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| marginal efficiency of capital: The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money John Maynard Keynes, 2018-07-20 This book was originally published by Macmillan in 1936. It was voted the top Academic Book that Shaped Modern Britain by Academic Book Week (UK) in 2017, and in 2011 was placed on Time Magazine's top 100 non-fiction books written in English since 1923. Reissued with a fresh Introduction by the Nobel-prize winner Paul Krugman and a new Afterword by Keynes’ biographer Robert Skidelsky, this important work is made available to a new generation. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money transformed economics and changed the face of modern macroeconomics. Keynes’ argument is based on the idea that the level of employment is not determined by the price of labour, but by the spending of money. It gave way to an entirely new approach where employment, inflation and the market economy are concerned. Highly provocative at its time of publication, this book and Keynes’ theories continue to remain the subject of much support and praise, criticism and debate. Economists at any stage in their career will enjoy revisiting this treatise and observing the relevance of Keynes’ work in today’s contemporary climate. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macro Economic Analysis , 1981 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: M.E. Cap (marginal Efficiency of Capital). , 1960 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money John Maynard Keynes, 1989 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Capital Theory and the Distribution of Income C. J. Bliss, 1975 The problem of capital, Production without capital; Equilibrium, prices and time; Semi-stationary growth; Marginal products and capital; The Cambridge model; ... |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macroeconomics, 20e Ahuja H.L., 2022-03 This textbook acquaints the students with the latest trends and tendencies in macroeconomics analysis and policy. It keeps in view the macroeconomic |
| marginal efficiency of capital: What Keynes Means Anatol Murad, 1962 The principal ideas and theories of John Maynard Keynes are discusses as the significance of his contribution to economics and pointing out inconsistencies and contradictions in his theories. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Money, Interest and Capital Colin Rogers, 1989-05-11 The novel feature of this study is the application of Keynes' principle of effective demand to demonstrate the existence of a long-run unemployment equilibrium without the assumption of rigid wages. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Principles of Macroeconomics: Ahuja H.L., this textbook thoroughly explains the principles of macroeconomics. It provides insights into the important macroeconomic issues, such as determination of output, employment, interest rates and inflation. This textbook discusses Classical and Keynesian theories of macroeconomics as well as aptly incorporates Post-Keynesian developments in various aspects of macroeconomics. Further it discusses, at appropriate places, the relevance and applicability of various macroeconomic theories for the developing countries. This textbook also explains and critically evaluates the post-Keynesian theories of consumption function namely, Kuznets consumption function, Modiglianis life cycle hypothesis and much more. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: First Principles of Economics Richard G. Lipsey, Colin Harbury, 1992 Introduction to economics for complete beginners |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Modern Economics An Analytical Study, 20th Edition Ahuja H.L., 2016 In its 20th edition, this trusted definitive text is a comprehensive treatise on modern economics. It discusses in detail microeconomics, macroeconomics, monetary theory and policy, international economics, public finance and fiscal policy and above all economics of growth and development. The book has been exhaustively revised to provide students an in-depth understanding of the fundamental concepts and is streamlined to focus on current topics and developments in the field. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Capital in the Twenty-First Century Thomas Piketty, 2017-08-14 A New York Times #1 Bestseller An Amazon #1 Bestseller A Wall Street Journal #1 Bestseller A USA Today Bestseller A Sunday Times Bestseller A Guardian Best Book of the 21st Century Winner of the Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award Winner of the British Academy Medal Finalist, National Book Critics Circle Award “It seems safe to say that Capital in the Twenty-First Century, the magnum opus of the French economist Thomas Piketty, will be the most important economics book of the year—and maybe of the decade.” —Paul Krugman, New York Times “The book aims to revolutionize the way people think about the economic history of the past two centuries. It may well manage the feat.” —The Economist “Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century is an intellectual tour de force, a triumph of economic history over the theoretical, mathematical modeling that has come to dominate the economics profession in recent years.” —Steven Pearlstein, Washington Post “Piketty has written an extraordinarily important book...In its scale and sweep it brings us back to the founders of political economy.” —Martin Wolf, Financial Times “A sweeping account of rising inequality...Piketty has written a book that nobody interested in a defining issue of our era can afford to ignore.” —John Cassidy, New Yorker “Stands a fair chance of becoming the most influential work of economics yet published in our young century. It is the most important study of inequality in over fifty years.” —Timothy Shenk, The Nation |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Managerial Economics: Concepts, Applications, and Strategies Ms. Poornima Teotia, Ms. Nidhi Khaiwal, 2025-04-04 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Managerial Economics (Analysis of Managerial Decision Making), 9th Edition Ahuja H.L., 2017 Widely acknowledged, this popular and detailed text is a comprehensive treatise on Managerial Economics - both micro and macro-economic aspects. This text ensures a thorough understanding of core concepts before advancing to provide an expanded treatment of topics. It explains the economic environment and the impact on managerial decisions regarding price & output determination in different market structures followed by an account of the behaviour of individuals under conditions of uncertainty. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Economics and The Public Welfare Benjamin McAlester Anderson, 2020-02-26 Reprint of the original, first published in 1949. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Monetary Theory - 16Th Edition M C Vaish, 2009-11-01 Monetary Theory Is A Comprehensive Textbook That Meets The Needs Of Students At The Honours And Post-Graduate Level. The Sixteenth Edition Has Been Thoroughly Revised And Updated. The Book Is Divided Into Five Parts Viz Money And Prices; Trade Cycle And S |
| marginal efficiency of capital: A Wider View of John Maynard Keynes Joseph R. Cammarosano, 2016-05-12 Most works on John Maynard Keynes deal with his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money and his theory of unemployment. Much less well-known are his publications on money, finance, and international trade. This book fills that void by providing an analysis of Keynes’ works from “Indian Currency and Finance” to “The Proposal for a Currency Union.” It seeks to show that his concerns extended beyond his magnum opus to include the monetary and financial concerns of Great Britain and the world at large. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: NCERT Economics Class 12 - For Various State Boards Exams - 1. Introductory Micro Economics 2. Introductory Macro Economic Dr. Harish Chandra Sharma, Dr. Mohan Singhal , 2022-07-14 NCERT ECONOMICS CLASS 12 - A BOOK CONTENTS: PART-A: INTRODUCTORY MICRO ECONOMICS: UNIT 1: 1. ECONOMICS: AN INTRODUCTION MICRO ECONOMICS AND CENTRAL PROBLEMS OF AN ECONOMY UNIT 2: 2. CONSUMER’S EQUILIBRIUM UTILITY ANALYSIS AND INDIFFERENCE CURVE ANALYSIS 3. DEMAND AND LAW OF DEMAND 4. ELASTICITY OF DEMAND UNIT 3: 5. PRODUCTION FUNCTION: RETURNS TO A FACTOR AND RETURNS TO SCALE 6. COSTS OF PRODUCTION 7. CONCEPTS OF REVENUE 8. PRODUCER’S EQUILIBRIUM: MEANING AND CONDITIONS 9. SUPPLY, LAW OF SUPPLY AND ELASTICITY OF SUPPLY UNIT 4 & 5: 10. DIFFERENT FORMS OF MARKET: MEANING AND FEATURES 11. PRICE DETERMINATION UNDER PERFECT COMPETITION EQUILIBRIUM PRICE PART B: INTRODUCTORY MACRO ECONOMICS: 1. MACRO ECONOMICS: MEANING 2. SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF MACRO ECONOMICS 3. CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME 4. CONCEPTS AND AGGREGATES RELATED TO NATIONAL INCOME 5. MEASUREMENT OF NATIONAL INCOME 6. MONEY: MEANING, EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION 7. COMMERCIAL BANKS AND CREDIT CREATION 8. CENTRAL BANK: MEANING AND FUNCTIONS 9. INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM: RECENT REFORMS AND ISSUES 10. AGGREGATE DEMAND AND AGGREGATE SUPPLY 11. DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM LEVEL OF INCOME, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT 12. INVESTMENT MULTIPLIER AND ITS WORKING 13. PROBLEMS OF DEFICIENT AND EXCESS DEMAND 14. MEASURES TO CORRECT DEFICIENT & EXCESS DEMAND 15. GOVERNMENT BUDGET AND THE ECONOMY 16. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE 17. BALANCE OF PAYMENTS |
| marginal efficiency of capital: CUET-PG Commerce Chapter Wise Question Bank Book 3000+ MCQ With Explanation As Per Updated Syllabus DIWAKAR EDUCATION HUB, 2023-08-28 CUET-PG Commerce [Code- COQP08] Question Bank Unit Wise 3000 MCQ As Per Updated Syllabus 1. CUET-PG Commerce Question Bank Include 3000+ Question Answer 2. In Each Unit Given 125 Most Expected Question Answer total 3000 MCQ 3. Include Hard Level Questions Asseration & Reason & Statement Type Questiosn 4. As per Updated Syllabus & Pattern 5. Design by Expert Faculty 6. Cover all 24 Chapters MCQ |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macro Economics - Reference Book Prof. Dr. Tanaji N. Salve, 2015-11-01 Macroeconomics by N. Gregory Mankiw is a widely used reference book providing a comprehensive understanding of macroeconomic principles, theories, and policies in a clear and accessible manner. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Understanding Keynes’ General Theory B. Sheehan, 2009-01-15 This book is a comprehensive guide for those seeking to fully understand Keynes' General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money , and especially those approaching the work for the first time. It also highlights Keynes' important policy insights. This book is an essential introduction to Keynes' most influential text. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macroeconomics K.R. Gupta, R.K. Mandal & Amita Gupta, 2008 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Money, Macroeconomics and Keynes Philip Arestis, Meghnad Desai, Sheila Dow, 2013-06-17 This volume, along with its companion volume, Methodology, Microeconomics and Keynes is published in honour of Victoria Chick, inspired by her own contributions to knowledge in all of these areas and their interconnections. It represents both consolidation and the breaking of new ground in Keynesian monetary theory and macroeconomics by leading figures in these fields. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Reinterpreting Mr. Keynes Warren Young, Edward W. Fuller, 2022-01-19 This book examines the origins of the IS-LM model, one of the most significant innovations in the history of economic thought. It shows that the complete IS-LM model, including the equations and diagram, was produced by a group of economists who contributed their respective mathematical models of Keynes’s General Theory, including Champernowne, Reddaway, Harrod, and Meade, not to mention Hicks. Furthermore, the book discusses the implications of newly discovered archival material, including a previously overlooked document showing that John Maynard Keynes himself was the first to present the IS-LM model equations in a lecture he gave on December 4, 1933. It focuses on the implications of this material in terms of understanding the evolution of Keynes’s approach from 1933 to 1937, later interpreters of his General Theory, and the ongoing debate between Keynesians and Post-Keynesians on the nature of his system. Given the revelations it presents, this book will transform the profession’s understanding of the origins of the IS-LM model and modern macroeconomics. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: The Economics of Keynes and Uncertainty in Theory Keun H. Lee, 2023-12-19 Modern academic and political establishments generally accept Keynesian economics as the primary theoretical work regarding The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money by John Maynard Keynes. However, the discipline of economics has been unable to fully understand Keynes’s ideas, even after almost a century of intense scrutiny since its publication in 1936. This book argues that this is due to the field’s failure to recognize the central theme of Keynes’s ideas, uncertainty. When people do not have all the relevant information on which to base their decisions, they can only act in ways which they believe are in their best interest, or fall back on conventions. Keynes’s work elucidates the conventions which people fall back on to cope with uncertainty in economic life. With this in mind, this book builds upon Keynes’s ideas on uncertainty and conventions, and offers an alternative view of Keynes’s work, which constitutes the foundation of modern economics. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macrodynamics Pierre-Yves Hénin, 2003 Building from the micro-foundations of economic behaviour to a full survey of macroeconomics, the book examines growth theory and equilibrium and disequilibrium approaches to provide a comprehensive survey of all the rival theoretical approaches that underlie central policy debates. A survey of pre-Keynesian theories of growth, fluctuations and the various short and long cycles and crises is followed by an exposition of Keynesian theory and its subsequent development and of the neo-classical revival. Topics covered include: * Non-clearing markets * Involuntary unemployment * Persistent inflation. As well as full coverage of the English-language literature, Macrodynamics covers important contributions from the new school of French macroeconomists, including Malinvaud, Benassy and Grandmont. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: MACROECONOMICS PARCHURE, SUNAYINI, 2021-01-01 This book titled Macroeconomics is an outcome of the author's teaching-learning experience spanning several years of teaching economics at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels and has evolved from the earlier works of the author on the theme of Macroeconomics. It has evolved from actual classroom teaching and therefore adopts a conversational and lucid style of communication. The book seeks to capture the interest of the students towards macroeconomic issues and make it relatable to the actual dynamic functioning of economies. Primarily intended for the undergraduate students of commerce and economics, it will also be useful for the students pursuing BBA course. It covers an array of topics ranging from national income and related aggregates, the demand and supply of money, the role of central banks, theories of output, income and employment determination with special focus on Keynes theory, post-Keynesian developments like monetarism, supply-side economics. It also covers issues like inflation, deflation, Phillips curve, trade cycles, public finance, budget, budgetary deficits and so on. It has chosen to restrict itself to a closed economy and hence, does not deal with issues of an open economy which requires a totally different treatment. KEY FEATURES 1. Evolved from actual classroom teaching 2. Analysis of major concepts, theories and issues in macroeconomics 3. Blends economic concepts, theories and real data wherever relevant 4. Relevant statistics and data in the Indian context 5. An exhaustive list of references including websites is provided for ready reference 6. Key takeaways, thought provoking questions and relevant exercises provided at the end of every chapter TARGET AUDIENCE • B.Com • BA (Economics) • BBA |
| marginal efficiency of capital: A Note on the Marginal Efficiency of Capital J. D. Pitchford, A. J. Haffer, 1958 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Business Economics [SBS Pune] HL Ahuja, Business Economics [SBS Pune] |
| marginal efficiency of capital: John Maynard Keynes Charles Robert McCann, 1998 |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macroeconomic Theory - 14Th Edn M C Vaish, 2010 A complete textbook for UG and PG students of economics, commerce and business management, it provides an integrated view of macroeconomics from a global perspective as well as from Indian with special emphasis on Indian monetary policy. Divided into 4 parts--Introductory, Macroeconomic accounting, 3. Macroeconomic theory, 4. Money, interest and prices, 5. Policy, Foreign exchange and banking, 6. Trade cycle theories and economic growth |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macroeconomics and New Macroeconomics Bernhard Felderer, Stefan Homburg, 1992-08-21 This book gives a comprehensive account of traditional and more recent developments in macroeconomic theory. It is written primarily for students at the intermediate level. The book differs from the customary expositions in that the authors do not discuss topic by topic but orthodoxy by orthodoxy. Thus, the main approaches, like Classical theory, Keynesian theory, theory of portfolio selection, Monetarism, Rational Expectations theory, and Neokeynesian disequilibrium theory are presented in historical order. Each of these approaches is substantiated and criticized in a self-contained chapter, and the authors have taken great pains to bring out the relations and differences between them. A mathematical appendix reviews those mathematical facts which are especially important for macroeconomic models and serves to make the text easy to read. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Keynes's Lectures, 1932-35, Notes of a Representative Student John Maynard Keynes, 1989 A record of the path by which Keynes reached the views that have had such an impact on economic policy |
| marginal efficiency of capital: , |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Macroeconomics after Kalecki and Keynes Eckhard Hein, 2023-01-17 Presenting an in-depth overview of the foundations and developments of post-Keynesian macroeconomics since Kalecki and Keynes, this timely book develops a comprehensive post-Keynesian macroeconomic model with the respective macroeconomic policy mix for achieving non-inflationary full employment. Linking the short-run model to long-run distribution and growth theories, the theoretical approach is also applied to current research on macroeconomic regimes in finance-dominated capitalism and on the macroeconomic challenges of the socio-ecological transformation. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS DECISIONS Dr. Padmalochana Bisoyi, Dr. Rijwan Ahmed Mushtak Ahmed Shaikh, 2023-11-01 Buy Economic Analysis for Business Decisions e-Book for Mba 1st Semester in English language specially designed for SPPU ( Savitribai Phule Pune University ,Maharashtra) By Thakur publication. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Introduction to Keynesian Dynamics Kenneth K. Kurihara, 2025-05-30 First published in 1956, Introduction to Keynesian Dynamics provides a coherent and compact study of macro-dynamic analysis in general and particularly the two outstanding ‘post Keynesian’ developments in the field- 1) dynamic theories of cyclical fluctuations and 2) secular growth analysis. Part I of this book provides a general base of reference for substantive analysis. Part II contains fairly definitive materials, dealing as it does with the modus operandi of cyclical fluctuations, the dynamics of inflation and deflation, the stability conditions of equilibrium, a nonlinear model of dynamic switches, the interaction of endogenous and exogenous variables, and international oscillatory processes. Part III explores the technical possibility and difficulty of securing maximum economic growth with minimum instability. The concluding chapter critically examines the twin problems of steady growth for advanced economies and rapid development for underdeveloped economies in a way that would suggest a common solution. This is a must read for students of economics and economic history. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Advanced Study in Money and Banking Perminder Khanna, 2005 The Book Advanced Study In Money & Banking : Theory & Policy Relevance In The Indian Economy Is A Complete Treatise On Banking And Global Financial Developments With Special Reference To Dmcs And The Indian Economy. It Provides An Invaluable, Up-To-Date And Refreshing Approach To Key Development Issues Pertaining To Monetary Theory, Banking, And Policy Matters. The Theoretical, Institutional And Historical Approaches Have Been Skilfully Integrated To Explore And Elucidate The Interrelationships Of Money And Banking And The Functioning Of The Economy As A Whole. The Analytical Study Of The Main Operational Ratios Of Banks For The Period 1998 To 2003 Gives An Overview Of The Bank Street Scenario. In Its Wide Perspective, The Book Includes A Comprehensive Study Of Banking And Information Technology, Mechanism Of International Payments, And International Monetary Policies And Monetary Cooperation. Above All, Against The Backdrop Of Economic Uncertainty And The Low Ebb In Economic Activity, Volatility In Stock Markets And Significant Fluctuations In Major Currencies Of The World, The Indian Monetary Policy During The Period Of 1952-2003 Has Been Extensively Discussed. Simple Graphs And Up-To-Date Economic Models Provided In The Book Enable The Readers To Have An Easy And Accurate Understanding Of The Subject.The Book Would Be Of Great Interest And Use For Students And Teachers Of Economics, Commerce And Business Management. The Bankers And Legislators Concerned With Monetary And Banking Policies Would Find The Book Highly Useful. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: Economic Analysis & Canadian Policy David Stager, 2013-10-22 Economic Analysis & Canadian Policy: Seventh Edition deals with concepts and theories in economics and its relation to Canadian economic policies. The major revision in this edition deals with the development of the real sector model for the macroeconomy. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is a general overview of economics and includes topics such as basic economic decisions, economic policies and analysis, supply and demand, market price, and the role of the government in the economy. Part II deals with the Canadian economy - its economic goals, economic growth, and national income; its banking systems; its fiscal policy, public debt, and budget deficit; and international trade policies, patterns, and rationale. Part III covers consumer demand, production costs, supply, market competition, and market structure. Part IV talks about labor market and wages, income distribution in Canada, and regional income disparity. The text is recommended for economists and financial analysts, especially those who would like to study about Canada's economy and its policies. |
| marginal efficiency of capital: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics , 2016-05-18 The award-winning The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd edition is now available as a dynamic online resource. Consisting of over 1,900 articles written by leading figures in the field including Nobel prize winners, this is the definitive scholarly reference work for a new generation of economists. Regularly updated! This product is a subscription based product. |
MARGINAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of MARGINAL is written or printed in the margin of a page or sheet. How to use marginal in a sentence.
MARGINAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
MARGINAL definition: 1. very small in amount or effect: 2. of interest to only a few people: 3. the idea that small…. Learn more.
MARGINAL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
of minor importance, significance, relevance, or effect: Grids using even larger voltages are now being constructed, but will probably make only a marginal improvement in costs. Ethics is not …
Marginal - definition of marginal by The Free Dictionary
1. pertaining to a margin. 2. situated on a border, edge, or fringe. 3. at the lower limits; minimal for requirements: marginal ability. 4. written or printed in the margin of a page. 5. insignificant; …
What does Marginal mean? - Definitions.net
Marginal refers to the additional or incremental change brought about by a specific decision or action. It is often used in economics and finance to describe the change in revenue, cost, or …
MARGINAL | definition in the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary
MARGINAL meaning: small and not important: . Learn more.
West Seattle Blog… | TRAFFIC ALERT: West Marginal Way blocked …
22 hours ago · West Marginal Way is blocked by downed power lines near Front Street (just north of Highland Park Way). According to police, they came down when a driver flipped a Tesla, …
MARGINAL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you describe people as marginal, you mean that they are not involved in the main events or developments in society because they are poor or have no power.
MARGINAL | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
MARGINAL meaning: 1. very small in amount or effect: 2. of interest to only a few people: 3. the idea that small…. Learn more.
Understanding Your Tax Rates: Marginal vs. Effective
If your marginal rate is 24%, a $1,000 raise means about $240 goes to federal income tax, leaving you with $760 (before other taxes like Social Security or state taxes). Understanding …
MARGINAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of MARGINAL is written or printed in the margin of a page or sheet. How to use marginal in a sentence.
MARGINAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
MARGINAL definition: 1. very small in amount or effect: 2. of interest to only a few people: 3. the idea that small…. Learn more.
MARGINAL Definition & Meaning - Dictionary.com
of minor importance, significance, relevance, or effect: Grids using even larger voltages are now being constructed, but will probably make only a marginal improvement in costs. Ethics is not a …
Marginal - definition of marginal by The Free Dictionary
1. pertaining to a margin. 2. situated on a border, edge, or fringe. 3. at the lower limits; minimal for requirements: marginal ability. 4. written or printed in the margin of a page. 5. insignificant; …
What does Marginal mean? - Definitions.net
Marginal refers to the additional or incremental change brought about by a specific decision or action. It is often used in economics and finance to describe the change in revenue, cost, or …
MARGINAL | definition in the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary
MARGINAL meaning: small and not important: . Learn more.
West Seattle Blog… | TRAFFIC ALERT: West Marginal Way blocked …
22 hours ago · West Marginal Way is blocked by downed power lines near Front Street (just north of Highland Park Way). According to police, they came down when a driver flipped a Tesla, …
MARGINAL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
If you describe people as marginal, you mean that they are not involved in the main events or developments in society because they are poor or have no power.
MARGINAL | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
MARGINAL meaning: 1. very small in amount or effect: 2. of interest to only a few people: 3. the idea that small…. Learn more.
Understanding Your Tax Rates: Marginal vs. Effective
If your marginal rate is 24%, a $1,000 raise means about $240 goes to federal income tax, leaving you with $760 (before other taxes like Social Security or state taxes). Understanding Deduction …
