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| manorial records online: English Manorial Documents Edward Potts Cheyney, 1907 |
| manorial records online: Using Manorial Records Mary Ellis, 1994 Manorial records are a valuable source of information: this guide aims to make them more accessible to amateur researchers. It covers the types of information they contain and advises on how to locate manorial records using the Manorial Documents Register. |
| manorial records online: Calendar of Charters and Rolls Preserved in the Bodleian Library Bodleian Library, 1878 Presents the full contents of the Bodleian Library's collection of charters and rolls. |
| manorial records online: A Rural Society After the Black Death Lawrence Raymond Poos, L. R. Poos, 2004-01-29 A Rural Society after the Black Death is a study of rural social structure in the English county of Essex between 1350 and 1500. It seeks to understand how, in the population collapse after the Black Death (1348-1349), a particular economic environment affected ordinary people's lives in the areas of migration, marriage and employment, and also contributed to patterns of religious nonconformity, agrarian riots and unrest, and even rural housing. The period under scrutiny is often seen as a transitional era between 'medieval' and 'early-modern' England, but in the light of recent advances in English historical demography, this study suggests that there was more continuity than change in some critically important aspects of social structure in the region in question. Among the most important contributions of the book are its use of an unprecedentedly wide range of original manuscript records (estate and manorial records, taxation and criminal-court records, royal tenurial records, and the records of church courts, wills etc.) and its application of current quantitative and comparative demographic methods. |
| manorial records online: The Court Baron Frederic William Maitland, William Paley Baildon, 1891 |
| manorial records online: Elizabethan Life Frederick George Emmison, 1970 |
| manorial records online: Tracing History Through Title Deeds Nat Alcock, 2017-11-30 Property title deeds are perhaps the most numerous sources of historical evidence but also one of the most neglected. While the information any one deed contains can often be reduced to a few lines, it can be of critical importance for family and local historians. Nat Alcock's handbook aims to help the growing army of enthusiastic researchers to use the evidence of these documents, without burying them in legal technicalities. It also reveals how fascinating and rewarding they can be once their history, language and purpose are understood. A sequence of concise, accessible chapters explains why they are so useful, where they can be found and how the evidence they provide can be extracted and applied. Family historians will find they reveal family, social and financial relationships and local historians can discover from them so much about land ownership, field and place names, the history of buildings and the expansion of towns and cities. They also bring our ancestors into view in the fullness of life, not just at birth, marriage and death, and provide more rounded pictures of the members of a family tree. |
| manorial records online: Tracing the History of Your House Nick Barratt, 2006-02-02 The second expanded edition of the bestselling guide by TV s Nick Barratt. |
| manorial records online: The Manorial Roll of the Isle of Man, 1511-1515 Isle of Man, 1924 |
| manorial records online: Copyright for Archivists and Records Managers Tim Padfield, 2015-07-28 As an archivist or records manager it is essential to keep up to date with the complexities of copyright legislation, and Copyright for Archivists and Records Managers will prove an invaluable tool in enabling you to do so. What is copyright? Who owns it and for how long? What rights does it confer, and what are the limitations and exceptions? This comprehensive manual uniquely outlines copyright law in the UK with special reference to materials relevant to archive and records collections such as maps, legal records, records of local authorities, records of churches and faiths, most notably unpublished works. It also offers advice on rights in the electronic environment and the problems associated with rights clearance; and covers related areas such as moral rights and rights in databases. The fifth edition of this respected work has been extensively revised and updated to include: a description of the major changes to copyright exceptions and limitations for libraries and archives including the changes to permit preservation copying and copying for users of any kind of work, a simplification of the declarations required from users and a new exception permitting onsite access to digital material a description and discussion of the new schemes for orphan works a description of the other changes to exceptions for copyright and performer’s rights, notably education; quotation; caricature, parody and pastiche; text and data mining; disability; and private copying a revision of the views expressed on the exhibition of literary, dramatic and musical works an explanation of why a digital photograph, consisting of a numerical file, is still an artistic work a description of the changes in duration for sound recordings and especially for sound recordings of performances and for copyright in songs analysis of new copyright legislation in the Channel Islands and other British overseas territories an explanation of how national courts decide whether they have jurisdiction over the infringement of copyright on the internet a description of changes to Crown copyright licensing and the licensing of public sector information a new section giving links to useful websites consideration of the many copyright cases that have come before the courts the last few years that have provided help with the interpretation of many aspects of the legislation. Some notable examples are on the meaning of ‘transient and incidental’, ‘scientific research’, ‘parody’ and ‘originality’; whether hyperlinking infringes; the importance of a signature on an assignment; the terms that may be implied into a licence; and the relationship between the rights of a copyright owner and freedom of speech. Readership: Archivists and records managers; LIS professionals in libraries, museums and galleries; students, researchers and genealogists. |
| manorial records online: Pennsylvania Land Records Donna B. Munger, Donna Bingham Munger, 1993-09 Snee Reinhardt Charitable Foundations. |
| manorial records online: Tracing Your Lancashire Ancestors Sue Wilkes, 2013-01-19 If you want to find out about Lancashires history, and particularly if you have family links to the area and your ancestors lived or worked in the county, then this is the ideal book for you. As well as helping you to trace when and where your ancestors were born, married and died, it gives you an insight into the world they knew and a chance to explore their lives at work and at home.Sue Wilkess accessible and informative handbook outlines Lancashires history and describes the origins of its major industries - cotton, coal, transport, engineering, shipbuilding and others. She looks at the stories of important Lancashire families such as the Stanleys, Peels and Egertons, and famous entrepreneurs such as Richard Arkwright, in order to illustrate aspects of Lancashire life and to show how the many sources available for family and local history research can be used. Relevant documents, specialist archives and libraries, background reading and other sources are recommended throughout this practical book. Also included is a directory of Lancashire archives, libraries and academic repositories, as well as databases of family history societies, useful genealogy websites, and places to visit which bring Lancashires past to life. Sue Wilkess book is the essential companion for anyone who wants to discover their Lancashire roots. |
| manorial records online: Select Pleas in Manorial and Other Seignorial Courts Frederic William Maitland, 1952 |
| manorial records online: Tracing Your Ancestors Through Death Records Celia Heritage, 2013-04-19 Family historian Celia Heritage shares an unorthodox approach to researching genealogy in Tracing Your Ancestors Through Death Records. Of all family history sources, death records are probably the least used by researchers. They are, however, frequently the most revealing of records, giving a far greater insight into our ancestors’ lives and personalities than those records created during their lifetime. Celia Heritage leads readers through the various types of death records, showing how they can be found, read and interpreted and how to glean as much information as possible from them. In many cases, they can be used as a starting point for developing your family history research into other equally rewarding areas. This highly readable handbook is packed with useful information and helpful research advice. In addition, a thought-provoking final chapter looks into the repercussions of death its effects on the surviving members of the family and the fact that a premature death could sometimes affect the family for generations to come. “There comes a time when you reach a dead end using the online services . . . at which point you need expert advice on how to proceed. Celia Heritage provides that expert advice, going above and beyond in helping you through the details of finding and examining your ancestors’ death records. A vital resource for family historians.” —Books Monthly |
| manorial records online: Court Rolls of the Manor of Wakefield: 1322-1331 Wakefield Manor (England), 1945 |
| manorial records online: House Histories for Beginners Colin Style, O-lan Style, 2022-09-15 Popular television programmes highlight the satisfaction that can be gained from investigating the history of houses, and there is always plenty of interest in the subject, with archives becoming ever more accessible with access to the internet. As the subject covers a broad field, the authors have set out to include advice on those aspects that usually apply to a project and others that will be of particular use for beginners. The reader is guided through every stage of research, from the first exploration of the archives to the completion of the task. Suggestions are also included on how to present the findings – a house history makes a very attractive gift. The authors describe how to deduce the age of a property (it is very seldom directly recorded when a house was built) and characteristics of research on particular types of property – such as cottages, manor houses, inns, mills, former church properties, and farms – are discussed. In one example, research demonstrated that a farm was likely to have been a Domesday manor – a fascinating discovery achieved using records accessible to any beginner. |
| manorial records online: Pedigrees from the Plea Rolls George Wrottesley, 2019-03-30 This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. We have represented this book in the same form as it was first published. Hence any marks seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature. |
| manorial records online: The Genealogist's Internet Peter Christian, 2005-08-30 There is a wealth of data on the Web for those researching a family tree. However, the sheer volume of information and diversity of websites can make starting your search confusing and time-consuming. Help is at hand with this clear and authoritative guide from the National Archives. The Genealogist's Internet starts by explaining how the internet works for the beginner. It continues by detailing the major sources of primary data available to family historians on-line and highlights the most helpful directories and gateways. Use it to contact others with the same surname or to access the numerous forums, discussion groups, mailing lists and newsgroups focusing on genealogy. |
| manorial records online: Title Deeds A. A. Dibben, 1990 |
| manorial records online: Peasant Perspectives on the Medieval Landscape Susan Kilby, 2020 This compelling new study forms part of a new wave of scholarship on the medieval rural environment in which the focus moves beyond purely socio-economic concerns to incorporate the lived experience of peasants. For too long, the principal intellectual approach has been to consider both subject and evidence from a modern, rationalist perspective and to afford greater importance to the social elite. New perspectives are needed. By re-evaluating the source material from the perspective of the peasant worldview, it is possible to build a far more detailed representation of rural peasant experience. Susan Kilby seeks to reconstruct the physical and socio-cultural environment of three contrasting English villages--Lakenheath in Suffolk, Castor in Northamptonshire, and Elton in Huntingdonshire--between c. 1086 and c. 1348 and to use this as the basis for determining how peasants perceived their natural surroundings. In so doing she draws upon a vast array of sources including documents, material culture, place-names and family names, and the landscape itself. At the same time, she explores the approaches adopted by a wide variety of academic disciplines, including onomastics, anthropology, ethnography, landscape archaeology, and historical geography. This highly interdisciplinary process reveals exciting insights into peasant mentalities. For example, cultural geographers' understanding of the ways in which different groups 'read' their local landscape has profound implications for the ways in which we might interpret evidence left to us by medieval English peasant communities, while anthropological approaches to place-naming demonstrate the distinct possibility that there were similarities between the naming practices of First Nations people and medieval society. Both groups used key landscape referents and also used names as the means by which locally important history, folklore, and legends were embedded within the landscape itself. Among many valuable insights, this study also reveals that, although uneducated in the formal sense, peasants understood aspects of contemporary scientific thought. In addition to enhancing academic understanding of the lived experience, this new approach augments our comprehension of subjects such as social status, peasant agency, peasants' economic experiences, and the construction of communal and individual memory. Susan Kilby's groundbreaking study enables us to reclaim significant elements of the environment inhabited and traversed by English people over 700 years ago. |
| manorial records online: Tracing your Yorkshire Ancestors on the Internet Rachel Bellerby, 2024-09-30 Tracing your Yorkshire ancestors using the internet has never been easier, with literally millions of records available to explore. But with so much material available, it can be difficult to know how to get started and what records to use. Rachel Bellerby's brand new guide is a follow-up to the best-selling Tracing Your Yorkshire Ancestors and is packed with up-to-date information on finding your Yorkshire forebears online. From the basics of birth, marriage and death, through migration and education, and looking at the tough times such as poverty and ill health, Rachel Bellerby guides us through the thousands of websites available, with tips and advice from family history professionals around Yorkshire. The themed chapters make it easy to decide what information you would like to find out and the best websites to use. With step-by-step guidance on smart searching and time saving tips, this guide has everything you need to enjoy the journey of tracing your Yorkshire ancestors on the internet, wherever in the world you live. |
| manorial records online: Foreign Office Correspondence 1906 , 2010 |
| manorial records online: The Local Historian , 2007 |
| manorial records online: Fishing and Fishermen Martin Wilcox, 2009-07-19 Martin Wilcox's concise and informative guide to the fishing industry will be absorbing reading for anyone who wants to learn about its history or find out about the life a fisherman and his family. In a clear and accessible way he takes readers through the technical, economic and social aspects of the story. He gives a graphic account of the development of the British fisheries through the medieval period and into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The themes and issues that family and local historians will need to understand in order to pursue their research are a key part of the study. He introduces the reader to the variety of national and local records that are available for genealogical research and considers the many other resources that can yield fascinating information about the industry and those who worked in it. |
| manorial records online: The English Manor C.1200 To C.1500 Mark Bailey, 2002-09-07 This is the first study to offer a detailed explanation of the form, structure, and evolution of the manorial records upon which all historical studies of medieval England are based. Beginning with a discussion of the nature and variety of the manor, as well as its origins and developments, the book then proceeds to dissect each category of manorial documents—surveys, extents, rentals, inventories, accounts, and court rolls—which are considered in turn, and exemplified. |
| manorial records online: The History and Antiquities of the County of Essex Philip Morant, 1763 |
| manorial records online: Maps for Family and Local History William Foot, Geraldine Beech, Rose Mitchell, 2004-04 This guide shows you how three great land surveys can provide information on your ancestor's home as well as historical snapshots of your area. The tithe, Valuation Office and National Farm surveys were comparable to the Domesday Book in their coverage. Spanning the period 1836-1943, they provide abundant information on rural and urban localities; on dwellings, settlements and landscapes; and on individual householders and tenants, farmers and industrialists. The surveys are of value to family and local historians. This guide is your companion to researching these records. The text explains why and how the surveys were made, and shows you how to identify and interpret the records that will put your ancestors or neighbourhood 'on the map'. |
| manorial records online: Keeping Record Abigail S. Armstrong, Matthias J. Kuhn, Jörg Peltzer, Chun Fung Tong, 2024-06-04 The production and retention of written records was a common and important facet of pre-modern rulership and administration. Much of our understanding of governmental practices and expressions of authority come from the contents of such documents, which have been well studied. Less studied, however, are the records themselves as artefacts. This volume is an attempt to redress this balance by taking a more holistic, material approach to a range of written records. Through a series of case studies, this volume explores questions regarding the material characteristics of various records and their use. It demonstrates that the material features of the records, including the size and shape, the hands that wrote them and the material substrate, can shed new light on the functioning of government and the declarations of power these records asserted. The ten contributions of this volume focus on records from a variety of rulers, political systems and administrations. With four case studies from early China and six from medieval Europe, this volume offers transcultural perspectives to demonstrate how different cultures expressed rulership and administration materially through the use of text-bearing artefacts. |
| manorial records online: The Oxford Handbook of Later Medieval Archaeology in Britain Christopher Gerrard, Alejandra Gutiérrez, 2018-01-11 The Middle Ages are all around us in Britain. The Tower of London and the castles of Scotland and Wales are mainstays of cultural tourism and an inspiring cross-section of later medieval finds can now be seen on display in museums across England, Scotland, and Wales. Medieval institutions from Parliament and monarchy to universities are familiar to us and we come into contact with the later Middle Ages every day when we drive through a village or town, look up at the castle on the hill, visit a local church or wonder about the earthworks in the fields we see from the window of a train. The Oxford Handbook of Later Medieval Archaeology in Britain provides an overview of the archaeology of the later Middle Ages in Britain between AD 1066 and 1550. 61 entries, divided into 10 thematic sections, cover topics ranging from later medieval objects, human remains, archaeological science, standing buildings, and sites such as castles and monasteries, to the well-preserved relict landscapes which still survive. This is a rich and exciting period of the past and most of what we have learnt about the material culture of our medieval past has been discovered in the past two generations. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of the latest research and describes the major projects and concepts that are changing our understanding of our medieval heritage. |
| manorial records online: Genealogy Caroline Peacock, 2003 Here is the third edition of this best-selling book, completely revised and updated. We've checked all the website reviews in the previous edition, re-written some reviews, deleted some reviews and added in new ones. |
| manorial records online: Dorset Manorial Documents Mark Forrest, 2011 Manorial documents are a useful and yet underused source for local and family historians in Dorset. They illustrate many aspects of the lives of ordinary people: property ownership, maintenance of roads and hedges, punishment of minor crimes, election of local officers and interpretation of local customs all fell within the remit of the manor court. The guide explains the history and development of Dorset manors and introduces the documents produced by the manorial administration through examples from the collections held at the Dorset History Centre. The focus is on those documents written in English produced between the mid-seventeenth century and the early twentieth century which are most easily accessible to researchers who have not previously worked on manor and estate records. Examples of court rolls, perambulations, stewards' papers, presentments and customs are provided with transcriptions to illustrate the contents and uses of a variety of records. |
| manorial records online: Lists and Indexes Great Britain. Public Record Office, 1911 |
| manorial records online: Tracing Your House History Gill Blanchard, 2013-04-19 “With its practical slant and focus on demystifying unfamiliar property documents, this is the perfect introduction to tracing a house history.” —Family Tree Magazine Anyone who wants to find out about the history of their house—of their home—needs to read this compact, practical handbook. Whether you live in a manor house or on a planned estate, in a laborer’s cottage, a tied house, a Victorian terrace, a twentieth-century council house or a converted warehouse—this is the book for you. In a series of concise, information-filled chapters, Gill Blanchard shows you how to trace the history of your house or flat, how to gain an insight into the lives of the people who lived in it before you, and how to fit it into the wider history of your neighborhood. A wealth of historical evidence is available in libraries, archives and record offices, in books and online, and this is the ideal introduction to it. Gill Blanchard explores these resources in depth, explains their significance and directs the researcher to the most relevant, and revealing, aspects of them. She makes the research process understandable, accessible and fun, and in the process, she demystifies the sometimes-obscure language and layout of the documents that researchers will come up against. “This book is more than a guide to researching the history of your house, or a house of interest. It is a font of interest if you are seeking to research and understand the social and domestic lives of people and their communities from early times.” —Federation of Family History Societies |
| manorial records online: The Diaries of Charlotte Downes Vol II John Lane, Valerie Lane Kay, 2013 The Diaries of Charlotte Downes, Volume II, is the fourth in a four-volume set, covering years 1839-1858. The diaries afford the reader a glimpse of a small corner of rural England from the Regency through to the early-mid Victorian periods when life was based on a timeless and often precarious agricultural economy, a rigid, inequitable class system and deference to an authoritative Church. Charlotte, the daughter of an influential Wiltshire land-owner, was first cousin to the poet Shelley; she later married Richard Downes, rector of Berwick St John. Her diaries, together with those of her sister, Harriet, have been described by one authority as like a novel by Jane Austen, but for real. This full transcription contains entries spanning a period of almost fifty years and provides a useful resource for scholars and social historians alike. Family historians will find recorded within these pages an extraordinary number of named individuals, from families representing all sections of society. |
| manorial records online: A Descriptive Catalogue of Sheffield Manorial Records from the 8th Year of Richard II to the Restoration , 1926 |
| manorial records online: The Place-names of Lancashire Eilert Ekwall, 1922 |
| manorial records online: Court Leet Records Anonymous, 2023-07-18 This fascinating collection of court leet records provides a window into the legal and social history of medieval England. With detailed descriptions of court proceedings and local customs, this book is an invaluable resource for historians and legal scholars alike. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. |
| manorial records online: Tracing Your Liverpool Ancestors Mike Royden, 2010-03-10 Tracing Your Liverpool Ancestors' gives a fascinating insight into everyday life in the Liverpool area over the past four centuries. Aimed primarily at the family and social historian, Mike Royden's highly readable guide introduces readers to the wealth of material available on the citys history and its people. In a series of short, information-packed chapters he describes, in vivid detail, the rise of Liverpool through shipping, manufacturing and trade from the original fishing village to the cosmopolitan metropolis of the present day. Throughout he concentrates on the lives of the local people on their experience as Liverpool developed around them. He looks at their living conditions, at poverty and the laboring poor, at health and the ravages of disease, at the influence of religion and migration, at education and the traumatic experience of war. He shows how the lives of Liverpudlians changed over the centuries and how this is reflected in the records that have survived. His useful book is a valuable tool for anyone researching the history of the city or the life of an individual ancestor. |
| manorial records online: Barber Alias Nynne Geoffrey Barber, 2021-02 A history of the author's paternal line starting at 1530 in Rotherfield in Sussex. A well researched book that contributes to the local history of Rotherfield and Tonbridge as well as providing an example of how the combination of church records, manorial records and legal documents can be used to learn about our ancestors in England in the very early periods of the 1500s - 1700s. |
| manorial records online: Principal Family and Estate Collections Great Britain. Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, 1996 |
Manorialism - Wikipedia
Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, [1] [2] was the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, …
Manorialism | Definition & Characteristics | Britannica
manorialism, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self …
Manorialism - World History Encyclopedia
Nov 29, 2018 · Medieval European Manorialism (Manorial System) was the system where rural society was arranged around a manor house or castle on an estate. The smallest units of …
What Is Manorialism? Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo
In Anglo-Saxon Britain, manorialism was a rural economic system that allowed landowners to become powerful, both politically and socially. The system of manorialism can trace its roots …
What is Manorialism? - WorldAtlas
Nov 22, 2017 · Manor, in the medieval times, referred to the large chunk of land owned by an individual. The land resulted in certain political rights in the society. At the time, political rights …
Manorial System - Encyclopedia.com
May 11, 2018 · manorial system (mənôr´ēəl, măn–) or seignorial system (sēnyôr´ēəl), economic and social system of medieval Europe under which peasants' land tenure [1] and production …
MANORIALISM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of MANORIALISM is a system of economic, social, and political organization based on the medieval manor in which a lord enjoyed a variety of rights over land and tenants. How …
Manorialism - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manorialism describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land. In medieval manorialism, a lord received a piece of land (usually from a more powerful nobleman or the …
Feudalism vs. Manorialism: Similarities, Differences & Examples
Sep 3, 2023 · Manorialism, on the other hand, was a smaller-scale rural social structure whereby a noble person would manage their large estate like a village, allowing peasants to live and …
The Feudal System Hierarchy and Manorialism in Medieval Society
Manorialism was an essential aspect of the feudal system, focusing on the economic relationship between the lord of the manor and the peasants who lived and worked on the land. It …
Manorialism - Wikipedia
Manorialism, also known as seigneurialism, the manor system or manorial system, [1] [2] was the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, …
Manorialism | Definition & Characteristics | Britannica
manorialism, political, economic, and social system by which the peasants of medieval Europe were rendered dependent on their land and on their lord. Its basic unit was the manor, a self …
Manorialism - World History Encyclopedia
Nov 29, 2018 · Medieval European Manorialism (Manorial System) was the system where rural society was arranged around a manor house or castle on an estate. The smallest units of …
What Is Manorialism? Definition and Examples - ThoughtCo
In Anglo-Saxon Britain, manorialism was a rural economic system that allowed landowners to become powerful, both politically and socially. The system of manorialism can trace its roots …
What is Manorialism? - WorldAtlas
Nov 22, 2017 · Manor, in the medieval times, referred to the large chunk of land owned by an individual. The land resulted in certain political rights in the society. At the time, political rights …
Manorial System - Encyclopedia.com
May 11, 2018 · manorial system (mənôr´ēəl, măn–) or seignorial system (sēnyôr´ēəl), economic and social system of medieval Europe under which peasants' land tenure [1] and production …
MANORIALISM Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of MANORIALISM is a system of economic, social, and political organization based on the medieval manor in which a lord enjoyed a variety of rights over land and tenants. How …
Manorialism - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Manorialism describes how land was distributed and who profited from the land. In medieval manorialism, a lord received a piece of land (usually from a more powerful nobleman or the …
Feudalism vs. Manorialism: Similarities, Differences & Examples
Sep 3, 2023 · Manorialism, on the other hand, was a smaller-scale rural social structure whereby a noble person would manage their large estate like a village, allowing peasants to live and …
The Feudal System Hierarchy and Manorialism in Medieval Society
Manorialism was an essential aspect of the feudal system, focusing on the economic relationship between the lord of the manor and the peasants who lived and worked on the land. It …
