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| marx selected writings: Karl Marx Karl Marx, 2000 This edition of McLellan's comprehensive selection of Marx's writings includes carefully selected extracts from the whole range of Marx's most important pieces alongside a fully revised and updated bibliography and editorial commentary on each document. New editorial introductions to each section of the book provide the reader with the background and context of Marx's writing in each period. Essential reading for anyone wishing for a detailed overview of Marx'spolitical philosophy. |
| marx selected writings: Marx: Selected Writings Karl Marx, 1994-03-15 Featuring the most important and enduring works from Marx's enormous corpus, this collection ranges from the Hegelian idealism of his youth to the mature socialism of his later works. Organized both topically and in rough chronological order, the selections (many of them in the translations of Loyd D. Easton and Kurt H. Guddat) include writings on historical materialism, excerpts from Capital, and political works. |
| marx selected writings: The Communist Manifesto & Selected Writings Karl Marx, 2018-02-08 Designed to appeal to the booklover, the Macmillan Collector's Library is a series of beautiful gift editions of much loved classic titles. Macmillan Collector's Library are books to love and treasure. This edition contains the most salient extracts from Marx's great work, selected and introduced by Hugh Griffith. Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto, first printed just before the French revolution of 1848, is his most accessible and famous work. In his powerful call to arms, Marx expounds his famous theory that class struggle is the real determinant of historical change. Next in this volume comes his treatise, Wages, Price and Profit, written in 1865, which serves as an accessible introduction to the ideas which Marx went on to develop in Capital, his masterful, multi-volume analysis of how the world was irreversibly changed by the industrial revolution. Whilst old-style Marxism is now dead and buried, today's conflicts within capitalism are as sharp as ever and Marx’s brilliant, painstaking writings remain incredibly relevant. |
| marx selected writings: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke, Kenneth Winkler, 1996 Featuring the works from Marx's enormous corpus, this title covers Marx's development from the Hegelian idealism of his youth to the mature socialism of his later works. It includes writings from Marx's early philosophical works, and the central writings on historical materialism. |
| marx selected writings: Selected Writings on the Question of Marxism Stuart Hall, 2021 This collection of Stuart Hall's key writings on Marxism surveys the formative questions central to his interpretations of and investments in Marxist theory and practice. |
| marx selected writings: Arab Marxism and National Liberation Mahdi Amel, 2020-12-15 Mahdi Amel (1936–87) was a prominent Arab Marxist thinker and Lebanese Communist Party member. This collection brings for the first time to an English audience lengthy excerpts from six major works by Mahdi Amel. These include the two founding texts on colonialism and underdevelopment in which Amel began to grapple with the question of dependency, his treatise on sectarianism and the state, his critique of Edward Said’s analysis of Marx, his exposure of emerging Islamised bourgeois trends of thought as part of a broader critique of everyday thought, and his reflection on cultural heritage as perceived by Arab bourgeoisie. Amel’s writings serve as a reminder of the need to renew Marxist thought based on the concrete and particular social realities like colonialism. |
| marx selected writings: The Fiery Brook Ludwig Feuerbach, 2014-09-02 Feuerbach’s departure from the traditional philosophy of Hegel opened the door for generations of radical philosophical thought. His philosophy has long been acknowledged as the influence for much of Marx’s early writings. Indeed, a great amount of the young Marx must remain unintelligible without reference to certain basic Feuerbachian texts. These selections, most of them previously untranslated, establish the thought of Feuerbach in an independent role. They explain his fundamental criticisms of the ‘old philosophy’ of Hegel, and advance his own humanistic thought, which finds its bases in life and sensuality. Feuerbach’s contemporaneity as an existentialist, humanist, and atheist is clearly presented, and the reader can readily grasp the liberating influence of this too-long neglected philosopher. Professor Zawar Hanfi has written an excellent introduction establishing Feuerbach’s environment, importance, and relevance and his translations surpass most previous Feuerbach translators. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx: selected writings Karl Marx, 2000 |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx: Selected Writings Karl Marx, 2010-08-02 Translated and edited by T. B. Bottomore. |
| marx selected writings: Groucho Marx and Other Short Stories and Tall Tales Robert S. Bader, 2009-03 GROUCHO MARX AND OTHER SHORT STORIES AND TALL TALES: THE SELECTED WRITINGS OF GROUCHO M |
| marx selected writings: Selected Writings of Walter Pater Walter Pater, 1982 Harold Bloom's selection of Pater's writings brings together in one volume the most important sections and passages from The Renaissance, Imaginary Portraits, Appreciations, Plato and Platonism, Greek Studies, and Sketches and Reviews, as well as The Child in the House. Pater, the chief aesthetician and literary critic of Victorian England, brought his powerful imagination to bear on a wide range of subjects: from the drama of Euripides to the painters of the Renaissance, from the Romantic poets to the pre-Raphaelites, from Plato to Oscar Wilde. In the twentieth century, Pater's theories of art and literature exerted a strong inluence on the work of Yeats, Pound, Eliot, Joyce, and Stevens. |
| marx selected writings: Selected Essays Karl Marx, 2008-08 Karl Marx was a 19th-century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist and revolutionary. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx Thomas Burton Bottomore, 1965 |
| marx selected writings: The Revolutionary Philosophy of Marxism Karl Marx , Friedrich Engels , Alan Woods , V.I. Lenin , Leon Trotsky, 2018-11-22 A Selection of Writings on Dialectical Materialism by Marx, Engels, Lenin, Trotsky, Plekhanov, and Luxemburg, and Alan Woods. Edited by John Peterson with an Introduction by Alan Woods. On the bicentennial of his birth, Karl Marx’s ideas are more relevant than ever. While he is perhaps best known for his writings on economics and history, anyone who wishes to have a fully rounded understanding of his method must strive to master dialectical materialism, which itself resulted from an assiduous study and critique of Hegel. Dialectical materialism is the logic of motion, development, and change. By embracing contradiction instead of trying to write it out of reality, dialectics allows Marxists to approach processes as they really are, not as we would like them to be. In this way we can understand and explain the essential class interests at stake in our fight against capitalist exploitation and oppression. At every decisive turning point in history, scientific socialists must go back to basics. Marxist theory represents the synthesized experience, historical memory, and guide to action of the working class. The Revolutionary Philosophy of Marxism aims to arm the new generation of revolutionary socialists with these essential ideas. |
| marx selected writings: Capitalism and Disability Marta Russell, 2019-08-06 Spread out over many years and many different publications, the late author and activist Marta Russell wrote a number of groundbreaking and insightful essays on the nature of disability and oppression under capitalism. In this volume, Russell’s various essays are brought together in one place in order to provide a useful and expansive resource to those interested in better understanding the ways in which the modern phenomenon of disability is shaped by capitalist economic and social relations. The essays range in analysis from the theoretical to the topical, including but not limited to: the emergence of disability as a “human category” rooted in the rise of industrial capitalism and the transformation of the conditions of work, family, and society corresponding thereto; a critique of the shortcomings of a purely “civil rights approach” to addressing the persistence of disability oppression in the economic sphere, with a particular focus on the legacy of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990; an examination of the changing position of disabled people within the overall system of capitalist production utilizing the Marxist economic concepts of the reserve army of the unemployed, the labor theory of value, and the exploitation of wage-labor; the effects of neoliberal capitalist policies on the living conditions and social position of disabled people as it pertains to welfare, income assistance, health care, and other social security programs; imperialism and war as a factor in the further oppression and immiseration of disabled people within the United States and globally; and the need to build unity against the divisive tendencies which hide the common economic interest shared between disabled people and the often highly-exploited direct care workers who provide services to the former. |
| marx selected writings: C.L.R. James and Revolutionary Marxism Cyril Lionel Robert James, 2018 CLR James and Revolutionary Marxism collects some of the most important, but difficult to obtain, articles from the legendary Trinidadian-Marxist. |
| marx selected writings: Marx at 200 Gilbert Faccarello, Heinz D. Kurz, 2020-09-10 The book provides new vistas on Karl Marx’s political economy, philosophy and politics on the occasion of his 200th birthday. Often using hitherto unknown material from the recently published Marx- Engels Gesamtausgabe (the MEGA2 edition), the contributions throw new light on Marx’s works and activities, the sources he used and the discussions he had, correcting received opinions on his doctrines. The themes dealt with include Marx’s concepts of alienation and commodity fetishism, the labour theory of value and the theory of exploitation, Marx’s studies of capital accumulation and economic growth and his analysis of economic crises and of the labour contract. Novel developments in the reception of his works in France and the UK conclude the volume. This book was originally published as a special issue of The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought. |
| marx selected writings: Alasdair MacIntyre's Engagement with Marxism Paul Blackledge, Neil Davidson, 2008 This selection of Alasdair MacIntyrea (TM)s early writings on Marxism and ethics aims both to fill a gap in the academic literature on MacIntyrea (TM)s ethical theory, and to offer a contribution to more recent debates on the ethics of revolution. |
| marx selected writings: Selected Writings in Sociology & Social Philosophy Karl Marx, 1964 Presents excerpts from the philosopher's works with a critical study of his main ideas and sociological views. |
| marx selected writings: Political Writings: Surveys from exile Karl Marx, 1973 |
| marx selected writings: Marx Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, 2004 Each volume in this series has a full Introduction, including biographical details and a further reading list. |
| marx selected writings: Marx's Concept of the Alternative to Capitalism Peter Hudis, 2012-07-25 In contrast to the traditional view that Marx's work is restricted to a critique of capitalism and does not contain a detailed or coherent conception of its alternative, this book shows, through an analysis of his published and unpublished writings, that Marx was committed to a specific concept of a post-capitalist society that informed his critique of value production, alienated labor and capitalist accumulation. Instead of focusing on the present with only a passing reference to the future, Marx's emphasis on capitalism's tendency towards dissolution is rooted in a specific conception of what should replace it. In critically re-examining that conception, this book addresses the quest for an alternative to capitalism that has taken on increased importance today. |
| marx selected writings: Marxism and Anarchism Alan Woods , Leon Trotsky, Friedrich Engels , V.I. Lenin , G.V. Plekhanov , 2018-11-12 The debate between Marxism and Anarchism is more than a century old. It is no accident that when the class struggle again boils to the surface this debate is revived. This collection of classic and contemporary writings helps to clarify the Marxist perspective on Anarchist theory and practice, and the need for a revolutionary party. Its publication marks an important step forward in the theoretical arming of a new generation of class fighters - in preparation for the momentous struggles ahead. This volume includes classic essays by Engels, Lenin, Trotsky, Plekhanov, as well as contemporary analysis by Alan Woods, Phil Mitchinson and others, on an array of topics related to anarchism. Among them are: the Occupy movement; Marx vs Bakunin; Engels on authority; Michael Albert and Parecon; why Marxists oppose individual terrorism; direct action; anarcho-syndicalism; Kronstadt; the Makhno rebellion; the Spanish Revolution. |
| marx selected writings: Selected writings of Marx. Karl Marx, 1970 |
| marx selected writings: Selected Writings: 1938-1940 Walter Benjamin, 1996 Comprising more than 65 pieces - journal articles, reviews, extended essays, sketches, aphorisms, and fragments - this volume shows the range of Walter Benjamin's writing. His topics here include poetry, fiction, drama, history, religion, love, violence, morality and mythology. |
| marx selected writings: Critique of Hegel's 'Philosophy Of Right' Karl Marx, 1970-12-02 This book is a complete translation of Marx's critical commentary on paragraphs 261-313 of Hegel's major work in political theory. In this text Marx subjects Hegel's doctrine on the internal constitution of the state to a lengthy analysis. It was Marx's first attempt to expose and criticize Hegel's philosophy in general and his political philosophy in particular. It also represents his early efforts to criticize existing political institutions and to clarify the relations between the political and economic aspects of society. The Critique provides textual evidence in support of the argument that Marx's early writings do not exhibit radically different doctrinal principles and theoretical and practical concerns from his later work. This edition also includes a translation of the introduction Marx wrote for his proposed revised version of the Critique which he never completed. In a substantial introduction, Professor O'Malley provides valuable information on Marx's intellectual development. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx, Frederick Engels Karl Marx, 1975 Vols. 35-37 contain volumes I, II, and III of Das Kapital. Vols. 36-37, 48-50 prepared jointly by Lawrence & Wishart Ltd., London, International Publishers, and Progress Publishing Group Corp., Moscow, in collaboration with the Russian Independent Institute of Social and National Problems. Vols. 38-41 published: Moscow : Progress Publishers. Includes bibliographies and indexes. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx's Writings on Alienation Marcello Musto, 2021-05-07 The theory of alienation occupies a significant place in the work of Marx and has long been considered one of his main contributions to the critique of bourgeois society. Many authors who have written on this concept over the 20th century have erroneously based their interpretations on Marx’s early writings. In this anthology, by contrast, Marcello Musto has concentrated his selection on the most relevant pages of Marx’s later economic works, in which his thoughts on alienation were far more extensive and detailed than those of the early philosophical manuscripts. Additionally, the writings collated in this volume are unique in their presentation of not only Marx’s critique of capitalism, but also his description of communist society. This comprehensive rediscovery of Marx’s ideas on alienation provides an indispensable critical tool for both understanding the past and the critique of contemporary society. |
| marx selected writings: Marxism and Art Maynard Solomon, 1979 Marxism and Art is a book of basic readings in Marxist criticism and aesthetics. Maynard Solomon, through his selections and critical introductions, shows connections between the arts and society, between imagination nd history, and between art and revolution. He selects from thirty-six authors to reveal the range of opinion from dogma to heresy, beginning with excerpts from the works of Marx and Engels that are pertinent to an understanding of Marxist philosophy. The book traverses a wide range of subjects from the origins of art to the nature of creativity, the aesthetic experience, the dialectics of consciousness, the psychology of art, and the evolution of art forms. The sources of art in ritual, in the labor process, in the play drive, and in social conflict are explored. |
| marx selected writings: Late Marx and the Russian Road Teodor Shanin, 1983 The mid-part of the book is mainly given to the drafts of Marx's 1881 discussion concerning rural Russia and some supplementary materials... The book's first part offers some interpretations of Marx's work at the last stage of its development, relating directly to the drafts published... The final part three of the book presents some materials which come to trace the intellectual bridges between Marx's writings on Russia and the Russian revolutionary tradition.--Intro. |
| marx selected writings: The Philosophy of Marx Étienne Balibar, 2017-01-03 Written by one of political theory's leading thinkers, The Philosophy of Marx examines all the key areas of Marx's writings in their wider historical and theoretical context-including the concepts of class struggle, ideology, humanism, progress, determinism, commodity fetishism, and the state. Etienne Balibar opens a gateway into the thought of one of history's great minds. In this updated edition to this now classic work, Balibar has added a substantial introduction and new material. Complete with key information boxes for the student to make the most challenging areas of theory easy to understand, this remains the best available introduction to the most important thinker of the past 200 years. |
| marx selected writings: René Magritte René Magritte, 2016-09-22 Available for the first time in an English translation, this selection of René Magritte’s writings gives non-Francophone readers the chance to encounter the many incarnations of the renowned Belgian painter—the artist, the man, the aspiring noirist, the fire-breathing theorist—in his own words. Through whimsical personal letters, biting apologia, appreciations of fellow artists, pugnacious interviews, farcical film scripts, prose poems, manifestos, and much more, a new Magritte emerges: part Surrealist, part literalist, part celebrity, part rascal.While this book is sure to appeal to admirers of Magritte’s art and those who are curious about his personal life, there is also much to delight readers interested in the history and theory of art, philosophy and politics, as well as lovers of creativity and the inner workings of a probing, inquisitive mind unrestricted by genre, medium, or fashion. |
| marx selected writings: Selected Writings José Martí, 2002-04-30 José Martí (1853-1895) is the most renowned political and literary figure in the history of Cuba. A poet, essayist, orator, statesman, abolitionist, and the martyred revolutionary leader of Cuba's fight for independence from Spain, Martí lived in exile in New York for most of his adult life, earning his living as a foreign correspondent. Throughout the 1880s and early 1890s, Martí's were the eyes through which much of Latin America saw the United States. His impassioned, kaleidoscopic evocations of that period in U.S. history, the assassination of James Garfield, the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge, the execution of the Chicago anarchists, the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans, and much more, bring it rushing back to life. Organized chronologically, this collection begins with his early writings, including a thundering account of his political imprisonment in Cuba at age sixteen. The middle section focuses on his journalism, which offers an image of the United States in the nineteenth century, its way of life and system of government, that rivals anything written by de Tocqueville, Dickens, Trollope, or any other European commentator. Including generous selections of his poetry and private notebooks, the book concludes with his astonishing, hallucinatory final masterpiece, War Diaries, never before translated into English. For more than seventy years, Penguin has been the leading publisher of classic literature in the English-speaking world. With more than 1,700 titles, Penguin Classics represents a global bookshelf of the best works throughout history and across genres and disciplines. Readers trust the series to provide authoritative texts enhanced by introductions and notes by distinguished scholars and contemporary authors, as well as up-to-date translations by award-winning translators. |
| marx selected writings: History and Imperialism Louis Althusser, 2020-02-18 Writings on History brings together a selection of texts by Louis Althusser dating from 1963 to 1986, including essays, a lecture, notes to his collaborators, and the transcript of an informal 1963 discussion of literary history. The centrepiece of this collection is Althusser’s previously unpublished Book on Imperialism, a theorization of globalized capitalism that remained unfinished. All these writings are concerned with the place of history in Marxist theory and, in particular, on what Althusser considered to be the mortal danger of historicism haunting the revolutionary reading of the present. They testify to his continuing dialogue with the historiography of his day, several of whose representatives were engaged in discussion and debate with him. Deeply interested in history but intent on avoiding the kind of interpretation that would transform it into a deterministic force, Althusser never ceased to reflect on the equilibrium between the historical and the concept in Marxist historiography, an equilibrium that he sought to reinvent for his time. The traces of that undertaking, which continues to generate debate throughout the world today, are brought together in this volume. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy Karl Marx, 1969 |
| marx selected writings: The History of Philosophy Alan Woods, 2021-09-26 Alan Woods outlines the development of philosophy from the ancient Greeks, all the way through to Marx and Engels who brought together the best of previous thinking to produce the Marxist philosophical outlook. Marxism looks at the real material world, not as a static immovable reality, but one that is constantly changing and moving, according to laws that can be discovered. This allows Marxists to look at how things were, how they have become and how they are most likely going to be in the future. The book deals with the history of human thought as a long process which started with the early primitive humans in their struggles for survival, through to the emergence of class societies, all as part of a process towards greater and greater knowledge of the world we live in. This long historical process eventually created the material conditions which allow for an end to class divisions and the flowering of a new society where humans will achieve true freedom, where no human will exploit another and no human will oppress another. Here we see how philosophy becomes an indispensable tool in the struggle for the revolutionary transformation of society. |
| marx selected writings: Marx: Early Political Writings Karl Marx, 1994-06-24 In this selection of the political writings of Karl Marx that predate the Communist Manifesto, excerpts from the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right, Points on the State and Bourgeois Society and other writings are newly translated and arranged in a sequence that illuminates the development of his thought, while the introduction discusses the intellectual context of his theories. This volume will be an invaluable guide to the formation of one of the most influential doctrines in the history of political thought. |
| marx selected writings: Karl Marx Karl Marx, Erich Fromm, 1963 |
| marx selected writings: Introduction to Marxist Theory Ernest Mandel, 2021-01-30 This book contains a selection of essays on key subjects Mandel worked on: the theory of the state, imperialism, reformism, and bureaucracy. The Leninist Theory of Organisation is an influential essay on class consciousness and organisation. The Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory was widely used as a textbook in classes on Marxist economics. This book is the first in a series of selected writings by Ernest Mandel. CONTENTS: Introduction by Ian Parker The Marxist Theory of the State The Marxist Theory of Imperialism and its Critics An Introduction to Marxist Economic Theory The Nature of Social-Democratic Reformism On Bureaucracy: A Marxist Analysis The Leninist Theory of Organisation. |
Karl Marx - Wikipedia
Karl Marx [a] (German: [ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
Karl Marx | Books, Theory, Beliefs, Children, Communism, Religion ...
Jun 5, 2025 · Karl Marx (1818–83) was a revolutionary, socialist, historian, and economist who wrote the works, including Das Kapital and (with Friedrich Engels) The Communist Manifesto, …
Karl Marx - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aug 26, 2003 · Karl Marx (1818–1883) is often treated as an activist rather than a philosopher, a revolutionary whose works inspired the foundation of communist regimes in the twentieth century.
Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto, Theories & Beliefs - HISTORY
Nov 9, 2009 · Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and economist who became a social revolutionary as co-author of "The C...
Karl Marx Sociologist: Contributions and Theory - Simply Psychology
Feb 13, 2024 · Karl Marx was a German philosopher interested in exploring the relationship between the economy and the people working within the economic system. Marx’s theory was …
An Introduction to the Work of Marx - Karl Marx
Marx’s work is generally divided into two periods: the more philosophical, idealist, early Marx; and the more mature, scientific, and materialist Marx.
Karl Marx: Biography, The Communist Manifesto, Quotes & Facts
Aug 8, 2023 · German philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital,' anticapitalistic works that form the basis of Marxism.
Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts
May 13, 2025 · Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a …
Karl Marx: His Books, Theories, and Impact - Investopedia
May 7, 2024 · Karl Marx was a 19th-century philosopher, author, and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism. He was the father of Marxism.
Karl Marx - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aug 26, 2003 · Trained as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophy in his mid-twenties, towards economics and politics.
Karl Marx - Wikipedia
Karl Marx [a] (German: [ˈkaʁl ˈmaʁks]; 5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German philosopher, political theorist, economist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
Karl Marx | Books, Theory, Beliefs, Children, Communism, Religion ...
Jun 5, 2025 · Karl Marx (1818–83) was a revolutionary, socialist, historian, and economist who wrote the works, including Das Kapital and (with Friedrich Engels) The Communist Manifesto, that …
Karl Marx - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aug 26, 2003 · Karl Marx (1818–1883) is often treated as an activist rather than a philosopher, a revolutionary whose works inspired the foundation of communist regimes in the twentieth century.
Karl Marx - Communist Manifesto, Theories & Beliefs - HISTORY
Nov 9, 2009 · Karl Marx (1818-1883) was a German philosopher and economist who became a social revolutionary as co-author of "The C...
Karl Marx Sociologist: Contributions and Theory - Simply Psychology
Feb 13, 2024 · Karl Marx was a German philosopher interested in exploring the relationship between the economy and the people working within the economic system. Marx’s theory was strongly …
An Introduction to the Work of Marx - Karl Marx
Marx’s work is generally divided into two periods: the more philosophical, idealist, early Marx; and the more mature, scientific, and materialist Marx.
Karl Marx: Biography, The Communist Manifesto, Quotes & Facts
Aug 8, 2023 · German philosopher and revolutionary socialist Karl Marx published 'The Communist Manifesto' and 'Das Kapital,' anticapitalistic works that form the basis of Marxism.
Marxism | Definition, History, Ideology, Examples, & Facts
May 13, 2025 · Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a …
Karl Marx: His Books, Theories, and Impact - Investopedia
May 7, 2024 · Karl Marx was a 19th-century philosopher, author, and economist famous for his ideas about capitalism and communism. He was the father of Marxism.
Karl Marx - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Aug 26, 2003 · Trained as a philosopher, Marx turned away from philosophy in his mid-twenties, towards economics and politics.
