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| liturgy committee handbook: The Liturgy Committee Handbook Thomas Baker, Frank Ferrone, 1998 Filled with practical advice based on years of parish experience, this Handbook will help Liturgy Committees discover how to define their mission, how to organize its work, how to recruit leaders, and how to deal with challenges. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Guide for Liturgy Committees Paul Turner, Michael Prendergast, 2009 |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Liturgy Committee Handbook Stephen Dean, St Thomas More Centre for Pastoral Liturgy, 1983 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Liturgy Committee Handbook Virginia Sloyan, 1971 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Liturgy Committee Handbook , 1971 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Liturgy committee handbook , 1980 |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Liturgical Environment Mark G. Boyer, 2004 A practical reference to liturgical law, The Liturgical Environment calls to mind the norm of active participation as the guiding principle for al liturgical celebration. Each chapter considers Built of Living Stones and other ecclesial documents that pertain to the particular object under discussion, the theology found in the documents, the praxis that flows from the theology, and questions for reflection and discussion. As in the first edition, the concern remains the theology of environment and the praxis, of practice, flowing from it, which should exemplify the principle of active participation. Using the newest documents available, this second edition explores the guidelines for liturgical environment and how they foster the active participation of the people in liturgy. This book will serve as a handy reference for sacristans, designers, decorators, renovators, al liturgical ministers, and can easily be employed in study and discussion groups. Chapters are The Gathering Space of the Community, *The Altar Is Christ, - *The Tale of God's Word, - *The Chair for the Priest Celebrant, Seating for Other Ministers, and Seating for the Assembly, - *The Tomb and Womb of the Church, - *Eucharistic Reservation and the Tabernacle, - *Christ the Light, - *Clothing the Assembly, - *The Holy Oils and Their Repository, - *The Chapel of Reconciliation, - *Shrines for Popular Devotion and Stations of the Cross, - and *Other Things Associated with the Church: Cups and Plates, Doors, Bells, Sacristies, the Organ. - Fr. Mark G. Boyer, a priest of the Diocese of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, Missouri, is an instructor in New Testament in the religious studies department of Southwest Missouri State University. He has also served as an associate pastor, high school, and adult religious education teacher. He recently completed the three-year cycle of Advent and Christmas reflections titled Waiting in Joyful Hope, published by Liturgical Press. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Parish Liturgy Committee Catholic Church. Diocese of Lansing (Mich.). Liturgical Commission, 1977 |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Book of Alternative Services of the Anglican Church of Canada Anglican Church of Canada, Anglican Church of Canada. Doctrine and Worship Committee, Anglican Church of Canada. General Synod, 1985 The pew edition of the prayer book of the Anglican Church of Canada. Includes: the Divine Office; Baptism and Reconciliation; the Holy Eucharist; the Proper of the Church Year; Pastoral Offices; Episcopal Offices; Parish Thanksgiving and Prayers; the Psalter; and Music. (ABC). |
| liturgy committee handbook: Liturgy Committee Basics Thomas Baker, Frank Ferrone, 1985 A handbook for how to organize a parish liturgy committee. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Mass 101 Emily Strand, 2013 In Mass 101: Liturgy and Life, Emily Strand takes Catholics through the basics |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Book of Church Order Presbyterian Church in the U.S. General Assembly, Presbyterian Church in the U.S., 1965 |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Good Worship Guide Robert Atwell, 2013-06-19 Sunday worship, baptisms, weddings and funerals are the shop window of the church and there is nothing more important for mission than getting them right. How do we help congregations and occasional visitors encounter God through them? This practical guide draws upon the treasury of the church’s tradition and experience to establish good practice |
| liturgy committee handbook: A Guide to the Practice of Church Music Marion J. Hatchett, 2000-01-01 An essential guide for anyone who plans, performs, or takes part in the music and worship of the church. Includes helpful planning forms and extensive indices for The Hymnal 1982 not found elsewhere. |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Catholic Faith Handbook for Youth Brian Singer-Towns, 2008 This reference is an understandable and down-to-earth guide to all things Catholic. The resource is appropriate for brushing up on specific Catholic terms and concepts or learning them for the first time. (Catholic) |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Liturgy Documents Liturgy Training Publications, 2004 This volume assembles in one place many of the documents needed by pastoral ministers and students of the liturgy. Each document is preceded by an outline of the text; also included is a cumulative index of material found in this volume and in The Liturgy Documents: A Parish Resource, Volume 2. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Guide for Liturgy Committees Corinna Laughlin, Michael Prendergast, Joanne Sanders, Paul Turner, 2021 This second edition has been updated with enhanced content and features. As part of the Liturgical Ministry Series®, this book is grounded in Church doctrine, liturgical practice, and follows a format that provides the newly formed and experienced ministers alike with basic skills and theological insights in order to perform their ministry well and in a Christlike manner. Guide for Liturgy Committees provides: Scripture reflections on the ministry Theological and historical commentary on the liturgy and the ministry Practical skills-building and advice for serving in this role Ways to deepen your spirituality and call to discipleship Answers to frequently asked questions Recommended resources A glossary Questions for discussion and reflection-- |
| liturgy committee handbook: Come Into the Light Daniel McCarthy, James Leachman, 2016-07-20 Come Into the Light is an illustrated handbook for understanding the architecture of a church and the arrangement of its interior for the celebration of the liturgy. It offers great practical wisdom to all Christian communities as they reflect on their liturgy and on the buildings in which God is made present daily in ritual and symbol. This book aims to build an understanding of the constituent features of church buildings, the role they have in worship and the spirit with which they are imbued, so that all who enter today’s sacred spaces may find the authentic presence of the living God. Those who read, preach, preside or in any way take part in worship will find great practical inspiration here. This volume includes articles that have appeared over the last five years in the regular Parish Practice feature in 'The Tablet' magazine. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Crafting of Liturgy Daniel B. Stevick, 1990 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Sing to the Lord USCCB Publishing, 2008 Sing to the Lord: Music in Divine Worship provides basic guidelines for understanding the role and ministry of music in the liturgy. An excellent resource for priests, deacons, and music ministers! |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy Peter C. Phan, 2005 2006 Catholic Press Association Award Winner After suffering an eclipse during the post-Vatican II liturgical reform, popular piety has regained its vital role in the spiritual life of Catholics. In response to its re-emergence, the Congregation for divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments issued the Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy on December 17, 2001. The Directory was written for bishops and their collaborators as a pastoral guide addressing the relationship between liturgy and popular piety. Directory on Popular Piety and the Liturgy: Principles and Guidelines, A Commentary by Peter C. Phan provides a chapter-by-chapter commentary on the Directory, summarizing its contents, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, and offering suggestions on how devotional practices can be implemented in the United States. For liturgists, religious educators and students, pastoral leaders, and other interested Christians, this volume is helpful toward promoting a vigorous and authentic devotional life in the community, while respecting the preeminence of liturgical worship. The Commentary begins with a preface by Peter C. Phan and an introduction by James Empereur, entitled Popular Piety and the Liturgy: Principles and Guidelines. Chapters in Part One: Emerging Trends: History, Magisterium, Theology are *Liturgy and Popular Piety in a Historical Perspective, - by Mark R. Francis; *Liturgy and Popular Piety in the Church's Magisterium, - by Peter Fink; and *Theological Principles for an Evaluation and Renewal of Popular Piety, - by Nathan Mitchell. Chapters in Part Two: Guidelines for the Harmonization of Popular Piety with the Liturgy are *The Liturgical Year and Popular Piety, - by Keith F. Pecklers; *Veneration of the Holy Mother of God, - by Joyce Ann Zimmerman; *Veneration of the Saints and Beati, - by Rail Gomez; *Suffrage for the Dead, - by Peter C. Phan; *Shrines and Pilgrimages, - by Ana Maria Pineda. Concludes with a bibliography that presents the most significant recent writings on popular piety and liturgy, by Robert Brancatelli. Peter C. Phan, PhD, is the Ignacio Ellacuria Professor of Catholic Social Thought at Georgetown University. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook of Spirituality for Ministers Vol. 2 Robert J. Wicks, 2000 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Funeral, Memorial and Thanksgiving Services Jan Brind, Tessa Wilkinson, 2008-01-01 Arising out of many year's experience of helping to lead local church worship and counselling work in a children's hospice, this is the first of three new volumes that focuses on the occasions when many non-churchgoers visit a church: for christenings, weddings, funerals, and memorials. These rites of passage present key opportunities for occasional visitors to encounter the Christian faith. If they are imaginatively handled a lifelong interest can be aroused. If they are insensitively done, people can be put of for life. This practical resource offers prayers, forms of words and many tried and tested ideas for creating rituals that give support at a time of great need following a death. It will enable the creation of rites (based on the authorized liturgical texts) that are beautiful, memorable and meaningful. Particular help is given for that most difficult of pastoral challenges, the death of a child and the care of the bereaved family. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Strong, Loving and Wise Robert W. Hovda, 1981-09 A manual of ideas and experiences emphasizing the fact that a good presider must be aware of what will happen at every planned moment of a liturgical celebration. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Directory for Sunday Celebrations in the Absence of a Priest Catholic Church. Congregatio pro Cultu Divino, United States Catholic Conference. Congregation for Divine Worship, 1988 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Liturgy Made Simple Mark Searle, 1981 The presumed mystery of liturgical functions is swept away as Searle gives basic, practical steps leading to an effective liturgy. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Common Worship Church of England, 2011 Offers liturgical material for the journey of each individual through life. For each key element of this journey (birth, marriage, healing, death), it provides both material for key 'public' events and resources for 'private' pastoral care. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Worshiping with United Methodists Hoyt Leon Hickman, 2007 Revised and updated, this popular book shows pastors and worship leaders the basics of United Methodist worship. In this straightforward and updated commentary, Hoyt Hickman explains the basic pattern of United Methodist worship within the broader context of Christian worship. Drawing upon five basic principles, the author explains the formative nature of worship and how it can revitalize persons' lives. These principles are: God's Word is primary; active congregational participation is crucial; spontaneity and order are both important; worship should be relevant and inclusive; and worship is communion. This revision will highlight the African-American contribution to UM worship, discuss at greater length what the various worship styles mean for us today, say more about the formative nature of worship, and include updated resources including the Abingdon Worship Annual, the Abingdon Preaching Annual, and WorshipConnection. Explains basic resources for planning and leading worship. Gives the basic pattern of UM worship and its origins. Gives practical suggestions how to renew and revitalize worship. Helps pastors be effective leaders in planning and revitalizing worship. Helps pastors understand and communicate the uniqueness of UM worship. Helps pastors lead their congregation into a deeper and richer experience of God through worship. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook for the Common Lectionary Peter C. Bower, 1987-01-01 Convenient and user-friendly, this one-volume guide provides resources for the entire three-year lectionary cycle, including midweek festival days. Brief comments on each of the three daily biblical texts identify themes for the day, musical settings for the appointed psalm are offered, organ music appropriate for the day is suggested, anthems for the day are graded according to difficulty, and hymns of the day are keyed to several hymnals. Pastors, music leaders, and worship committees will find much practical assistance for worship planning in the Handbook for the Common Lectionary. |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Pastor's Handbook KJV Moody Publishers, 2006-06-01 The Pastor's Handbook (KJV) is intended to meet the continuing need of the Christian minister for guidance and forms as he does the work of the ministry. It seeks to offer options to suit the tastes of the pastor and congregation within the parameters of quality, beauty and dignity. To this end, numerous changes, both large and small, have been made—more selected Scriptures, new alternatives for special occasions, some significant additions and changes. At the same time, every effort has been made to keep the book concise and compact to maximize its usefulness. The formulas should be sufficient for the ordinary needs of the minister. They may be modified or supplemented by materials from the pastor's private collection or his own preparation. Some who stress liberty in prayer and preaching dislike set forms, preferring spontaneity and a free style as they worship. If the spiritual vitality of a church is maintained there need be no fear that these forms will become lifeless rituals. The use of forms should never become merely formal. And if the use of forms adds beauty and dignity to the atmosphere of sacredness, who can object? May the blessing of God attend all who glean from this manual, enabling it them to know what to say and how to say it. This is made also for allowing them to know what to do and how to do it especially as the occasion requires. Gratitude is expressed to many pastors and contributors for this volume. Includes the: worship service, baptism, communion, funerals, anointing services, healing services, membership, installation, baby and child dedication, consecration services, ceremonies for buildings and visitation. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook for Liturgical Studies Anscar J. Chupungco, 1997 Volume III: The Eucharist contributes to the reflection on the meaning and purpose of the eucharistic celebration. It also offers to teachers and students of liturgy a handbook for studying this subject according to a system based on historical development, theology and doctrine, liturgical texts and traditions in both East and West, and pastoral considerations. Articles and their contributors are A Eucharistic Lexicon, by Marcel Metzger; The Eucharist in the First Four Centuries, by Enrico Mazza; The Various Orders of Celebration, by Stefano Parenti; The Oriental Anaphorae, by Enzo Lodi; The History of the Roman Eucharistic Liturgy in Rome, by Marcel Metzger; The Sacramentary of Paul VI, by Michael Witczak; The Roman Lectionary for Mass, by Adrien Nocent, OSB; The Homily, by Domenico Sartore, CSJ; Musical Elements in the Ordo Missae of Paul VI, by Jan Michael Joncas; The Eucharistic Celebration in theNon-Roman West, by Gabriel Ramis; Worship of the Eucharist Outside Mass, by Nathan Mitchell; The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, by Nicola Bux; The Viaticum, by Philippe Rouillard, OSB; Questions about Specific Points, by Adrien Nocent, OSB; Theology of Eucharistic Celebration, by David N. Power, OMI Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB, is the director of the Paul VI Institute of Liturgy in the Philippines and professor of liturgical inculturation at the Pontifical Liturgical Institute in Rome. He is the author of Liturgies of the Future: The Process and Methods of Inculturation, and Liturgical Inculturation: Sacraments, Religiosity, and Catechesis, published by The Liturgical Press. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Buildings for Mission Walter Nigel, 2015-09-29 A money-saving handbook for all who care for and maintain church buildings, this practical and comprehensive guide provides expert advice from a leading church architect and an experienced heritage buildings specialist. They also show how church buildings can be tools for contemporary mission, packed with potential for community engagement. |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Ministry of Liturgical Environment Joyce Ann Zimmerman, 2016-01-19 Joyce Ann Zimmerman’s The Ministry of Liturgical Environment has served as a reliable and inspiring resource for parish liturgy committees, liturgy directors, and clergy for more than a decade. It is an insightful and practical guide to preparing an inviting sacred space that reflects and enhances the community’s valued principles. Contemporary and complete, it considers the physical location of our worship, from assembly seating, color usage, and liturgical accouterments to ministers' and assembly’s dress. This fully revised edition includes new content, a new structure, and updates based on ecclesial documents published since the publication of the previous edition. Anyone involved in liturgical ministry will want to keep it close at hand. |
| liturgy committee handbook: The Deacon Reader James Keating, 2006 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook for Parish Pastoral Councils Cecilia Anning, 2007 |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook for Cantors Diana Kodner, 1997 An updated approach to the roles, skills and spirituality of the cantor. Also addresses gestures, eye contact and the liturgy. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Holy Women, Holy Men Church Publishing,, 2010 Fully revised and expanded, this new work is the first major revision of the liturgical calendar of the Episcopal Church in more than 40 years! It is the official revision of Lesser Feasts and Fasts and authorized by the 2009 General Convention. All commemorations in Lesser Feasts and Fasts have been retained, and many new ones added. Three scripture readings (instead of current two) are provided for all minor holy days. Additional new material includes a votive mass of the Blessed Virgin Mary, many more ecumenical commemorations, plus a proper for space exploration. For years the oft revised volume, Lesser Feasts and Fasts (LFF), has served parishes and individuals mark part of the holiness of each day by providing Scripture readings, a collect, a Eucharistic preface, and a narrative about those remembered on the church's calendar that day whose lives have witnessed to the grace of God. Holy Women, Holy Men (HWHM) is a major effort to revise, but also to expand and enrich LFF. Where LFF provided two readings (gospel and other New Testament) plus a psalm, HWHM adds an Old Testament citation. Where LFF was limited to few non-Anglicans in the post-reformation period (and few non-Episcopalians after 1789), HWHM dramatically broadens appreciation for other Christians and their traditions. Over-emphasis on clergy is redressed by additional laity, males by females, and in-church activities by contributions well beyond the workings of institutional agendas. These almost daily commemorations occupy over 600 of the book's 785 pages, by far the lion's share of its content. Remaining sections address: principles of revision and guides for future revision; liturgical propers for seasons (Advent/Christmas, Lent, and Easter); and new propers for a miscellany of propers usable with individuals (or events) not officially listed in the formal calendar. Two cycles of propers for daily Eucharist are also included, one covering a six week period, the other a two year cycle. |
| liturgy committee handbook: General Instruction of the Roman Missal Catholic Church, Robert Schram, 2013-12 Step by step instruction of the Novus Ordo Mass. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Standing Together in the Community of God Paul Janowiak, 2011 We are here on earth not to guard a museum but to cultivate a garden flourishing with life and promised to a glorious future, John XXIII exhorted the Church at the dawn of the Second Vatican Council. In an age when some skeptics suggest that the reformed liturgy has lost the wonder and spiritual depth of previous ages, Standing Together in the Community of God affirms that we need not look back; the Sacred Mysteries are already in our midst. Their wellspring and summit is the heart of God, shared in the Trinity's own communion, announced now as pure Gift. Praising God for God's saving acts in Jesus, as Vatican II reminded us, we encounter Christ's sacramental presence in four modes: in the person of the priest who gathers the community into communion, in the elements and actions of the sacraments, in the word proclaimed and preached, and in the assembly praying and singing (SC #7). In rhythm and harmony, these modes invite us to encounter the multivalent depth of the Mysteries that announce Christ in you, the hope of glory (Col 1:27). Together they proclaim the Risen One among us, the totus Christus, hope for a hungry world. Allowing each mode its respect as a bearer of the sacred, these focal words and actions in the liturgy echo a communion song that announces Christ's real presence to us and for us and with us. Beginning deep within, this is a spirituality and piety for the twenty-first century, ever ancient and ever new. |
| liturgy committee handbook: Handbook for Liturgical Studies, Volume III Anscar J. Chupungco, 2016-03-24 Volume III: The Eucharist contributes to the reflection on the meaning and purpose of the eucharistic celebration. It also offers to teachers and students of liturgy a handbook for studying this subject according to a system based on historical development, theology and doctrine, liturgical texts and traditions in both East and West, and pastoral considerations. Articles and their contributors are A Eucharistic Lexicon, by Marcel Metzger; The Eucharist in the First Four Centuries, by Enrico Mazza; The Various Orders of Celebration, by Stefano Parenti; The Oriental Anaphorae, by Enzo Lodi; The History of the Roman Eucharistic Liturgy in Rome, by Marcel Metzger; The Sacramentary of Paul VI, by Michael Witczak; The Roman Lectionary for Mass, by Adrien Nocent, OSB; The Homily, by Domenico Sartore, CSJ; Musical Elements in the Ordo Missae of Paul VI, by Jan Michael Joncas; The Eucharistic Celebration in theNon-Roman West, by Gabriel Ramis; Worship of the Eucharist Outside Mass, by Nathan Mitchell; The Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, by Nicola Bux; The Viaticum, by Philippe Rouillard, OSB; Questions about Specific Points, by Adrien Nocent, OSB; Theology of Eucharistic Celebration, by David N. Power, OMI Anscar J. Chupungco, OSB, is the director of the Paul VI Institute of Liturgy in the Philippines and professor of liturgical inculturation at the Pontifical Liturgical Institute in Rome. He is the author of Liturgies of the Future: The Process and Methods of Inculturation, and Liturgical Inculturation: Sacraments, Religiosity, and Catechesis, published by The Liturgical Press. |
Liturgy - Wikipedia
Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. [1] As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred …
What Is a Liturgy? The Meaning of Liturgical Worship
May 19, 2022 · What is a liturgy and how does it relate to the Bible? Does the Bible reference liturgical worship in the Old or New Testaments? Here we will examine the meaning and …
What Is Liturgy and Why Is it Important in the Church? - Crosswalk
Aug 28, 2020 · When you hear the word "liturgy" you may think of a strict church service that offers no room for the Holy Spirit to move. But the word means so much more than tradition. It …
LITURGY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of LITURGY is a eucharistic rite. How to use liturgy in a sentence.
What Is a Liturgy? - Ligonier Ministries
Feb 8, 2023 · A liturgy in the Reformed tradition enables corporate participation through singing, prayers, and creedal confessions. The Scriptures are read in a language that is …
Why the Liturgy? What Does Liturgy Mean? - EWTN
Jan 11, 2012 · True liturgy implies that God responds and shows us how we can adore Him. 'The Church can celebrate and adore the mystery of Christ present in the Eucharist precisely …
Liturgy | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
Liturgy (leitourgia) is a Greek composite word meaning originally a public duty, a service to the state undertaken by a citizen. Its elements are leitos (from leos = laos, people) meaning …
Liturgy Definition in the Christian Church - Learn Religions
Liturgy in the Christian church is a rite or system of rituals prescribed for public worship in any Christian denomination or church—a customary repertoire or repetition of ideas, phrases, or …
Christianity - Liturgy, Sacraments, Worship | Britannica
Jun 4, 2025 · Christianity - Liturgy, Sacraments, Worship: The central focus of the liturgy of the early church was the Eucharist, which was interpreted as a fellowship meal with the …
Liturgy - USCCB
USCCB Liturgy, including frequently asked questions about the scriptures used during Mass.
Liturgy - Wikipedia
Liturgy is the customary public ritual of worship performed by a religious group. [1] As a religious phenomenon, liturgy represents a communal response to and participation in the sacred …
What Is a Liturgy? The Meaning of Liturgical Worship
May 19, 2022 · What is a liturgy and how does it relate to the Bible? Does the Bible reference liturgical worship in the Old or New Testaments? Here we will examine the meaning and …
What Is Liturgy and Why Is it Important in the Church?
Aug 28, 2020 · When you hear the word "liturgy" you may think of a strict church service that offers no room for the Holy Spirit to move. But the word means so much more than tradition. It …
LITURGY Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of LITURGY is a eucharistic rite. How to use liturgy in a sentence.
What Is a Liturgy? - Ligonier Ministries
Feb 8, 2023 · A liturgy in the Reformed tradition enables corporate participation through singing, prayers, and creedal confessions. The Scriptures are read in a language that is …
Why the Liturgy? What Does Liturgy Mean? - EWTN
Jan 11, 2012 · True liturgy implies that God responds and shows us how we can adore Him. 'The Church can celebrate and adore the mystery of Christ present in the Eucharist precisely …
Liturgy | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia
Liturgy (leitourgia) is a Greek composite word meaning originally a public duty, a service to the state undertaken by a citizen. Its elements are leitos (from leos = laos, people) meaning …
Liturgy Definition in the Christian Church - Learn Religions
Liturgy in the Christian church is a rite or system of rituals prescribed for public worship in any Christian denomination or church—a customary repertoire or repetition of ideas, phrases, or …
Christianity - Liturgy, Sacraments, Worship | Britannica
Jun 4, 2025 · Christianity - Liturgy, Sacraments, Worship: The central focus of the liturgy of the early church was the Eucharist, which was interpreted as a fellowship meal with the …
Liturgy - USCCB
USCCB Liturgy, including frequently asked questions about the scriptures used during Mass.
