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| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Low Intensity Conflicts in India Vivek Chadha, 2005-03-23 Low intensity conflicts (or LICs) are motivated and sustained by a strong ideology—be it economic, political, ethnic or psychological. Through a sustained process of attrition, these often protracted struggles are capable of bringing the state to its knees, besides draining the exchequer and resulting in the loss of many lives. This important book is the first comprehensive account of LICs in India from 1947 to the present. The conflicts covered in detail are: - Militancy in both Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir - The complex problems in the North-East - The agitation for Gorkhaland and Naxalite violence. Lt Col Vivek Chadha covers all facets of these LICs including their causes and origins, the factors that sustain them and the trajectory of each. He provides a comparative analysis of the causes of these conflicts and examines the state’s response in dealing with them. Insightful, objective and lucidly written, this book will attract a wide readership among army, paramilitary and police personnel as well as administrators, policy-makers and students of strategic studies. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Low Intensity Operations Frank Kitson, 1971 Low Intensity Operations is an important, controversial and prophetic book that has had a major influence on the conduct of modern warfare. First published in 1971, it was the result of an academic year Frank Kitson spent at University College, Oxford, under the auspices of the Ministry of Defence, to write a paper on the way in which the army should be prepared to deal with future insurgency and peacekeeping operations. Its findings and propositions are as striking as when the work was first published. 'To understand the nature of revolutionary warfare, one cannot do better than read Low Intensity Operations... The author has had unrivalled experience of such operations in many parts of the world.' Daily Telegraph 'A highly practical analysis of subversion, insurgency and peacekeeping operations... Frank Kitson's book is not merely timely but important.' The Economist |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Low Intensity Conflicts M. Maroof Raza, 1995 |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Fighting to the End C. Christine Fair, 2014-04-25 Since Pakistan was founded in 1947, its army has dominated the state. The military establishment has locked the country in an enduring rivalry with India, with the primary aim of wresting Kashmir from it. To that end, Pakistan initiated three wars over Kashmir-in 1947, 1965, and 1999-and failed to win any of them. Today, the army continues to prosecute this dangerous policy by employing non-state actors under the security of its ever-expanding nuclear umbrella. It has sustained a proxy war in Kashmir since 1989 using Islamist militants, as well as supporting non-Islamist insurgencies throughout India and a country-wide Islamist terror campaign that have brought the two countries to the brink of war on several occasions. In addition to these territorial revisionist goals, the Pakistani army has committed itself to resisting India's slow but inevitable rise on the global stage. Despite Pakistan's efforts to coerce India, it has achieved only modest successes at best. Even though India vivisected Pakistan in 1971, Pakistan continues to see itself as India's equal and demands the world do the same. The dangerous methods that the army uses to enforce this self-perception have brought international opprobrium upon Pakistan and its army. And in recent years, their erstwhile proxies have turned their guns on the Pakistani state itself. Why does the army persist in pursuing these revisionist policies that have come to imperil the very viability of the state itself, from which the army feeds? In Fighting to the End, C. Christine Fair argues that the answer lies, at least partially, in the strategic culture of the army. Through an unprecedented analysis of decades' worth of the army's own defense publications, she concludes that from the army's distorted view of history, it is victorious as long as it can resist India's purported drive for regional hegemony as well as the territorial status quo. Simply put, acquiescence means defeat. Fighting to the End convincingly shows that because the army is unlikely to abandon these preferences, Pakistan will remain a destabilizing force in world politics for the foreseeable future. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: U.S. Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan Richard Lee Armitage, Samuel R. Berger, Daniel Seth Markey, 2010 Ahead of President Obama's December review of the U.S. war effort in Afghanistan, a new Council on Foreign Relations (CFR)-sponsored Independent Task Force report on U.S. Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan finds that the current approach to the region is at a critical point. We are mindful of the real threat we face. But we are also aware of the costs of the present strategy. We cannot accept these costs unless the strategy begins to show signs of progress, says the Task Force. While the Task Force offers a qualified endorsement of the current U.S. effort in Afghanistan, including plans to begin a conditions-based military drawdown in July 2011, the Obama administration's upcoming December 2010 review should be a clear-eyed assessment of whether there is sufficient overall progress to conclude that the strategy is working. If not, the report argues that a more significant drawdown to a narrower military mission would be warranted. The Task Force, chaired by former deputy secretary of state Richard L. Armitage and former national security adviser Samuel R. Berger, and directed by CFR Senior Fellow Daniel S. Markey, notes that nine years into the Afghan war, the outcome of the struggles in the region are still uncertain and the stakes are high. What happens in Afghanistan and Pakistan matters to Americans, affirms the report. It warns that militants in Pakistan and Afghanistan pose a direct threat to the United States and its allies. They jeopardize the stability of Pakistan, a nuclear power that lives in an uneasy peace with its rival, India. The Task Force supports the U.S. investment in a long-term partnership with Pakistan, but underscores that it is only sustainable if Pakistan takes action against all terrorist organizations based on its soil. Concrete Pakistani actions against terror groups are the bedrock requirements for U.S. partnership and assistance over the long run. In Pakistan, the United States aims to degrade and defeat the terrorist groups that threaten U.S. interests from its territory and to prevent turmoil that would imperil the Pakistani state and risk the security of Pakistan's nuclear program. The Task Force notes that these goals are best achieved through partnership with a stable Pakistani state, but that the challenge of fighting regional terrorist networks is compounded by the fact that Pakistan draws distinctions between such groups. Flood-ravaged Pakistan also faces enormous new stresses on the state-already challenged by political, economic, and security problems-increasing disaffection among its people, and weakening its ability to fight extremists in its territory. In Afghanistan, the United States seeks to prevent the country from becoming a base for terrorist groups that target the United States and its allies and to diminish the potential that Afghanistan reverts to civil war, which would destabilize the region. Afghanistan faces the challenges of pervasive corruption that breeds the insurgency; weak governance that creates a vacuum; Taliban resilience that feeds an atmosphere of intimidation; and an erratic leader whose agenda may not be the same as that of the United States. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Terrorism and Low Intensity Conflict in South Asian Region Omprakash Mishra, Sucheta Ghosh, 2003 Terrorism and low intensity conflicts are not new in South Asia but the September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the United States suddenly gave the events a new dimension. From regional considerations, terrorism acquired global connotation and in this changed perspective, South Asian terrorism and low intensity conflicts needed to be explored afresh. The geographical region covered by the book includes predominantly the member countries of SAARC, Afghanistan and Myanmar, as also specific case studies including a few instances of terrorist activities from beyond the region. The papers analyse the societal, political and economic factors responsible for the rise and salience of terrorism; the challenges posed by terrorism and low intensity conflict on peace, stability and security of the nation-states and people; the international, regional and national regime against terrorism and perpetrators of mass violence; the motives, ideologies, strategies and activities of various non-state armed groups in South Asia; and thereby contribute toward meaningful policy options in tackling terrorism and activities of armed groups. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Counterinsurgency in Pakistan Seth G. Jones, C. Christine Fair, 2010 Pakistan has undertaken a number of operations against militant groups since 2001. There have been some successes, but such groups as al Qa'ida continue to present a significant threat to Pakistan, the United States, and other countries. Pakistan needs to establish a population-centric counterinsurgency that better protects the local population and addresses grievances. It also needs to abandon militancy as a tool of foreign and domestic policy. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: India's National Security Dilemma Rajpal Budania, 2001 |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Counter Terrorism, the Pakistan Factor Afsir Karim, 1991 |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella Ashley J. Tellis, C. Christine Fair, Jamison Jo Medby, 2002-02-04 This report examines the views of India and Pakistan on the significance ofPakistan_s foray into the Kargil-Dras sector in a limited war that has cometo be known as the Kargil conflict. The goal of the analysis is to assessboth combatants_ perceptions of the crisis, with a view to evaluating thepossibilities of future Kargil-like events and the implications of thelessons each country learned for stability in South Asia. The analysis isbased almost exclusively on Indian and Pakistani source materials.The Kargil crisis demonstrated that even the presence of nuclear weaponsmight not appreciably dampen security competition between the region_slargest states. However, the question remains of whether or not the Kargilwar represents a foretaste of future episodes of attempted nuclear coercionif India and Pakistan believe that their nuclear capabilities provide themthe immunity required to prosecute a range of military operations short ofall-out war. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Peace and Justice Actionaid, 2010 Peace and Justice is a part of the series, Imagine a New South Asia', presented by ActionAid International Asia. The book has contributions from authors spread across the subcontinent, voicing the need for imagining a new South Asia. This volume is an expression of the yearning of the people of this region for a peaceful, violence-free and inclusive South Asia free from poverty, inequality, injustice and conflict. The articles in this volume include discussions on diverse topics such as conflicts and the prospects of peace in the Kashmir valley, accountability of the state, problems related to governance, challenges faced by democracy, politics of secularism in Bangladesh, the alternative to war in Sri Lanka, and the perspective of Pakistan vis-a-vis peace and justice within the subcontinent. They create a vision of a unified pluralism in this region, which is currently tainted by the practice of hegemony and oppression in the name of religion, ethnicity, caste and culture. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: In Their Own Words C. Christine Fair, 2018-12-15 This path-breaking volume reveals a little-known aspect of how Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, a jihadist terrorist group, functions in Pakistan and beyond by translating and commenting upon a range of publications produced and disseminated by Dar-ul-Andlus, the publishing wing of LeT. Only a fraction of LeT's cadres ever see battle: most of them are despatched on nation-wide prozelytising (dawa) missions to convert Pakistanis to their particular interpretation of Islam, in support of which LeT has developed a sophisticated propagandist literature. This canon of Islamist texts is the most popular and potent weapon in LeT's arsenal, and its scrutiny affords insights into how and who the group recruits; LeT's justification for jihad; its vision of itself in global and regional politics; the enemies LeT identifies and the allies it cultivates; and how and where it conducts its operations. Particular attention is paid to the role that LeT assigns to women by examining those writings which heap extravagant praise upon the mothers of aspirant jihadis, who bless their operations and martyrdom. It is only by understanding LeT's domestic functions as set out in these texts that one can begin to appreciate why Pakistan so fiercely supports it, despite mounting international pressure to disband the group. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: India and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Regime A. Vinod Kumar, 2014-04-28 This book provides a holistic examination of India's relationship with the non-proliferation regime and its dominant structures. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Pakistan's War on Terrorism Samir Puri, 2012-02-20 This book examines Pakistan's strategies in the war against Islamist armed groups that began late 2001, following the 9/11 attacks. The significance of the war inside Pakistan can hardly be understated. Starting in the tribal territories adjacent to Afghanistan, Pakistan’s war has come to engulf the majority of the country through a brutal campaign of suicide bombings. Thousands of Pakistani lives have been lost and the geostrategic balance of the region has been thrown into deep uncertainty. Pakistan's War on Terrorism is an account of a decade-long war following the 9/11 attacks, that is yet to be chronicled in systematic fashion as a campaign of military manoeuvre and terrorist reprisal. It is also an analytic account of Pakistan’s strategic calculus during this time, both in military and political terms, and how these factors have been filtered by Pakistan’s unique strategic culture. This text will be of great interest to students of Asian Politics, Terrorism and Political Violence, and Security Studies in general. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: The India-Pakistan Nuclear Relationship E. Sridharan, 2020-11-29 Conflict resolution and promotion of regional cooperation in South Asia has assumed a new urgency in the aftermath of the nuclear tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, and underlined by the outbreak of fighting in Kargil in 1999, full mobilization on the border during most of 2002, and continued low-intensity warfare and terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. The stability of nuclear deterrence between the two countries is therefore a matter of great urgency and has found a place on the scholarly agenda of security studies in South Asia. Several books have been written on India’s nuclear programme, but these have been mostly analytical histories. The India-Pakistan Nuclear Relationship is a new departure in that it is the first time that a group of scholars from the South Asian subcontinent have collectively tried to apply deterrence theory and international relations theory to South Asia. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Deconstructing India-Pakistan Relations Sanjeev Kumar H. M., 2023-12-14 This book examines the complex dynamics of India-Pakistan relations, by situating the same in the postcolonial setting of the subcontinent. In pursuit of this, the book analyses the impact of the linkages between the postcolonial processes of state-making and the structuring of political communities, upon the evolution of the problématique of state security in South Asia. For the purpose of undertaking this task, the author deconstructs the countries’ colonial history, with an aim to mapp its impact on the making of the foreign policy of Pakistan. Drawing primarily from colonial discourse theory and historical sociology, the book links the trajectory of Pakistan’s international politics, to its domestic politics and “weak state” inheritances. By doing this, it offers a stimulating treatment of the history of the country’s troubled postcolonial relations with India. This has been done in the book, by presenting the modes by which the religio-military and politico-bureaucratic classes that constitute the power elite in Pakistan, tended to have moulded an India-centred State security problématique. This book will be of interest to researchers studying South Asian security, India-Pakistan relations and the defence and foreign policy of Pakistan. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Possibility of Nuclear War in Asia Col G G Pamidi, 2012-09-08 This book attempts to fuse two topical subjects and deal with them in a holistic manner. It is oft said and is also widely believed that the 21st century belongs to Asia and that the two giants of Asia, namely, China and India are going to dominate the world in the ensuing decades. It is also implicitly accepted that nuclear weapons are going to be there, at least for the foreseeable future. These are the two topics that have been analysed in this book; nuclear weapons and the emerging epicenter of global affairs, namely, Asia. The book deals with the fundamental nature of nuclear weapons itself. It purposely steers away from the Cold War mindset of viewing nuclear weapons in a western manner and attempts to unravel the manner in which the nations of Asia view these weapons in their own unique way. It is also about the nature of disputes in Asia and the security environment in Asia, both presently as well as in the foreseeable future. Since it is a fact that there are unresolved disputes in the region, the book also deals with the aspect of analysis of potential conflict scenarios. Will the countries succeed in settling their disputes diplomatically? Can deterrence succeed? What will happen if that fails? What will be the shape of future conflicts? This book makes a modest attempt to provide answers to some of these perplexing questions that plague policy makers and strategists in Asia today. Since the study is from an Indian perspective, the focus is naturally biased more towards South Asia vis-à-vis the other parts of Asia. Though the book attempts to answer all questions, some tough questions typically deny neat solutions. As the author admits, the aim of the book is to get both the policy and decision makers as well as the professional military to think about these issues, so that, in time, workable solutions can be evolved. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Nuclear Weapons and Deterrence Stability in South Asia Devin T. Hagerty, 2019-06-22 This book examines the theory and practice of nuclear deterrence between India and Pakistan, two highly antagonistic South Asian neighbors who recently moved into their third decade of overt nuclear weaponization. It assesses the stability of Indo-Pakistani nuclear deterrence and argues that, while deterrence dampens the likelihood of escalation to conventional—and possibly nuclear—war, the chronically embittered relations between New Delhi and Islamabad mean that deterrence failure resulting in major warfare cannot be ruled out. Through an empirical examination of the effects of nuclear weapons during five crises between India and Pakistan since 1998, as well as a discussion of the theoretical logic of Indo-Pakistani nuclear deterrence, the book offers suggestions for enhancing deterrence stability between these two countries. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Conflict Change and Persistence Meirav Mishali-Ram, 2019-09-05 This book examines and compares change and persistence in the India-Pakistan and Palistinean-Israeli conflicts. Covering a wide range of historical events throughout the years, the study detects variation in hostilities over time, accompanied by changing agendas and identity discourses of the main actors involved. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Conflict and Peace in South Asia Manas Chatterji, B. M. Jain, 2008-10-13 South Asia is a distinct geographical entity comprised of seven countries - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Maldives (situated in the Indian Ocean). This book looks at these countries in a historical context, from inter-regional and international perspectives. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia Sumit Ganguly, S. Paul Kapur, 2008-08-06 This edited volume explores competing perspectives on the impact of nuclear weapons proliferation on the South Asian security environment.The spread of nuclear weapons is one of the worlds foremost security concerns. The effect of nuclear weapons on the behaviour of newly nuclear states, and the potential for future international crises, are of pa |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Bhumitra Chakma, 2012-10-12 Pakistan is a vitally important country in the contemporary global political system. It is a de facto nuclear state, and a pivotal country in the War on Terror. This book provides a comprehensive study of a nuclear-armed Pakistan, investigating the implications of its emergence as a nuclear weapons state. Setting out the historical background of Pakistani nuclear development, the book examines the lessons for proliferation that can be drawn from the Pakistan case. It explains the changes and continuities of Pakistan’s nuclear policy, assessing its emerging force posture and the implications for Pakistani, South Asian and global security. It also considers the extent to which Pakistan can be said to have a nuclear doctrine, the Pakistani nuclear command and control system, and the relationship between Pakistan and the Non-Proliferation regime. Addressing the issue of whether Pakistan should be viewed as a proliferator, and the implications of a nuclear Pakistan for global terrorism, Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapons is an important study of all the major issues surrounding Pakistan’s emergence as a nuclear power. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Probing War & Warfare Jawad Asgar Khan, 2005 |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: US-Pakistan Relations Talat Farooq, 2016-07-01 US foreign policy-making from the end of the Cold War to after 2001 is crucial to understanding the years of strong US engagement with Pakistan that would follow 9/11. This book explains Pakistan’s strategic choices in the 1990s by examining the role of the United States in the shaping of Islamabad’s security goals. Drawing upon a diverse range of oral history interviews as well as available written sources, the book explains the American contribution to Pakistani security objectives during the presidency of Bill Clinton (1993-2001). The author investigates and explains the dynamics which drove Islamabad’s pursuit of nuclear weapons, its support for the Taliban and its approach towards the indigenous uprising in Indian Kashmir. She argues that Clinton’s foreign policy contributed to the hardening of Islamabad’s security perspectives, creating space for the Pakistani military establishment to pursue its regional security goals. The book also discusses the argument that US-Pakistan relations during this period were driven by a Cold War mindset, causing a fissure between US global and Pakistan’s regional security goals. The Pakistani military and civilian leadership utilized these divergent and convergent trends to protect Islamabad’s India-centric strategic interests. The book addresses a gap in the relevant literature and moves beyond the available mono-causal explanations often distorted by a mixture of intellectual obfuscation and political rhetoric. It adds a Pakistani perspective and is a valuable contribution to the study of US-Pakistan relations. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Beyond South Asia Neil Padukone, 2014-08-28 The Republic of India occupies a key geopolitical and strategic space at the center of the Indian Ocean. How it interacts with the rest of the world will have profound consequences in the 21st century. Beyond South Asia follows the evolution of India's strategic thinking since 1947, providing a comprehensive analysis of its foreign policy worldview. It begins with India's failed attempt to unite and dominate the subcontinent following independence, a strategy that resulted in conflict as its smaller neighbors invited the U.S. and China to the region, resisted intra-regional cooperation, and even violently opposed New Delhi. It then explores how this worldview has shifted as India, needing markets, energy resources, and ways to balance against China, has developed economic and military ties in Central and Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the southern Indian Ocean, and beyond. To do so has required more stability in South Asia, making India more conciliatory toward other countries of the subcontinent. This is in turn leading to a lessening of tensions, enhanced cooperation, and an economic reintegration of the subcontinent, including a burgeoning d�tente with Pakistan. This in-depth analysis provides a comprehensive look at the domestic and regional factors that drive India, a key actor in global politics. Written in an accessible manner, it will be of use to students and specialists of Indian foreign policy, South Asian politics, international relations, and security studies and to anyone interested in the future of AfPak, the Indian Ocean region, and America's strategic pivot. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Handbook of Asian Security Studies Sumit Ganguly, Andrew Scobell, Joseph Liow, 2009 |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: The Challenge of Confidence-building Measures in South Asia Moonis Ahmar, 2001 This Book Is A Most Timely And Welcome Addition To The Growing Body Of Literature On Cbms In South Asia. It Provides Reasons For Hope As There Are Many Reasons To Be Dispirited About The Absence Of Proper Confidence Building Measures In South Asia. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Conventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present Kaushik Roy, 2017-03-02 The essays included in this volume focus on conventional war on land, sea and air fought by the states of South Asia and their impact on the host societies and economies. The authors are drawn from academia and the military in India and Pakistan, as well as from outside the subcontinent in order to give a wide perspective. In the introduction the editors describe the changing contours of warfare in South Asia, and the similarities and dissimilarities with warfare in the Middle East and South East Asia. The volume highlights the influence of extra-regional powers like China, Russia and the US in providing arms, munitions and shaping the texture of military doctrines and force structures of the South Asian powers. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Political Economy of the Kashmir Conflict Wajahat Habibullah, 2009-02 Efforts to develop warmer relations between South Asia¿s two nuclear powers, India and Pakistan, will not succeed unless political violence in Kashmir is reduced. One of the key factors sustaining that violence is the dearth of economic opportunities, which ensures a steady supply of disaffected recruits to terrorists and militant groups. This report sketches the turbulent history of Kashmir from its division in 1947 through the revolt of 1989-90 to 2003, and then explores the economic dimensions of the conflict and the opportunities for peacebuilding. The governments of India and Pakistan, together with political leaders in Kashmir, must take the lead in promoting economic dev¿t., but they require the assistance of internat. financial institutions and of the U.S. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: South Asia and the Nuclear Future , 2004 U.S. policy toward the nuclearization of India and Pakistan has shifted from sanctions and rollback to reluctant acceptance of their nuclear status. The United States now seeks to ensure that India and Pakistan become responsible nuclear powers and is emphasizing cooperative measures to prevent war, secure weapons and material from terrorist theft, and stop the further spread of nuclear weapons. Analyses of Indian and Pakistani nuclear behavior must consider the domestic political motivations of key decisionmakers and not just national security interests. Nuclear weapons in South Asia have both precipitated one limited war (Kargil 1999) and prevented another (the 2001-02 crisis). The lessons learned from these events in New Delhi and Islamabad may be dissimilar. India and Pakistan might be willing to cooperate with the broader nuclear nonproliferation regime, even if they cannot join the NPT as nuclear-weapons states. Such a step could be essential in bolstering efforts to prevent illicit nuclear assistance to new proliferating nations. The strategic effects of a potential Indian missile defense deployment are highly uncertain. The United States, India, and Pakistan have mutual interests in preventing nuclear terrorism, which could lead to deeper cooperation among the three countries. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Indian Foreign Policy Atish Sinha, Madhup Mohta, 2007 Publisher description |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: The Indian Ocean Region Anthony H. Cordesman, Abdullah Toukan, 2014-09-11 The Indian Ocean Region (IOR) is one of the most areas of the world in human terms. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the subregions and countries in the IOR, drawing heavily on a new country risk assessment model developed by Abdullah Toukan, a senior associate with the Burke Chair at CSIS. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Understanding Deterrence Keith B. Payne, 2014-06-11 For decades, the rational actor model served as the preferred guide for U.S. deterrence policy. It has been a convenient and comforting guide because it requires little detailed knowledge of an opponent’s unique decision-making process and yet typically provides confident generalizations about how deterrence works. The model tends to postulate common decision-making parameters across the globe to reach generalizations about how deterrence will function and the types of forces that will be stabilizing or destabilizing. Yet a broad spectrum of unique factors can influence an opponent’s perceptions and his calculations, and these are not easily captured by the rational actor model. The absence of uniformity means there can be very few deterrence generalizations generated by the use of the rational actor model that are applicable to the entire range of opponents. Understanding Deterrence considers how factors such as psychology, history, religion, ideology, geography, political structure, culture, proliferation and geopolitics can shape a leadership’s decision-making process, in ways that are specific and unique to each opponent. Understanding Deterrence demonstrates how using a multidisciplinary approach to deterrence analysis can better identify and assess factors that influence an opponent’s decision-making process. This identification and assessment process can facilitate the tailoring of deterrence strategies to specific purposes and result in a higher likelihood of success than strategies guided by the generalizations about opponent decision-making typically contained in the rational actor model. This book was published as a special issue of Comparative Strategy. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Indian Defence Review Oct-Dec 1992 (Vol 7.4) Lt Gen SC Sardeshpande, Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh, Brig Vijai K Nair, Lt Gen VK Nayar, Lt Gen VK Sood, Lt Col Daljit Singh, Maj Gen E D'Souza, Lt BM Dimri, Dr Rakesh Datta, 1992-12-01 IN THIS VOLUME • IDR Comment — Management of Insurgency in the North-East — Lt Gen VK Nayar • Insurgencies in the North-East: Has the Army Delivered? — Lt Gen VK Sood • The Eastern Neighbour: Myanmar — Lt Col Daljit Singh • Op Scenario Alpha: Part-II — IDR Editorial Team • Battle — Lt Gen Harbakhsh Singh • LTTE and India's Security — Lt Gen SC Sardeshpande, UYSM • Dimensions of the Gulf War on Regional States — Dr HK Srivastava • From Caracas to Rio: The Soldier and the Environment — Maj Gen E D'Souza • Ex-servicemen, Security and Development: Processes in the Border Districts of Punjab — Dr Rakesh Datta • The Indian Navy in the 1990s — Rahul Roy-Chaudhury • The Regime of Warships: Contemporary Naval Missions and Activities and Emerging Law of the Sea Part II — Lt BM Dimri • Computer Warfare: A Systematic Defence — Gp Capt MK Rana • Employment of Military Helicopters: Part Ill Attack Helicopters in the Subcontinent Doctrine — Brig Vijai K Nair • The Propulsion of Submarines — D Dyer • Weapons Overview: PRlTHVl SS 150 — Shankar Bhaduri VIEWPOINT • Low Intensity Conflict: Theory and Applicability in India • The Kashmiri and Palestinian Movements: Uncommon Divergences Reviews and Critiques • The Man and the Myth Reviewed by Maj Gen Afsir Karim |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Nuclear Risk Reduction in South Asia Michael Krepon, 2004-11-26 The essys in this collection explore and analyze how to reduce the risk of nuclear war in South Asia. Contributors work to introduce the theory and methodology of nuclear risk reduction, to provide specific measures that might work best in the region, and to consider the consequences of missile defense options for stability in Asia. Much work is needed to recduce nuclear dangers between India and Pakistan. While the fact that both countries possess nuclear weapons may prevent a full-blown conventional or nuclear war, the presence of these weapons in the region may also encourage the use of violence at lower levels expecting escalation to be contained by a mutual desire to avoid the nuclear threshold. One only needs to look at the Kashmir conflict for confirmation of this paradox, with serious crises coming more frequently with more severity since the nuclear tests of 1998. Sustained efforts along the line suggested by the contributors of this volume are a crucial step toward reducing nuclear risk on the Subcontinent. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Pakistan's Arms Procurement and Military Buildup, 1979-99 A. Siddiqa-Agha, 2001-03-20 The strategic imperative is held as the primary explanation for Pakistan's military buildup. This book presents a fundamental departure in presenting an analysis of the internal dynamics of defence management and decisionmaking in Pakistan - a new nuclear weapon state. This is an in-depth study of Pakistan's security link with its arms suppliers and defence industrial capacity, and the influence of Pakistan's Army on conventional and non-conventional defence decisions. The analysis is backed with numerous case studies of defence decisions carried out from 1979-99. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Kashmir Saga A Bundle of Blunders Lt Gen DD Saklani, 2013-10-28 J&K is a complicated problem, compounded by various internal and external factors. Unfortunately the issue has not remained confined to India and Pakistan only but has become a pawn in global and regional power politics. Based on his unique personal experiences, first as a soldier and then as the Security Adviser to the Governor, the author has sketched out the intrigues and blunders which plunged the state into its present state of militancy of disturbing magnitude, causing untold trouble and suffering to the people. The book tells the story of J&K forged by its ironic destiny and by the uncertainties and instabilities of Indian policies. Many pertinent questions arise. Who were the persons responsible for bringing about such a situation in the state and for how long do its people have to suffer the miseries? Is there to be an end to this bloodletting or will the conflict continue as hithertofore? One may wonder what led to the great tragedy in the state. There have been genuine grievances of the people which have not been adequately addressed. Political and administrative lapses created resentments, which have been and continue to be exploited by outside powers. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Paul K. Kerr, 2010 Pakistan¿s nuclear arsenal consists of approx. 60 nuclear warheads, although it could be larger. Islamabad is producing fissile material, adding to related production facilities, and deploying additional delivery vehicles. These steps will enable Pakistan to undertake both quantitative and qualitative improvements to its nuclear arsenal. Islamabad does not have a public, detailed nuclear doctrine, but its ¿minimum credible deterrent¿ is widely regarded as primarily a deterrent to Indian military action. Contents of this report: Background; Nuclear Weapons; Responding to India?; Delivery Vehicles; Nuclear Doctrine; Command and Control; Security Concerns; Proliferation Threat; and Pakistan¿s Response to the Proliferation Threat. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: Neutrosophic Sets and Systems, Vol. II Florentin Smarandache, Mumtaz Ali, This book is a collection of eleven papers, written by different authors and co-authors (listed in the order of the papers): S. Alkhazaleh, E. Marei, S. Broumi, F. Smarandache, R. Sahin, A. A. Salama, V. Kroumov, K. Perez-Taruel , M. Leyva-Vazquez, A. A. A. Agboola, B. Davvaz, W. B. V. Kandasamy, J. Ye, Q. Zhang, M. Ali, M. Shabir, M. Naz, S. Pramanik, T. K. Roy, P. Biswas and B. C. Giri. In first paper, the author proposed Mappings on Neutrosophic Soft Classes. On Neutrosophic Implications is proposed in the second paper. Hierarchical Clustering Algorithms are studied in third paper. In fourth paper Neutrosophic Crisp Sets and Neutrosophic Crisp Topological Spaces are introduced. Similarly in fifth paper, Neutrosophic Logic for Mental Model Elicitation and Analysis is discussed. In paper six, On Neutrosophic Hypergroups and Neutrosophic Hyperrings is study conducted by the authors. Neutrosophic Lattices are given in seventh paper. Paper eight is about Single Valued Neutrosophic Similarity Measures for Multiple Attribute Decision Making. In the next paper Soft Neutrosophic Bigroups and Soft Neutrosophic N-groups are discussed. In the paper, Neutrosophic Game Theoretic Approach to Indo-Pak Conflict over Jammu-Kashmir is proposed. The authors introduced Entropy Based Grey Relational Analysis Method for Multi-Attribute Decision Making under Single Valued Neutrosophic Assessments in the last paper. |
| low intensity conflict in pakistan: The Rise of Indian Military Power: Evolution of an Indian Strategic Culture , 2015-07-15 This is a monumental & epic work on India’s Military History. It seeks to answer the seminal question – ‘Is there an Indian Way of War-fighting and an Indian Strategic Culture?’ The author has traced the history of war-fighting in India from the Vedic & Mahabharatan period to the Mauryan & Mughal Eras and thereafter the British Period. It is a comprehensive audit of India’s combat performance in the ancient, medieval, modern and post-modern periods of Indian history. The focus of this work however, is on India’s Post-independence Military History. The author has analysed each of India’s wars with China & Pakistan as also its CI and CT campaigns in meticulous detail, to draw lessons for the future. The path-breaking contribution is the author’s thesis that there have been three local Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) in India, which shaped the course & flow of her history. Each of these RMAs helped to unify India under a great Empire and transformed it from a civilisational entity to a strong empire state. The first was the Mauryan RMA of using War Elephants in mass to generate shock & awe. This politically unified the whole of India and Afghanistan for the first time. The next RMA came with the Mughals who introduced Field Artillery, Muskets and Horsed Cavalry Archers with stirrups and cross bows. The Mughal horsed cavalry and artillery helped spawn the mighty Mughal Empire. The Third RMA came with the British who raised local Infantry Battalions on the European Pattern and drilled them to shoot in disciplined rhythms, to defeat all cavalry charges. This Infantry-based RMA helped establish the British Empire in India. The present Republic is a successor entity of the British Empire. The author has traced the evolution of India’s Strategic Culture to the Arthashastra of Kautilya. The surprise finding is that in the 1971 War – India unconsciously returned to this Kautilyan paradigm of using information dominance, covert war and Shock- Action military campaigns to defeat its adversaries. In the post-independence phase he traces the evolution of India’s war-fighting from the tactical phase of 1947-1962 when India’s capacity was confined to use of 2-3 Divisions alone. The 1965 War saw the graduation to the level of Operational Art, wherein 12 Divisions and a bulk of the Indian Air Force (IAF) saw active combat. The apogee came in 1971 – when India fought a brilliant, Quasi-Total, Tri-Service Campaign that broke Pakistan into two, put 93,000 prisoners of war in the bag and for the first time after the Second World War, created a new nation state with the Force of Arms. He traces the impact of nuclearisation on South Asia and prognosticates about the Future. The time has come, he asserts, for India to create a Fourth RMA in South Asia; and decisively shape outcomes. For this, economic power must be rapidly converted into usable military power. India must field dominant war fighting capabilities in South Asia. |
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LOW Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
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LOW definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
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low adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage ...
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LOW | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
LOW meaning: 1. not measuring much from the base to the top: 2. close to the ground or the bottom of something…. Learn more.
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Shop tools, appliances, building supplies, carpet, bathroom, lighting and more. Pros can take advantage of Pro offers, credit and business resources.
Lowe's Companies, Inc. (LOW) Stock Price, News, Quote ...
Find the latest Lowe's Companies, Inc. (LOW) stock quote, history, news and other vital information to help you with your stock trading and investing.
LOW Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of LOW is having a small upward extension or elevation. How to use low in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Low.
Low - definition of low by The Free Dictionary
Define low. low synonyms, low pronunciation, low translation, English dictionary definition of low. adj. low·er , low·est 1. a. Having little relative height; not high or tall: a low wall. b. Rising only …
LOW definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
You can use low to indicate that something is small in amount or that it is at the bottom of a particular scale. You can use phrases such as in the low 80s to indicate that a number or level …
LOW | definition in the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary
LOW meaning: 1. near the ground, not high: 2. below the usual level: 3. deep or quiet: . Learn more.
Low - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms - Vocabulary.com
Something that's low is short or shallow. Things that are less than usual can be described with the adjective low. You might be low on gas in your car, for example, or wake up with a low amount …
low adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage ...
Definition of low adjective in Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
LOW | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
LOW meaning: 1. not measuring much from the base to the top: 2. close to the ground or the bottom of something…. Learn more.
LOW Stock Price | Lowe's Cos. Stock Quote (U.S.: NYSE ...
5 days ago · LOW | Complete Lowe's Cos. stock news by MarketWatch. View real-time stock prices and stock quotes for a full financial overview.
