Microeconomics Reference Books

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  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Microeconomics 2e Steven A. Greenlaw, David Shapiro, Timothy Taylor, 2017-09-15
  microeconomics reference books: Macroeconomic Fluctuations and Policies Edouard Challe, 2023-09-19 The basic tools for analyzing macroeconomic fluctuations and policies, applied to concrete issues and presented within an integrated New Keynesian framework. This textbook presents the basic tools for analyzing macroeconomic fluctuations and policies and applies them to contemporary issues. It employs a unified New Keynesian framework for understanding business cycles, major crises, and macroeconomic policies, introducing students to the approach most often used in academic macroeconomic analysis and by central banks and international institutions. The book addresses such topics as how recessions and crises spread; what instruments central banks and governments have to stimulate activity when private demand is weak; and what “unconventional” macroeconomic policies might work when conventional monetary policy loses its effectiveness (as has happened in many countries in the aftermath of the Great Recession.). The text introduces the foundations of modern business cycle theory through the notions of aggregate demand and aggregate supply, and then applies the theory to the study of regular business-cycle fluctuations in output, inflation, and employment. It considers conventional monetary and fiscal policies aimed at stabilizing the business cycle, and examines unconventional macroeconomic policies, including forward guidance and quantitative easing, in situations of “liquidity trap”—deep crises in which conventional policies are either ineffective or have very different effects than in normal time. This book is the first to use the New Keynesian framework at the advanced undergraduate level, connecting undergraduate learning not only with the more advanced tools taught at the graduate level but also with the large body of policy-oriented research in academic journals. End-of-chapter problems help students master the materials presented.
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Macroeconomics Charles Abraham, 2018
  microeconomics reference books: Economics , 2015 Russell Cooper and Andrew John have written an economics text aimed directly at students from its very inception. You?re thinking, Yeah, sure. I?ve heard that before. This textbook, Economics: Theory Through Applications, centers around student needs and expectations through two premises:? Students are motivated to study economics if they see that it relates to their own lives.? Students learn best from an inductive approach, in which they are first confronted with a problem, and then led through the process of solving that problem. Many books claim to present economics in a way that is digestible for students; Russell and Andrew have truly created one from scratch. This textbook will assist you in increasing students? economic literacy both by developing their aptitude for economic thinking and by presenting key insights about economics that every educated individual should know. How? Russell and Andrew have done three things in this text to accomplish that goal: Applications Ahead of Theory: They present all the theory that is standard in Principles books. But by beginning with applications, students get to learn why this theory is needed. Learning through Repetition: Important tools appear over and over again, allowing students to learn from repetition and to see how one framework can be useful in many different contexts. A Student?s Table of Contents vs. An Instructor?s Table of Contents: There is no further proof that Russell and Andrew have created a book aimed specifically at educating students about economics than their two tables of contents.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Avinash Dixit, 2014-04-24 Microeconomics - individuals' choices of where to live and work, how much to save, what to buy, and firms' decisions about location, hiring, firing, and investment - involves issues that concern us on a daily basis. But when people think about economics, they tend to place importance on the bigger picture - macroeconomics - including issues such as unemployment, inflation, and the competitiveness of nations. In this Very Short Introduction, Avinash Dixit argues that the microeconomy has a large impact on the economic world, arguably as much as the issues of macroeconomics. Dixit steers a clear path through the huge number of issues related to microeconomics, explaining what happens when things go well, as well as showing how they fail, why that happens, and what can be done about it. Using real-life examples from around the world, using the minimum of mathematics and including simple graphs, he provides insights into economics from psychology and sociology to explain economic behaviour and rational choice. An ideal introduction for anyone interested in business and economics. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Economics 2e Timothy Taylor, Steven A. Greenlaw, David Shapiro, 2017-10-12 Principles of Economics covers the scope and sequence for a two-semester principles of economics course. The text has been developed to meet the scope and sequence of most introductory courses.
  microeconomics reference books: Intermediate Microeconomic Theory Ana Espinola-Arredondo, Felix Munoz-Garcia, 2020-10-27 A short, rigorous introduction to intermediate microeconomic theory that offers worked-out examples, tools for solving exercises, and algebra support. This book takes a concise, example-filled approach to intermediate microeconomic theory. It avoids lengthy conceptual description and focuses on worked-out examples and step-by-step solutions. Each chapter presents the basic theoretical elements, reducing them to their main ingredients, and offering several worked-out examples and applications as well as the intuition behind each mathematical assumption and result. The book provides step-by-step tools for solving standard exercises, offering students a common approach for solving similar problems. The book walks readers through each algebra step and calculation, so only a basic background in algebra and calculus is assumed. The book includes 140 self-assessment exercises, giving students an opportunity to apply concepts from previous worked-out examples. Topics covered include consumer theory; substitution and income effect; welfare gain or loss from a price change; and choice under uncertainty. Shifting to a firm theory, the book discusses production functions, cost minimization, perfectly competitive markets, and monopolies. Two chapters on game theory provide building blocks for subsequent chapters that treat imperfect markets; games of incomplete information and auctions; contract theory; and externalities, public goods, and common pool resources. The book is suitable for use in undergraduate intermediate microeconomics courses, rigorous introduction to microeconomics courses, and managerial economics at the masters level.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Dominick Salvatore, 1986 The Third Edition of this text offers a blend of new and old topics, and a review of the implications of international issues on microeconomics topics. It has separate chapters on game theory and financial microeconomics, whilst adding new coverage of production revolution, international economics of scale, and the economics of discrimination.
  microeconomics reference books: The Microeconomics of Product Innovation Paul Stoneman, Eleonora Bartoloni, 2018 Economics has not given sufficient attention to the microeconomic analysis of innovation and technological change. Counteracting this imbalance, The Microeconomics of Product Innovation considers how the use of economic analysis can guide and inform the search for insight in the generation and adoption of new products synonymously labelled product innovation. Written in an accessible tone and restricting its analysis to the use of microeconomics, this book encompasses the definition of product innovation. It explores means of measurement and revealed patterns of the extent of product innovation; the economic analysis of the forces driving the demand for, the supply of, and incentives to generate new products; empirical evidence upon the determinants of the extent of product innovation; the diffusion of product innovations; product innovation and firm performance; price measurement under product innovation; product innovation and welfare; and public policy and product innovation.
  microeconomics reference books: Intermediate Microeconomics with Calculus: A Modern Approach Varian, Hal R, 2014-04-10 The #1 text is still the most modern presentation of the subject and gives students tools to develop the problem-solving skills they need for the course, and beyond.
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Economics in Context Neva Goodwin, Jonathan M. Harris, Julie A. Nelson, Brian Roach, Mariano Torras, 2015-03-04 Principles of Economics in Context lays out the principles of micro- and macroeconomics in a manner that is thorough, up to date, and relevant to students, attuned to the economic realities of the world around them. It offers engaging treatment of important current topics such as new thinking in behavioral economics, financial instability and market bubbles, debt and deficits, and policy responses to the problems of unemployment, inequality, and environmental sustainability. This new, affordable edition combines the just-released new editions of Microeconomics in Context and Macroeconomics in Context to provide an integrated full-year text covering all aspects of both micro and macro analysis and application, with many up-to-date examples and extensive supporting web resources for instructors and students. Key features include: An eye-opening statistical portrait of the United States; Clear explanation of basic concepts and analytical tools, with advanced models presented in optional chapter appendices; Presentation of policy issues in historical, institutional, social, political, and ethical context--an approach that fosters critical evaluation of the standard microeconomic models, such as welfare analysis, labor markets, and market competition; Issues of human well-being, both domestic and global, are given central importance, enriching the topics and analytical tools to which students are introduced; The theme of sustainability--financial, social, and ecological--is thoroughly integrated in the book, with chapters on alternatives to standard GDP measurement, the environment, common property, public goods, and growth and sustainability in the twenty-first century; Full complement of instructor and student support materials online, including test banks and grading through Canvas.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Glenn Hubbard, Anthony O'Brien, 2018-01-08 The relevance of microeconomics shown through real-world business examples. One of the challenges of teaching principles of microeconomics is fostering interest in concepts that may not seem applicable to students' lives. Microeconomics makes this topic relevant by demonstrating how real businesses use microeconomics to make decisions every day. With ever-changing US and world economies, the 7th Edition has been updated with the latest developments using new real-world business and policy examples. Regardless of their future career path -- opening an art studio, trading on Wall Street, or bartending at the local pub, students will benefit from understanding the economic forces behind their work.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Sem-I- PBU Mr. TR Jain, Mr. RK Uppal & Mr. AS Sandhu,
  microeconomics reference books: Macroeconomics Paul Krugman, Robin Wells, 2015-04-07 When it comes drawing on enduring economic principles to explain current economic realities, there is no one readers trust more than Paul Krugman. With his bestselling introductory textbook (now in a new edition) the Nobel laureate and New York Times columnist is proving to be equally effective in the classroom, with more and more instructors in all types of schools using Krugman’s signature storytelling style to help them introduce the fundamental principles of economics to all kinds of students.
  microeconomics reference books: Introduction to Economic Analysis R. Preston McAfee, 2009-09-24 This book presents introductory economics material using standard mathematical tools, including calculus. It is designed for a relatively sophisticated undergraduate who has not taken a basic university course in economics. The book can easily serve as an intermediate microeconomics text. The focus of this book is on the conceptual tools. Contents: 1) What is Economics? 2) Supply and Demand. 3) The US Economy. 4) Producer Theory. 5) Consumer Theory. 6) Market Imperfections. 7) Strategic Behavior.
  microeconomics reference books: Behavioural Macroeconomics Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 2019 Modern macroeconomics has been based on the paradigm of the rational individual capable of understanding the complexity of the world. This has created a very shallow theory of the business cycle in which nothing happens in the macroeconomy unless shocks occur from outside. Behavioural Macroeconomics: Theory and Policy uses a different paradigm. It assumes that individual agents experience cognitive limitations preventing them from having rational expectations. Instead these individuals use simple rules of behaviour. Behavioural Macroeconomics introduces rationality by allowing individuals to learn from their mistakes and to switch to the rules that perform better. It introduces the idea of endogenously generated animals spirits that drive the business cycle and are in turn influenced by it, and applies this model to shed new light on a number of important issues. It analyses the role of fiscal policy in stabilizing the economy while maintaining debt sustainability; expands the model to include a banking sector and show how banks amplify the booms and busts; and explains how animal spirits help to synchronize the business cycles across countries. The model set out in Behavioural Macroeconomics leads to very different policy implications from the mainstream macroeconomic model. It shows how policymakers have a responsibility to stabilize an otherwise unstable system.
  microeconomics reference books: Intermediate Microeconomics Varian, 2012-05-01
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics of Market Failures Bernard Salanie, 2000-10-10 Bernard Salanié studies situations where competitive markets fail to achieve a collective optimum and the interventions used to remedy these so-called market failures. In this book Bernard Salanié studies situations where competitive markets fail to achieve a collective optimum and the interventions used to remedy these so-called market failures. He includes discussions of theories of collective decision making, as well as elementary models of public economics and industrial organization. Although public economics is traditionally defined as the positive and normative study of government action over the economy, Salanié confines himself to microeconomic aspects of welfare economics; he considers taxation and the effects of public spending only as potential remedies for market failures. He concludes with a discussion of the theory of general equilibrium in incomplete markets.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics and Behavior Robert H. Frank, 2010 Covers the essential topics of microeconomics while exploring the relationship between economics analysis and human behavior. This book helps students develop economic intuition.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics For Dummies Lynne Pepall, Peter Antonioni, Manzur Rashid, 2016-01-14 Your no-nonsense guide to microeconomics The study of microeconomics isn't for the faint of heart. Fortunately, Microeconomics For Dummies is here to help make this tough topic accessible to the masses. If you're a business or finance major looking to supplement your college-level microeconomics coursework—or a professional who wants to expand your general economics knowledge into the microeconomics area—this friendly and authoritative guide will take your comprehension of the subject from micro to macro in no time! Cutting through confusing jargon and complemented with tons of step-by-step instructions and explanations, it helps you discover how real individuals and businesses use microeconomics to analyze trends from the bottom up in order to make smart decisions. Snagging a job as an economist is fiercely competitive—and highly lucrative. Having microeconomics under your belt as you work toward completing your degree will put you head and shoulders above the competition and set you on the course for career advancement once you land a job. So what are you waiting for? Analyze small-scale market mechanisms Determine the elasticity of products within the market systems Decide upon an efficient way to allocate goods and services Score higher in your microeconomics class Everything you need to make microeconomics your minion is a page away!
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics for Managers David M. Kreps, 2004 Developed over a ten year period at the Stanford Business School, this textbook underscores the connections between microeconomics and business. Its full-length, integrated case studies reveal how economic models can yield answers to practical problems.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Justin Leroux, Nicolas Sahuguet, 2014
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Economics Timothy Taylor, Eric R. Dodge, Steven A. Greenlaw, Cynthia Gamez, Andres Jauregui, Diane Keenan, Dan MacDonald, Amyaz Moledina, Craig Richardson, David Shapiro, Ralph Sonenshine, 2014-03-15 Principles of Economics is designed for a two-semester principles of economics sequence.--Page 6.
  microeconomics reference books: Bridging Microeconomics and Macroeconomics and the Effects on Economic Development and Growth Kostis, Pantelis C., 2020-10-30 In recent decades, the mainstream microeconomic and macroeconomic analysis was proven to be insufficient for exploring the dynamic and complex interactions among humans, institutions, and nature in our real economy. On the one side, microeconomics is filled with black-box models that fail to study the actual contractual relations between firms and markets, while on the other side macroeconomics were proven useless because they mistook the beauty of theoretical models for truth. Thus, questions have arisen about using new theoretical and empirical structures that would better describe our economic systems. Bridging Microeconomics and Macroeconomics and the Effects on Economic Development and Growth is an essential reference source that analyzes the hypotheses that govern the relationships of aggregate structures (macroeconomic analysis) that may be compatible with the assumptions that govern the behavior of individuals, households, and firms (micro analysis), and vice versa, in trying to achieve sustainable economic development and growth. Moreover, modern evolutionary growth thinking is used in trying to bridge the inconsistencies between microeconomics and macroeconomics and confront their failures in order to better describe the economic reality. While highlighting a broad range of topics including globalization, economic systems, and the role of institutions, this book is aimed toward economic analysts, financial advisors, policymakers, researchers, academicians, and students.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomic Principles Frank Alan Cowell, 1986
  microeconomics reference books: Advanced Lectures in Quantitative Economics Frederick van Der Ploeg, 2014-05-01 Advanced Lectures in Quantitative Economics summarizes some of the efforts of a second-phase program for first-rate candidates with a Master's degree in economics who wish to continue with a doctoral degree in quantitative economics. This book is organized into three main topics—macroeconomics, microeconomics, and econometrics. This text specifically discusses the Neo-Keynesian macroeconomics in an open economy, international coordination of monetary policies under alternative exchange-rate regimes, and prospects for global trade imbalances. The post-war developments in labor economics, introduction to overlapping generation models, and measurement of expectations and direct tests of the REH are also elaborated. This monograph likewise covers the dynamic econometric modeling of decisions under uncertainty and fundamental bordered matrix of linear estimation. This publication is a good reference for students and specialists interested in quantitative economics.
  microeconomics reference books: Lectures in Macroeconomics Kazimierz Laski, 2019 Lectures in Macroeconomics: A Capitalist Economy Without Unemployment provides a systematic account of the principle of aggregate demand based on the work of Polish economist Micha? Kalecki, best known as one of the originators of the Keynesian Revolution in macroeconomics.The lectures demonstrate the importance of aggregate demand in determining total output and employment in the capitalist economy. They show how the investment decisions of firms affect economic growth, arguing that due to the unstable nature of investment it is important that the government has a central role in stabilizing the economy. This English translation of Kazimierz /Laski's final work brings up to date fundamental concepts to give a picture of the twenty-first capitalist economy, and the obstacles that must be overcome in bringing it to full employment. It introduces the role of money and finance in the contemporary capitalist economy, as well as the central role of the labour market and wages. The analysis is illustrated with statistics and discussion around the evolution of capitalist economies and the rise of economic inequality since the Second World War, culminating in the 2008 crisis and the economic deflation affecting Europe since that crisis. Lectures in Macroeconomics remarks critically upon the neo-classical approach to economics that has brought about slow economic growth, unemployment, and inequality.
  microeconomics reference books: Advanced Microeconomic Theory Geoffrey Alexander Jehle, Philip J. Reny, 2001 This advanced economics text bridges the gap between familiarity with microeconomic theory and a solid grasp of the principles and methods of modern neoclassical microeconomic theory.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics Austan Goolsbee, Steven Levitt, Chad Syverson, 2015-12-03 Like no other text for the intermediate microeconomics course, Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson’s Microeconomics bridges the gap between today’s theory and practice, with a strong empirical dimension that lets students tests theory and successfully apply it. With carefully crafted features and vivid examples, Goolsbee, Levitt, and Syverson’s text helps answer two critical questions students ask, Do people and firms really act as theory suggests? and How can someone use microeconomics in a practical way? The authors teach in economics departments and business schools and are active empirical microeconomics researchers. Their grounding in different areas of empirical research allows them to present the evidence developed in the last 20 years that has tested and refined fundamental theories. Their teaching and professional experiences are reflected in an outstanding presentation of theories and applications.
  microeconomics reference books: The Applied Theory of Price Deirdre N. McCloskey, 1985
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics B. Curtis Eaton, Douglas W. Allen, Diane F. Eaton, 2011-02-28 Economics provides people with a way to understand everyday human behaviour . Microeconomics: Theory with Applications teaches students how to look at the world in a different way. Using a variety of applications and lively and interesting examples, this new edition brings the theory to life. A Real-world emphasis is demonstrated throughout the text to reinforce the understanding of economic theory and at the same time to show how theory can be used to explore specific economic models to address specific questions.
  microeconomics reference books: The Economy The Core Team, 2022-07 A complete introduction to economics and the economy taught in undergraduate economics and masters courses in public policy. CORE's approach to teaching economics is student-centred and motivated by real-world problems and real-world data. The only introductory economics text to equip students to address today's pressing problems by mastering the conceptual and quantitative tools of contemporary economics. THE ECONOMY: is a new approach that integrates recent developments in economics including contract theory, strategic interaction, behavioural economics, and financial instability; challenges students to address inequality, climate change, economic instability, wealth creation and innovation, and other problems; provides a unified treatment of micro- and macroeconomics; motivates all models and concepts by evidence and real-world applications.
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Economics Libby Rittenberg, Timothy Tregarthen, 2011-07
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics for Business Satya P Das, 2007-11-02 This book breaks away from the standard microeconomics text for management students in numerous ways. Some of its relevant and useful features are as below: For the benefit of students, definition, taxonomy, and trivial memorization have been consciously de-emphasized Graphical and logical derivations are supplemented by economic intuition in simple-to-understand English, though the rigor of algebraic treatment is retained Strong emphasis on concepts, their explanations, and understanding Numerous hypothetical real-life examples, largely pertaining to India Two completely new chapters, missing from other textbooks in India, viz., Demand for Assets and Game Theory and Economic Applications To test the understanding of the material, each chapter ends with a lot of questions emphasizing on the applications of the concepts and definitions
  microeconomics reference books: Study Guide for Modern Principles of Macroeconomics Tyler Cowen, Alexander Tabarrok, 2012-02-16 This thoroughly updated new edition of this title draws on a wealth of captivating applications to show readers how economics shed light on business, politics, world affairs, and everyday life.
  microeconomics reference books: How to Do Microeconomics Hannah Holmes, 2016-04 How To Do Microeconomics has been designed and refined with a single purpose in mind: to create those moments of understanding that transform the difficult into the clear and obvious. KEY TOPICS: Introduction; Production Possibilities and Gains from Trade; Demand, Supply, Equilibrium; Elasticity; Welfare, Externalities & Public Goods; Government Policies; Production and Costs; Perfect Competition; Monopoly; Monopolistic Competition; Oligopoly; Markets for Resources; Consumer Theory MARKET: Appropriate for courses in Principles of Microeconomics.
  microeconomics reference books: Essential Microeconomics John G. Riley, 2012 Essential Microeconomics is designed to help students deepen their understanding of the core theory of microeconomics--
  microeconomics reference books: Introductory Microeconomics and Macroeconomics T. R. Jain, 2013
  microeconomics reference books: Principles of Microeconomics Emma Hutchinson, Steven A. Greenlaw, Timothy Taylor, Ben Lukenchuk, David Shapiro, Maxwell Nicholson, This book is an adaptation of Principles of Microeconomics originally published by OpenStax. This adapted version has been reorganized into eight topics and expanded to include over 200 multiple choice questions, examples, eight case studies including questions and solutions, and over 200 editable figures--BC Campus website.
  microeconomics reference books: Microeconomics David Besanko, Ronald Braeutigam, 2010-10-25 Business professionals that struggle to understand key concepts in economics and how they are applied in the field rely on Microeconomics. The fourth edition makes the material accessible while helping them build their problem-solving skills. It includes numerous new practice problems and exercises that arm them with a deeper understanding. Learning by Doing exercises explore the theories while boosting overall math skills. Graphs are included throughout the mathematical discussions to reinforce the material. In addition, the balanced approach of rigorous economics gives business professionals a more practical resource.
Microeconomics Definition, Uses, and Concepts - Investopedia
Apr 17, 2025 · Microeconomics is a field of study that focuses on what incentivizes the decisions that people and companies make and how resources are used and distributed. …

Microeconomics - Wikipedia
Microeconomics shows conditions under which free markets lead to desirable allocations. It also analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient …

Microeconomics | Supply & Demand, Market Structures & Pric…
May 8, 2025 · microeconomics, branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual consumers and firms.

Principles of Microeconomics | Economics | MIT OpenCourseWare
14.01 Principles of Microeconomics is an introductory undergraduate course that teaches the fundamentals of microeconomics. This course introduces microeconomic …

Microeconomics - Overview, Assumptions, Theories
Microeconomics is the study of how individuals and companies make choices regarding the allocation and utilization of resources. It also studies how individuals …

Microeconomics Definition, Uses, and Concepts - Investopedia
Apr 17, 2025 · Microeconomics is a field of study that focuses on what incentivizes the decisions that people and companies make and how resources are used and distributed. It provides a …

Microeconomics - Wikipedia
Microeconomics shows conditions under which free markets lead to desirable allocations. It also analyzes market failure, where markets fail to produce efficient results.

Microeconomics | Supply & Demand, Market Structures & Price …
May 8, 2025 · microeconomics, branch of economics that studies the behaviour of individual consumers and firms.

Principles of Microeconomics | Economics | MIT OpenCourseWare
14.01 Principles of Microeconomics is an introductory undergraduate course that teaches the fundamentals of microeconomics. This course introduces microeconomic concepts and …

Microeconomics - Overview, Assumptions, Theories
Microeconomics is the study of how individuals and companies make choices regarding the allocation and utilization of resources. It also studies how individuals and businesses …

Microeconomics - Definition, Examples, Top 7 Principles
Microeconomics is an economic stream that correlates the behaviors of people, companies, and households with the changes in demand and supply. Additionally, it also studies production …

Introduction to Microeconomics - GeeksforGeeks
Apr 21, 2025 · The four major components of microeconomics are consumer behavior, market supply and demand, individual preferences driving producers, and market-specific labor …

Introduction to microeconomics - ACCA Global
What is microeconomics? Microeconomics is the branch of economics that considers the behaviour of decision takers within the economy, such as individuals, households and firms. …

Microeconomics | Economics | Khan Academy
Microeconomics is all about how individual actors make decisions. Learn how supply and demand determine prices, how companies think about competition, and more! We hit the traditional …

Microeconomics vs. Macroeconomics: What's the Difference?
Oct 14, 2024 · Microeconomics is the study of decisions made by individuals and businesses. Macroeconomics looks higher up at national and government economic decisions.