through the important, related decision-making processes such as determining what information is needed and planning the collections process. The book equips readers with the knowledge to carry out these practices by explaining the various types of studies that are commonly conducted in the fields of medical and public health, and how the level of evidence varies depending on the area of research. Data screening and data entry into statistical programs is explained and accompanied by illustrations of statistical analyses and graphs. Additional features of the Fourth Edition include: A new chapter on data collection that outlines the initial steps in planning biomedical and public health studies A new chapter on nonparametric statistics that includes a discussion and application of the Sign test, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, and the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test and its relationship to the Mann-Whitney U test An updated introduction to survival analysis that includes the Kaplan Meier method for graphing the survival function and a brief introduction to tests for comparing survival functions Incorporation of modern statistical software, such as SAS, Stata, SPSS, and Minitab into the presented discussion of data analysis Updated references at the end of each chapter Basic Statistics, Fourth Edition is an ideal book for courses on biostatistics, medicine, and public health at the upper-undergraduate and graduate levels. It is also appropriate as a reference for researchers and practitioners who would like to refresh their fundamental understanding of statistical techniques. |
| observational units statistics: Foundations and Applications of Statistics Randall J. Pruim, 2011 Foundations and Applications of Statistics simultaneously emphasizes both the foundational and the computational aspects of modern statistics. Engaging and accessible, this book is useful to undergraduate students with a wide range of backgrounds and career goals. The exposition immediately begins with statistics, presenting concepts and results from probability along the way. Hypothesis testing is introduced very early, and the motivation for several probability distributions comes from p-value computations. Pruim develops the students' practical statistical reasoning through explicit examples and through numerical and graphical summaries of data that allow intuitive inferences before introducing the formal machinery. The topics have been selected to reflect the current practice in statistics, where computation is an indispensible tool. In this vein, the statistical computing environment \mathsf{R} is used throughout the text and is integral to the exposition. Attention is paid to developing students' mathematical and computational skills as well as their statistical reasoning. Linear models, such as regression and ANOVA, are treated with explicit reference to the underlying linear algebra, which is motivated geometrically. Foundations and Applications of Statistics discusses both the mathematical theory underlying statistics and practical applications that make it a powerful tool across disciplines. The book contains ample material for a two-semester course in undergraduate probability and statistics. A one-semester course based on the book will cover hypothesis testing and confidence intervals for the most common situations. |
| observational units statistics: Matrix Algebra James E. Gentle, 2024-03-07 This book presents the theory of matrix algebra for statistical applications, explores various types of matrices encountered in statistics, and covers numerical linear algebra. Matrix algebra is one of the most important areas of mathematics in data science and in statistical theory, and previous editions had essential updates and comprehensive coverage on critical topics in mathematics. This 3rd edition offers a self-contained description of relevant aspects of matrix algebra for applications in statistics. It begins with fundamental concepts of vectors and vector spaces; covers basic algebraic properties of matrices and analytic properties of vectors and matrices in multivariate calculus; and concludes with a discussion on operations on matrices, in solutions of linear systems and in eigenanalysis. It also includes discussions of the R software package, with numerous examples and exercises. Matrix Algebra considers various types of matrices encountered in statistics, such as projection matrices and positive definite matrices, and describes special properties of those matrices; as well as describing various applications of matrix theory in statistics, including linear models, multivariate analysis, and stochastic processes. It begins with a discussion of the basics of numerical computations and goes on to describe accurate and efficient algorithms for factoring matrices, how to solve linear systems of equations, and the extraction of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. It covers numerical linear algebra—one of the most important subjects in the field of statistical computing. The content includes greater emphases on R, and extensive coverage of statistical linear models. Matrix Algebra is ideal for graduate and advanced undergraduate students, or as a supplementary text for courses in linear models or multivariate statistics. It’s also ideal for use in a course in statistical computing, or as a supplementary text forvarious courses that emphasize computations. |
| observational units statistics: OECD Glossary of Statistical Terms OECD, 2008-09-01 The OECD Glossary contains a comprehensive set of over 6 700 definitions of key terminology, concepts and commonly used acronyms derived from existing international statistical guidelines and recommendations. |
| observational units statistics: Advanced Introduction to Spatial Statistics Griffith, Daniel A., Li, Bin, 2022-08-12 This Advanced Introduction provides a critical review and discussion of research concerning spatial statistics, differentiating between it and spatial econometrics, to answer a set of core questions covering the geographic-tagging-of-data origins of the concept and its theoretical underpinnings, conceptual advances, and challenges for future scholarly work. It offers a vital tool for understanding spatial statistics and surveys how concerns about violating the independent observations assumption of statistical analysis developed into this discipline. |
| observational units statistics: Economic Statistics Zoltan Kenessey, 1997 |
| observational units statistics: Bayesian Data Analysis Andrew Gelman, John B. Carlin, Hal S. Stern, David B. Dunson, Aki Vehtari, Donald B. Rubin, 2013-11-27 Winner of the 2016 De Groot Prize from the International Society for Bayesian AnalysisNow in its third edition, this classic book is widely considered the leading text on Bayesian methods, lauded for its accessible, practical approach to analyzing data and solving research problems. Bayesian Data Analysis, Third Edition continues to take an applied |
| observational units statistics: Statistical Hypothesis Testing with Microsoft ® Office Excel ® Robert Hirsch, 2022-07-14 This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the logic behind hypothesis testing. Readers will learn to understand statistical hypothesis testing and how to interpret P-values under a variety of conditions including a single hypothesis test, a collection of hypothesis tests, and tests performed on accumulating data. The author explains how a hypothesis test can be interpreted to draw conclusions, and descriptions of the logic behind frequentist (classical) and Bayesian approaches to interpret the results of a statistical hypothesis test are provided. Both approaches have their own strengths and challenges, and a special challenge presents itself when hypothesis tests are repeatedly performed on accumulating data. Possible pitfalls and methods to interpret hypothesis tests when accumulating data are also analyzed. This book will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, and anyone who has to interpret the results of statistical analyses. |
| observational units statistics: Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics Brian S. Everitt, Christopher R. Palmer, 2011-06-20 Statistical methodology is of great importance to medical research and clinical practice. The Encyclopaedic Companion to Medical Statistics contains readable accounts of the key topics central to current research and practice. Each entry has been written by an individual chosen for both their expertise in the field and their ability to communicate statistical concepts successfully to medical researchers. Real examples from the biomedical literature and relevant illustrations feature in many entries and extensive cross–referencing signposts the reader to related entries. Key Features: Contains accounts of over 400 statistical topics central to current medical research. 80% of first edition entries updated and revised. Presents the latest techniques used at the cutting edge of medical research. Covers common errors in statistical analyses in medicine. Real examples from the biomedical literature and relevant illustrations feature throughout. Contains contributions from over 70 experts in the field. Medical researchers, researchers and practitioners in medical research and statistics will benefit greatly from this book. |
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| observational units statistics: Introduction to Statistical Investigations Nathan Tintle, Beth L. Chance, George W. Cobb, Allan J. Rossman, Soma Roy, Todd Swanson, Jill VanderStoep, 2020-09-16 Introduction to Statistical Investigations, Second Edition provides a unified framework for explaining variation across study designs and variable types, helping students increase their statistical literacy and appreciate the indispensable role of statistics in scientific research. Requiring only basic algebra as a prerequisite, the program uses the immersive, simulation-based inference approach for which the author team is known. Students engage with various aspects of data collection and analysis using real data and clear explanations designed to strengthen multivariable understanding and reinforce concepts. Each chapter follows a coherent six-step statistical exploration and investigation method (ask a research question, design a study, explore the data, draw inferences, formulate conclusions, and look back and ahead) enabling students to assess a variety of concepts in a single assignment. Challenging questions based on research articles strengthen critical reading skills, fully worked examples demonstrate essential concepts and methods, and engaging visualizations illustrate key themes of explained variation. The end-of-chapter investigations expose students to various applications of statistics in the real world using real data from popular culture and published research studies in variety of disciplines. Accompanying examples throughout the text, user-friendly applets enable students to conduct the simulations and analyses covered in the book. |
| observational units statistics: Applied Medical Image Processing Wolfgang Birkfellner, 2024-09-25 A widely used, classroom-tested text, Applied Medical Image Processing: A Basic Course delivers an ideal introduction to image processing in medicine, emphasizing the clinical relevance and special requirements of the field. Avoiding excessive mathematical formalisms, the book presents key principles by implementing algorithms from scratch and using simple MATLAB®/Octave scripts with image data and illustrations on an accompanying companion website. Organized as a complete textbook, it provides an overview of the physics of medical image processing and discusses imaging physics, clinical applications of image processing, image formats and data storage, intensity transforms, filtering of images and applications of the Fourier transform, three-dimensional spatial transforms, volume rendering, image registration, tomographic reconstruction and basic machine learning. This Third Edition of the bestseller: Contains a brand-new chapter on the basics of machine learning Devotes more attention to the subject of color space Includes additional examples from radiology, internal medicine, surgery, and radiation therapy Incorporates freely available programs in the public domain (e.g., GIMP, 3DSlicer, and ImageJ) when applicable Beneficial to students of medical physics, biomedical engineering, computer science, applied mathematics, and related fields, as well as medical physicists, radiographers, radiologists, and other professionals, Applied Medical Image Processing: A Basic Course, Third Edition is fully updated and expanded to ensure a perfect blend of theory and practice. Wolfgang Birkfellner studied theoretical physics at, and holds a Ph.D in medical physics from, the University of Vienna, Austria. Currently, he is heading the Digital Image Processing Laboratory at the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics at the Medical University of Vienna. He is also a reviewer and editorial board member for major journals in the field, program committee member for international conferences, and principal investigator for several third-party funded research projects. Previously, he served as senior researcher at the University Hospital Basel/Switzerland and associate professor of medical physics at the Center for Biomedical Engineering and Physics of Vienna Medical School. |
| observational units statistics: Applied Statistics in Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences Barry Glaz, Kathleen M. Yeater, 2020-01-22 Better experimental design and statistical analysis make for more robust science. A thorough understanding of modern statistical methods can mean the difference between discovering and missing crucial results and conclusions in your research, and can shape the course of your entire research career. With Applied Statistics, Barry Glaz and Kathleen M. Yeater have worked with a team of expert authors to create a comprehensive text for graduate students and practicing scientists in the agricultural, biological, and environmental sciences. The contributors cover fundamental concepts and methodologies of experimental design and analysis, and also delve into advanced statistical topics, all explored by analyzing real agronomic data with practical and creative approaches using available software tools. IN PRESS! This book is being published according to the “Just Published” model, with more chapters to be published online as they are completed. |
| observational units statistics: Biostatistics and Research Methodology Pharm D. IV Year MS. MMs. Madhuri Vishwanath Swami, Dr. Syed Ansar Ahmed, Miss Khan Hajera Naushi, Suraj Ramchandrrao Shinde, 2025-01-29 IT IS VERY HELPFUL AND INFORMATIVE BOOK FOR ALL RESEARCH SCHOLARS |
| observational units statistics: Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Life and Health Sciences Narayanaswamy Balakrishnan, 2009-12-02 Inspired by the Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition, this volume outlines the statistical tools for successfully working with modern life and health sciences research Data collection holds an essential part in dictating the future of health sciences and public health, as the compilation of statistics allows researchers and medical practitioners to monitor trends in health status, identify health problems, and evaluate the impact of health policies and programs. Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Life and Health Sciences serves as a single, one-of-a-kind resource on the wide range of statistical methods, techniques, and applications that are applied in modern life and health sciences in research. Specially designed to present encyclopedic content in an accessible and self-contained format, this book outlines thorough coverage of the underlying theory and standard applications to research in related disciplines such as biology, epidemiology, clinical trials, and public health. Uniquely combining established literature with cutting-edge research, this book contains classical works and more than twenty-five new articles and completely revised contributions from the acclaimed Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Second Edition. The result is a compilation of more than eighty articles that explores classic methodology and new topics, including: Sequential methods in biomedical research Statistical measures of human quality of life Change-point methods in genetics Sample size determination for clinical trials Mixed-effects regression models for predicting pre-clinical disease Probabilistic and statistical models for conception Statistical methods are explored and applied to population growth, disease detection and treatment, genetic and genomic research, drug development, clinical trials, screening and prevention, and the assessment of rehabilitation, recovery, and quality of life. These topics are explored in contributions written by more than 100 leading academics, researchers, and practitioners who utilize various statistical practices, such as election bias, survival analysis, missing data techniques, and cluster analysis for handling the wide array of modern issues in the life and health sciences. With its combination of traditional methodology and newly developed research, Methods and Applications of Statistics in the Life and Health Sciences has everything students, academics, and researchers in the life and health sciences need to build and apply their knowledge of statistical methods and applications. |
| observational units statistics: Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability: Weather modification Lucien Marie Le Cam, Jerzy Neyman, 1967 |
| observational units statistics: Statistical Design for Research Leslie Kish, 2005-02-25 The Wiley Classics Library consists of selected books that have become recognized classics in their respective fields. With these new unabridged and inexpensive editions, Wiley hopes to extend the life of these important works by making them available to future generations of mathematicians and scientists. This title addresses those basic aspects of research design which are common to many related fields in the social sciences, health sciences, education, and market research. The work presents a unified approach to a common core of problems of statistical design that exists in all these fields, along with basic similarities in practical solutions. Describing many examples and analogies that are 'portable' from application field to application field, Statistical Design for Research deals with designs that are the primary basis of research studies, but are neglected in most statistical textbooks that tend to concentrate on statistical analysis. This text takes a broader, more general and philosophical view of the statistics for the more fundamental aspects of design than do the standard treatments of experimental design. Extensively illustrated and carefully organized into seven chapters and 44 sections, this book can be readily consulted by research workers or graduate students! |
| observational units statistics: All of Statistics Larry Wasserman, 2004-09-17 This book is for people who want to learn probability and statistics quickly. It brings together many of the main ideas in modern statistics in one place. The book is suitable for students and researchers in statistics, computer science, data mining and machine learning. This book covers a much wider range of topics than a typical introductory text on mathematical statistics. It includes modern topics like nonparametric curve estimation, bootstrapping and classification, topics that are usually relegated to follow-up courses. The reader is assumed to know calculus and a little linear algebra. No previous knowledge of probability and statistics is required. The text can be used at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. Larry Wasserman is Professor of Statistics at Carnegie Mellon University. He is also a member of the Center for Automated Learning and Discovery in the School of Computer Science. His research areas include nonparametric inference, asymptotic theory, causality, and applications to astrophysics, bioinformatics, and genetics. He is the 1999 winner of the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies Presidents' Award and the 2002 winner of the Centre de recherches mathematiques de Montreal–Statistical Society of Canada Prize in Statistics. He is Associate Editor of The Journal of the American Statistical Association and The Annals of Statistics. He is a fellow of the American Statistical Association and of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. |
| observational units statistics: Introduction to Statistical Methods, Design of Experiments and Statistical Quality Control Dharmaraja Selvamuthu, Dipayan Das, 2018-09-03 This book provides an accessible presentation of concepts from probability theory, statistical methods, the design of experiments and statistical quality control. It is shaped by the experience of the two teachers teaching statistical methods and concepts to engineering students, over a decade. Practical examples and end-of-chapter exercises are the highlights of the text as they are purposely selected from different fields. Statistical principles discussed in the book have great relevance in several disciplines like economics, commerce, engineering, medicine, health-care, agriculture, biochemistry, and textiles to mention a few. A large number of students with varied disciplinary backgrounds need a course in basics of statistics, the design of experiments and statistical quality control at an introductory level to pursue their discipline of interest. No previous knowledge of probability or statistics is assumed, but an understanding of calculus is a prerequisite. The whole book serves as a master level introductory course in all the three topics, as required in textile engineering or industrial engineering. Organised into 10 chapters, the book discusses three different courses namely statistics, the design of experiments and quality control. Chapter 1 is the introductory chapter which describes the importance of statistical methods, the design of experiments and statistical quality control. Chapters 2–6 deal with statistical methods including basic concepts of probability theory, descriptive statistics, statistical inference, statistical test of hypothesis and analysis of correlation and regression. Chapters 7–9 deal with the design of experiments including factorial designs and response surface methodology, and Chap. 10 deals with statistical quality control. |
| observational units statistics: Elements of Computational Statistics James E. Gentle, 2006-04-18 Will provide a more elementary introduction to these topics than other books available; Gentle is the author of two other Springer books |
| observational units statistics: How to Lie with Statistics Darrell Huff, 2010-12-07 If you want to outsmart a crook, learn his tricks—Darrell Huff explains exactly how in the classic How to Lie with Statistics. From distorted graphs and biased samples to misleading averages, there are countless statistical dodges that lend cover to anyone with an ax to grind or a product to sell. With abundant examples and illustrations, Darrell Huff’s lively and engaging primer clarifies the basic principles of statistics and explains how they’re used to present information in honest and not-so-honest ways. Now even more indispensable in our data-driven world than it was when first published, How to Lie with Statistics is the book that generations of readers have relied on to keep from being fooled. |
What Is an Observational Study? | Guide & Examples - Scribbr
Mar 31, 2022 · An observational study is used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes. There is no interference or manipulation of the research …
What is an Observational Study: Definition & Examples
What is an Observational Study? An observational study uses sample data to find correlations in situations where the researchers do not control the treatment, or independent variable, that …
Observational Studies - PMC
An observational study might be performed if an RCT is unethical, impractical, or outside the control of the investigator. There are many types of prospective and retrospective …
What Are Observational Studies and When Are They Conducted?
Jun 5, 2025 · Observational studies – which typically account for around 15% of all studies per year – are a method of clinical research that help scientists answer a specific question, or form …
7 Types of Observational Studies (With Examples) | Indeed.com
Jun 6, 2025 · Observational studies are research processes where individuals or organizations examine something without manipulating it. Most observational studies today involve observing …
OBSERVATIONAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
OBSERVATIONAL definition: 1. involving watching someone or something carefully and closely, in order to learn something: 2…. Learn more.
OBSERVATIONAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of OBSERVATION is an act or instance of observing a custom, rule, or law. How to use observation in a sentence.
Observational - definition of observational by The Free Dictionary
The act or process of perceiving something, such as a phenomenon, often by means of an instrument, and making a record of the resulting information. b. The result or record of such an …
Observational Research - Methods and Guide - Research Method
Mar 26, 2024 · Observational research is a valuable method for studying natural behaviors, interactions, and environments. By carefully selecting the type of observation, defining …
Experimental vs Observational Studies: Differences & Examples
What is an Observational Study? An observational study is a research design in which the investigator observes subjects and measures variables without intervening or manipulating the …
What Is an Observational Study? | Guide & Examples - Scribbr
Mar 31, 2022 · An observational study is used to answer a research question based purely on what the researcher observes. There is no interference or manipulation of the research …
What is an Observational Study: Definition & Examples
What is an Observational Study? An observational study uses sample data to find correlations in situations where the researchers do not control the treatment, or …
Observational Studies - PMC
An observational study might be performed if an RCT is unethical, impractical, or outside the control of the investigator. There are many types of prospective and retrospective …
What Are Observational Studies and When Are They Conducted?
Jun 5, 2025 · Observational studies – which typically account for around 15% of all studies per year – are a method of clinical research that help scientists answer a specific …
7 Types of Observational Studies (With Examples) | Indeed.com
Jun 6, 2025 · Observational studies are research processes where individuals or organizations examine something without manipulating it. Most observational studies …
