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| modernization and dependency theory: Social Change and Development Alvin Y. So, 1990-03 During the past four decades, the field of development has been dominated by three schools of research. The 1950s saw the modernization school, the 1960s experienced the dependency school, the 1970s developed the new world-system school, and the 1980s is a convergence of all three schools. Alvin Y. So examines the dynamic nature of these schools of development--what each of them represents, their contributions, how they have criticized each other, how they have defended themselves, and how they were transformed. He reviews a variety of empirical studies, focusing on the classical and the new models, to show how each of the perspectives affects the study of development. In addition, this book features a unique emphasis on the research implications of the three perspectives, involving changes in orientation, agenda, methodology, and findings. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Gender and Development Catherine Virginia Scott, 1995-01-01 This provocative critique of both theory and practice goes beyond the women in development approach to explore fundamental reconceptualizations of tradition, modernity, masculinity, femininity, revolution, and development. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Modernization Theory and Economic Development Bret L. Billet, 1993-09-14 The debate between modernization theory and dependency theory has been waged for decades without either being fully accepted. Billet attempts to bridge the gap in that debate by evaluating the underlying causes of economic discontent in the developing world. The author's evaluation is based on a theoretical and empirical analysis of the interrelatedness of external forms of development capital and the implications of these patterns not only for modernization and dependency theorists but also for the least developed countries of the world. The purpose of this analysis is two-fold: (1) to evaluate the degree to which modernization and/or dependency theory is applicable to the experiences of developing countries; and (2) to evaluate why external capital flows have resulted in an overabundance of economically discontented developing countries. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Bureaucratic Authoritarianism Guillermo O'Donnell, 2023-04-28 Bureaucratic Authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966–1973, in Comparative Perspective provides a rigorous and multidimensional analysis of Argentina’s political and economic trajectory during a pivotal period in its history. Through the lens of the bureaucratic-authoritarian (BA) state, the book explores the complex interactions between structural conditions, institutional frameworks, and the perceptions of key actors. By situating Argentina’s experience within a comparative framework—including Brazil post-1964, Uruguay and Chile after 1973, and Argentina’s subsequent BA regime after 1976—this study offers valuable insights into the origins, dynamics, and consequences of authoritarian rule. Combining empirical data, historical narratives, and theoretical critique, the book examines the profound social and economic costs of authoritarian governance. It interrogates the ideological and structural conditions that fostered political violence and recurrent authoritarianism, while reflecting on the enduring impact of the 1966–1973 crises on Argentina's political evolution. Written with both academic rigor and a personal commitment to understanding Argentina’s turbulent history, this volume provides essential reading for scholars of political science, Latin American studies, and modern history. This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press’s mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1988. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Dependency Theory. History, Principles, Perspective and Criticism inci azizli, 2017-05-02 Seminar paper from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - General and Theories of International Politics, grade: 93, , language: English, abstract: Dependency theory is the study of world perception. Scientists’ efforts to try to understand the current world system, division of states, and interstate relations have resulted in the emergence of dependency theory. Dependency theory mainly studies the relationships between states, assuming the nature of these relations to be the driving force behind the division of states into dominant/dependent, core/periphery, and metropole/satellite groups. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Rethinking Development David Apter, 1987-10-01 Development theory is at a crossroads. Dominant theories such as modernization and dependency have run their course. In Rethinking Development one of the preeminent political and social theorists of our time offers his view of the direction of the discipline. Using major themes such as the relation between development and democracy, the problem of innovation and marginality, Professor Apter offers an innovative comparative study of development. Rethinking Development takes a new look at scientific, romantic and teleological formulations of development, showing how conventional concepts of development prevent us from seeing its negative consequences. It argues that development will generate democracy, but not e |
| modernization and dependency theory: Social Change, Development and Dependency Tony Spybey, 1992-08-07 This book takes the study of development and social change out of the confines of the Modernization Theory - Dependency Theory debate. The author examines social change against a background of the rise of the West and the global spread of its institutions. Spybey analyzes the development of the nation-state system in the modern world, emphasizing its Western origins. He also traces out the emergence of colonialism, the capitalist world-economy and Western dominance over other parts of the world. The author goes on to examine these developments after the Second World War, against the background of the Cold War and the end of European colonialism, the reaffirmed of the existence of nation-state system by new global institutions, global military order and capitalist world economy. The First, Second and Third Worlds are placed in their social, political and economic contexts and traced through to the post-Bretton Woods period of oil crises, global recession and new international division of labour. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Theories and Practices of Development Katie Willis, 2005 Throughout the twentieth century, governments sought to achieve 'development' not only in their own countries, but also in other regions of the world; particularly in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean. This focus on 'development' as a goal has continued into the twenty-first century, for example through the United Nations Millennium Development Targets. While development is often viewed as something very positive, it is also very important to consider the possible detrimental effects it may have on the natural environment, different social groups and on the cohesion and stability of societies. In this important book, Katie Willis investigates and places in a historical context, the development theories behind contemporary debates such as globalization and transnationalism. The main definitions of 'development' and 'development theory' are outlined with a description and explanation of how approaches have changed over time. The differing explanations of inequalities in development, both spatially and socially, and the reasoning behind different development policies are also considered. By drawing on pre-twentieth century European development theories and examining current policies in Europe and the USA, the book not only stresses commonalities in development theorizing over time and space, but also the importance of context in theory construction. This topical book provides an ideal introduction to development theories for students in geography, development studies, area studies, anthropology and sociology. It contains student-friendly features, including boxed case studies with examples, definitions, summary sections, suggestions for further reading, discussion questions and website information. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Delinking Samir Amin, 1990-04 Is it possible for the Third World to escape from the constraints imposed by the world's economic system? What room for manoeuvre do these states have, and are they condemned to dependence? These are some of the questions Samir Amin confronts in Delinking. He argues that Third World countries cannot hope to raise living standards if they continue to adjust their development strategies in line with the trends set by a fundamentally unequal global capitalist system over which they have no control. The only alternative, he maintains, is for Third World societies to 'delink' from the logic of the global system - each country submitting its external economic relations to the logic of domestic development priorities, which in turn requires a broad coalition of popular forces in control of the state. Delinking, he shows, is not about absolute autarchy, but a neutralizing of the effects of external economic interactions on internal choices. |
| modernization and dependency theory: The Predator State James Galbraith, 2008-08-05 A progressive economist challenges popular conservative-minded economic practices, in a scathing critique of Reagan-Bush policies that contends that the political right is misrepresenting the consequences of free-market and free-trade ideals. 50,000 first printing. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Sub-Imperalism Revisited Adrián Sotelo Valencia, 2017-06-06 Does the growing economic might of regional superpowers like Brazil mean that dependency theory of the 1960s was all wrong? The answer to this and many other enigmas of development is found in Sub-Imperialism Revisited, a theoretically rigorous study by the brilliant Mexican analyst Adrián Sotelo Valencia. In analysing the 21st Century conditions of Latin America, Sotelo systematically explores the concept of sub-imperialism as advanced in the pioneering work of Ruy Mauro Marini. Himself a former student of Marini, Sotelo elucidates the explanatory power of a fully Marxist conception of imperialism and underdevelopment while providing considerable insight into opposing conceptions of dependency. This timely book ultimately enables readers to appreciate why radical dependency theory remains more relevant today than ever. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Gender and Development Catherine Virginia Scott, 1995-01-01 Catherine V. Scott demonstrates that many prevailing ideas about development, dependency, capitalism, and socialism are anchored in social constructions of gender differences. Early modernization theorists, points out Scott, often juxtaposed modernity and tradition in ways reminiscent of Enlightenment dichotomies that pitted the rational, productive city against the particularistic, fragmented, and stagnant countryside. Dependency theory, despite its radically difference focus on the causes of underdevelopment, also rests upon masculinist conceptions of the unfolding of history, human labor, and the gendered divisions between the public and private realms. Recent theories of the African soft state, realized in policymaking, revive modernization theory's dichotomies; and revolutionary political leaders in African countries, though they have challenged imperialism, have retained the Marxist blind-spot regarding gender. This provocative critique of both theory and practice goes beyond the women in development approach to explore fundamental reconceptualizations of tradition, modernity, masculinity, femininity, revolution, and development.--BOOK JACKET.Title Summary field provided by Blackwell North America, Inc. All Rights Reserved |
| modernization and dependency theory: Theories of Development Jorge Larrain, 2013-05-03 This is a new introductory text providing an up-to-date account of leading theories of development. The book includes a discussion of classical accounts of development, particularly that of Marx, but also considers current debates on the issue. Theories of imperialism, neo-imperialism, dependency, world systems theory and other conceptions are all given full and balanced consideration. A feature of the work is the connections drawn between theoretical interpretation and empirical application: in this respect, the author concentrates particularly upon drawing materials from the Latin American experiences. Readable, accurate and incisive, the book also provides an original standpoint upon problems of development. It will be of interest to students and professionals in sociology, political sciences and anthropology. |
| modernization and dependency theory: The Palgrave Handbook of International Development Jean Grugel, Daniel Hammett, 2016-06-10 International development is a dynamic, vibrant and complex field – both in terms of practices and in relation to framing and concepts. This collection draws together leading experts from a range of disciplines, including development economics, geography, sociology, political science and international relations, to explore persistent problems and emergent trends in international development. Building from an introduction to key development theories, this Handbook proceeds to examine key development questions relating to the changing donor and aid landscape, the changing role of citizens and the state in development, the role of new finance flows and privatization in development, the challenges and opportunities of migration and mobility, emerging issues of insecurity and concerns with people trafficking, the drugs trade and gang violence, the role of rights and activism in promoting democracy and development, the threats posed by and responses to global environmental change, and the role of technology and innovation in promoting development. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Fragments of Development Suzanne Bergeron, 2004 Connecting post-colonial and feminist scholarship to economic theory, this book explains how modern economics has helped to constitute an expert discourse of development that marginalizes alternative perspectives and practices. It assesses theories of modernization, structural adjustment, and globalization. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Legal Experiments for Development in Latin America Helena Alviar García, 2021-02-23 This book provides a nuanced picture of how diverse legal debates on the pursuit of economic development and modernization have played out in Latin America since independence. The opposing concepts of modernization theory and Dependency Theory can be seen to be playing out within the field of legal transformation, as some legal analysts define law as a closed, formal, rational system, and others see law as inseparable from economic, social and political change. Legal experiments have followed these trends, in some cases using legal instruments to guarantee classical, civil and political rights, and in others demanding radical transformation of existing legal structures. This book traces these debates across the key topics of: economic development and foreign investment; property; resource and power distribution in terms of gender and social policy. Drawing on a wide range of literature, the book adds complexity and color to our understanding of these themes in Latin America. This insightful exploration of comparative law within Latin America provides the tools needed to understand legal transformation in the region, and as such will be of interest to researchers within law, political sociology, development and Latin American studies. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Introduction to the Sociology of Development Andrew Webster, 1990-03-01 This text provides a comprehensive introduction to the latest debates in the sociology of development, linking theoretical and empirical issues of social change primarily though not exclusively through reference to the Third World. This book covers general conceptions of modernisation and underdevelopment and points to new attempts at their synthesis as well as exploring the policy implications of different development models. |
| modernization and dependency theory: The Sociology of Modernization and Development David Harrison, 2003-09-02 David Harrison writes very well, and presents a good, well-balanced and perceptive appraisal of current perspectives.--Times Higher Education Supplement This title available in eBook format. Click here for more information. Visit our eBookstore at: www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk. |
| modernization and dependency theory: The Underdevelopment Of Development : Essays In Honor Of Andre Gunder Frank Chew, 2004-04 |
| modernization and dependency theory: Gender and Development Catherine V. Scott, 2022 Scott's provocative critique of development theory and practice demonstrates that many prevailing ideas about development, dependency, capitalism, and socialism are anchored in social constructions of gender differences. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Dependency Theory and the Return of High Politics Mary Ann Tetreault, Charles F. Abel, 1986-04-22 Dependency theory and the return of high politics / Mary Ann Tétreautt and Charles Frederick Abel -- Models, metaphors, and foreign policy / Mary Ann Tétreautt -- Dependency: history, theory, and reappraisal / Kenneth E. Bauzon and Charles Frederick Abel -- Structure and dynamics in international interdependence / Mark J. Gasiorowski -- Incorporation into the world economy: empirical tests of dependency theory / Leonard Paul Hirsch -- U.S. policy toward Central America during the Carter and Reagan administrations / Royce Q. Shaw -- Cameroon agricultural policy: the struggle to remain food self-sufficient / Virginia DeLancey -- The Moon Treaty and the Tragedy of the Commons: an examination of rational decision making in international relations / Larry S. Luton -- High politics or interdependence? The United States and Saudi Arabia in the post-embargo era / Mary Ann Tétreautt -- Toward transformation of dependency and high politics / Craig N. Murphy. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Dependency and Development Ted C. Lewellen, 1995-06-30 This book draws upon data and theories from economics, political science, anthropology, demography, and environmental studies to provide a broad interdisciplinary overview of the Third World. A brief history shows how the expansion of Europe in the 15th century created dependencies in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. The Third World is shown to be not a natural or innate phenomenon, but a consequence of its relationship to the First World that involved economic dependency, rapid population growth, inflated and internationally supplied militaries, and governments trying to provide attractive investment climates for huge multinational corporations. Traditional agriculture, world markets, models of development, human rights violations, environmental degradation, and the demographic transition are examined from a balanced theoretical perspective that synthesizes modernization and dependency approaches. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Dependent Accumulation Andre Gunder Frank, 1979 Examines underdevelopment in Asia, Africa and Latin America through the analysis of unequal means of production and trade relations within the process of capital formation. Analyses how differential transformation of productive, social and political relations have led to capitalist development, and challenges classical and neo-classical development theories, international division of labour, doctrines of comparative advantage and free trade, etc. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Dependency and Development in Latin America Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Enzo Faletto, 2024-03-29 At the end of World War II, several Latin American countries seemed to be ready for industrialization and self-sustaining economic growth. Instead, they found that they had exchanged old forms of political and economic dependence for a new kind of dependency on the international capitalism of multinational corporations. In the much-acclaimed original Spanish edition (Dependencia y Desarrollo en América Latina) and now in the expanded and revised English version, Cardoso and Faletto offer a sophisticated analysis of the economic development of Latin America. The economic dependency of Latin America stems not merely from the domination of the world market over internal national and enclave economies, but also from the much more complex interact ion of economic drives, political structures, social movements, and historically conditioned alliances. While heeding the unique histories of individual nations, the authors discern four general stages in Latin America's economic development: the early outward expansion of newly independent nations, the political emergence of the middle sector, the formation of internal markets in response to population growth, and the new dependence on international markets. In a postscript for this edition, Cardoso and Faletto examine the political, social and economic changes of the past ten years in light of their original hypotheses. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Factory Girls Leslie T. Chang, 2008-10-07 An eye-opening and previously untold story, Factory Girls is the first look into the everyday lives of the migrant factory population in China. China has 130 million migrant workers—the largest migration in human history. In Factory Girls, Leslie T. Chang, a former correspondent for the Wall Street Journal in Beijing, tells the story of these workers primarily through the lives of two young women, whom she follows over the course of three years as they attempt to rise from the assembly lines of Dongguan, an industrial city in China’s Pearl River Delta. As she tracks their lives, Chang paints a never-before-seen picture of migrant life—a world where nearly everyone is under thirty; where you can lose your boyfriend and your friends with the loss of a mobile phone; where a few computer or English lessons can catapult you into a completely different social class. Chang takes us inside a sneaker factory so large that it has its own hospital, movie theater, and fire department; to posh karaoke bars that are fronts for prostitution; to makeshift English classes where students shave their heads in monklike devotion and sit day after day in front of machines watching English words flash by; and back to a farming village for the Chinese New Year, revealing the poverty and idleness of rural life that drive young girls to leave home in the first place. Throughout this riveting portrait, Chang also interweaves the story of her own family’s migrations, within China and to the West, providing historical and personal frames of reference for her investigation. A book of global significance that provides new insight into China, Factory Girls demonstrates how the mass movement from rural villages to cities is remaking individual lives and transforming Chinese society, much as immigration to America’s shores remade our own country a century ago. |
| modernization and dependency theory: The Capitalist World-Economy Immanuel Wallerstein, 1979-03-15 Focuses on the two central conflicts of capitalism, bourgeois versus proletarian and core versus periphery. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Development Theory David Lehmann, 2010-11-26 The studies in this book, first published in 1979, offer an all-encompassing contemporary critique of the sociology, politics and economics of development as they are ‘conventionally’ taught and disseminated. They also seek to outline the beginnings of a new approach, while not sparing from criticism the simplistic of contemporary radical theories. The reissue will prove of significant interest to the teaching of development studies at both undergraduate and post-graduate levels. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Modernization and Postmodernization Ronald Inglehart, 1997-05-25 To demonstrate the powerful links between belief systems and political and socioeconomic variables, this book draws on the World Values Surveys, a unique database that looks at the impact of mass publics on political and social life. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Social Change and Development Alvin Y. So, 1990-03 During the past four decades, the field of development has been dominated by three schools of research. The 1950s saw the modernization school, the 1960s experienced the dependency school, the 1970s developed the new world-system school, and the 1980s is a convergence of all three schools. Alvin Y. So examines the dynamic nature of these schools of development--what each of them represents, their contributions, how they have criticized each other, how they have defended themselves, and how they were transformed. He reviews a variety of empirical studies, focusing on the classical and the new models, to show how each of the perspectives affects the study of development. In addition, this book features a unique emphasis on the research implications of the three perspectives, involving changes in orientation, agenda, methodology, and findings. |
| modernization and dependency theory: How Europe Underdeveloped Africa Walter Rodney, 2018-11-27 The classic work of political, economic, and historical analysis, powerfully introduced by Angela Davis In his short life, the Guyanese intellectual Walter Rodney emerged as one of the leading thinkers and activists of the anticolonial revolution, leading movements in North America, South America, the African continent, and the Caribbean. In each locale, Rodney found himself a lightning rod for working class Black Power. His deportation catalyzed 20th century Jamaica's most significant rebellion, the 1968 Rodney riots, and his scholarship trained a generation how to think politics at an international scale. In 1980, shortly after founding of the Working People's Alliance in Guyana, the 38-year-old Rodney would be assassinated. In his magnum opus, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, Rodney incisively argues that grasping the great divergence between the west and the rest can only be explained as the exploitation of the latter by the former. This meticulously researched analysis of the abiding repercussions of European colonialism on the continent of Africa has not only informed decades of scholarship and activism, it remains an indispensable study for grasping global inequality today. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Economies and Cultures Richard R Wilk, 2018-05-04 This book introduces economic anthropology to countries where it has never been taught before, including Vietnam, China, Brazil, Argentina, and Italy. It identifies the fundamental practical and theoretical problems that give economic anthropology its unique strengths and vision. |
| modernization and dependency theory: A People's Green New Deal Max Ajl, 2021 In this concise and urgent book, Max Ajl provides an overview of the various mainstream Green New Deals. Critically engaging with their proponents, ideological underpinnings and limitations, he goes on to sketch out a radical alternative: a People's Green New Deal committed to decommodification, working-class power, anti-imperialism and agro-ecology. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Democracy and Redistribution Carles Boix, 2003-07-21 Employing analytical tools borrowed from game theory, Carles Boix offers a complete theory of political transitions, in which political regimes ultimately hinge on the nature of economic assets, their distribution among individuals, and the balance of power among different social groups. Backed up by detailed historical work and extensive statistical analysis that goes back to the mid-nineteenth century, this book explains, among many other things, why democracy emerged in classical Athens. It also discusses the early triumph of democracy in both nineteenth-century agrarian Norway, Switzerland and northeastern America and the failure in countries with a powerful landowning class. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Development and Social Change Philip McMichael, 2000-01-25 The Second Edition of this popular textbook has been conceptually reworked to take account of the instabilities underlying the project of global development. While the conceptual framework of viewing development as shifting from a national, to a global, project remains, new issues such as the active engagement in the development project by Third World elites and peoples are considered. The first four chapters cover the rise and fall of the development project around the world. The next three cover the period of globalization, from the mid 1980s onwards. The final two chapters rethink globalization and development for the 21st century. Throughout, extensive use is made of case studies. |
| modernization and dependency theory: What Works in Development? Jessica Cohen, William Easterly, 2010-02-01 What Works in Development? brings together leading experts to address one of the most basic yet vexing issues in development: what do we really know about what works— and what doesn't—in fighting global poverty? The contributors, including many of the world's most respected economic development analysts, focus on the ongoing debate over which paths to development truly maximize results. Should we emphasize a big-picture approach—focusing on the role of institutions, macroeconomic policies, growth strategies, and other country-level factors? Or is a more grassroots approach the way to go, with the focus on particular microeconomic interventions such as conditional cash transfers, bed nets, and other microlevel improvements in service delivery on the ground? The book attempts to find a consensus on which approach is likely to be more effective. Contributors include Nana Ashraf (Harvard Business School), Abhijit Banerjee (MIT), Nancy Birdsall (Center for Global Development), Anne Case (Princeton University), Jessica Cohen (Brookings),William Easterly (NYU and Brookings),Alaka Halla (Innovations for Poverty Action), Ricardo Hausman (Harvard University), Simon Johnson (MIT), Peter Klenow (Stanford University), Michael Kremer (Harvard), Ross Levine (Brown University), Sendhil Mullainathan (Harvard), Ben Olken (MIT), Lant Pritchett (Harvard), Martin Ravallion (World Bank), Dani Rodrik (Harvard), Paul Romer (Stanford University), and DavidWeil (Brown). |
| modernization and dependency theory: Sociology in Perspective Mark Kirby, 2000 This text, specifically for AQA specifications, is designed to be easy and encouraging for students to use. The book contains updated material and activities together with a new chapter on study skills. It also indicates clearly where activities meet the new evidence requirements for key skills. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Nepantla Alberto D. Moreiras, Gabriela Nouzeilles, Walter D. Mignolo, 2000-05 A new journal inspired mainly by but not limited to Latin American, Caribbean and US Latinidad perspectives, Nepantla: Views from South is committed to fostering innovative reflection at the intersection of the humanities and the social sciences. Drawing on the international and interdisciplinary conference Cross-Genealogies and Subaltern Knowledges, while also including outside essays, the premier issue significantly advances the subaltern studies debate. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Soil Fertility Management Lester Bane, 2016-05-30 Soil fertility management has gained a global significance for increasing agricultural productivity and ensuring food security. This book provides comprehensive insights into the field of soil fertility management and its importance in maintaining agricultural sustainability. Most of the topics introduced in this book cover new methods to evaluate soil fertility and focus on developing remediation techniques to maintain soil health. It strives to provide a fair idea about this discipline and to help develop a better understanding of the latest advances within the fields of soil nutrients and minerals, climate adaptation measures, etc. Scientists and students actively engaged in this field will find this book full of crucial and unexplored concepts. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Development and Underdevelopment Mitchell A. Seligson, John T. Passé-Smith, 2003 Presenting both classic pieces and the most up-to-date arguments in the debates about issues of economic growth and inequality, this is a guide to understanding the causes and dynamics of persistent income gap between rich and poor countries, as well as rich and poor within the poor countries. |
| modernization and dependency theory: Introduction to Sociology 2e Heather Griffiths, Nathan Keirns, Gail Scaramuzzo, Susan Cody-Rydzewski, Eric Strayer, Sally Vyrain, 2017-12-31 Introduction to Sociology adheres to the scope and sequence of a typical introductory sociology course. In addition to comprehensive coverage of core concepts, foundational scholars, and emerging theories, we have incorporated section reviews with engaging questions, discussions that help students apply the sociological imagination, and features that draw learners into the discipline in meaningful ways. Although this text can be modified and reorganized to suit your needs, the standard version is organized so that topics are introduced conceptually, with relevant, everyday experiences. |
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