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last one ins a nigger: Nigger Randall Kennedy, 2008-12-18 Randall Kennedy takes on not just a word, but our laws, attitudes, and culture with bracing courage and intelligence—with a range of reference that extends from the Jim Crow south to Chris Rock routines and the O. J. Simpson trial. It’s “the nuclear bomb of racial epithets,” a word that whites have employed to wound and degrade African Americans for three centuries. Paradoxically, among many Black people it has become a term of affection and even empowerment. The word, of course, is nigger, and in this candid, lucidly argued book the distinguished legal scholar Randall Kennedy traces its origins, maps its multifarious connotations, and explores the controversies that rage around it. Should Blacks be able to use nigger in ways forbidden to others? Should the law treat it as a provocation that reduces the culpability of those who respond to it violently? Should it cost a person his job, or a book like Huckleberry Finn its place on library shelves? |
last one ins a nigger: Understanding Jim Crow David Pilgrim, 2015-11-25 For many people, especially those who came of age after landmark civil rights legislation was passed, it is difficult to understand what it was like to be an African American living under Jim Crow segregation in the United States. Most young Americans have little or no knowledge about restrictive covenants, literacy tests, poll taxes, lynchings, and other oppressive features of the Jim Crow racial hierarchy. Even those who have some familiarity with the period may initially view racist segregation and injustices as mere relics of a distant, shameful past. A proper understanding of race relations in this country must include a solid knowledge of Jim Crow—how it emerged, what it was like, how it ended, and its impact on the culture. Understanding Jim Crow introduces readers to the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia, a collection of more than ten thousand contemptible collectibles that are used to engage visitors in intense and intelligent discussions about race, race relations, and racism. The items are offensive. They were meant to be offensive. The items in the Jim Crow Museum served to dehumanize blacks and legitimized patterns of prejudice, discrimination, and segregation. Using racist objects as teaching tools seems counterintuitive—and, quite frankly, needlessly risky. Many Americans are already apprehensive discussing race relations, especially in settings where their ideas are challenged. The museum and this book exist to help overcome our collective trepidation and reluctance to talk about race. Fully illustrated, and with context provided by the museum’s founder and director David Pilgrim, Understanding Jim Crow is both a grisly tour through America’s past and an auspicious starting point for racial understanding and healing. |
last one ins a nigger: Migrating to the Movies Jacqueline Najuma Stewart, 2005-03-28 The rise of cinema as the predominant American entertainment around the turn of the last century coincided with the migration of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from the South to the urban land of hope in the North. This richly illustrated book, discussing many early films and illuminating black urban life in this period, is the first detailed look at the numerous early relationships between African Americans and cinema. It investigates African American migrations onto the screen, into the audience, and behind the camera, showing that African American urban populations and cinema shaped each other in powerful ways. Focusing on Black film culture in Chicago during the silent era, Migrating to the Movies begins with the earliest cinematic representations of African Americans and concludes with the silent films of Oscar Micheaux and other early race films made for Black audiences, discussing some of the extraordinary ways in which African Americans staked their claim in cinema's development as an art and a cultural institution. |
last one ins a nigger: Satire Or Evasion? James S. Leonard, Thomas Tenney, Thadious M. Davis, 1992 Though one of America’s best known and loved novels, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has often been the object of fierce controversy because of its racist language and reliance on racial stereotypes. This collection of fifteen essays by prominent African American scholars and critics examines the novel’s racist elements and assesses the degree to which Twain’s ironies succeed or fail to turn those elements into a satirical attack on racism. Ranging from the laudatory to the openly hostile, these essays include personal impressions of Huckleberry Finn, descriptions of classroom experience with the book, evaluations of its ironic and allegorical aspects, explorations of its nineteenth-century context, and appraisal of its effects on twentieth-century African American writers. Among the issues the authors contend with are Twain’s pervasive use of the word “nigger,” his portrayal of the slave Jim according to the conventions of the minstrel show “darky,” and the thematic chaos created by the “evasion” depicted in the novel’s final chapters. Sure to provoke thought and stir debate, Satire or Evasion? provides a variety of new perspectives on one of this country’s most troubling classics. Contributors. Richard K. Barksdale, Bernard W. Bell, Mary Kemp Davis, Peaches M. Henry, Betty Harris Jones, Rhett S. Jones, Julius Lester, Donnarae MacCann, Charles H. Nichols, Charles H. Nilon, Arnold Rampersad, David L. Smith, Carmen Dubryan, John H. Wallace, Kenny Jackson Williams, Fredrick Woodard |
last one ins a nigger: Georgia Nigger John Louis Spivak, 1969 A thinly fictionalized condemnation of Georgia's penal system that unveiled the harsh working conditions and brutal treatment suffered by African Americans in the state's convict camps. |
last one ins a nigger: Nigger Dick Gregory, Robert Lipsyte, 2019-06-11 Comedian and civil rights activist Dick Gregory’s million-copy-plus bestselling memoir—now in trade paperback for the first time. “Powerful and ugly and beautiful...a moving story of a man who deeply wants a world without malice and hate and is doing something about it.”—The New York Times Fifty-five years ago, in 1964, an incredibly honest and revealing memoir by one of the America's best-loved comedians and activists, Dick Gregory, was published. With a shocking title and breathtaking writing, Dick Gregory defined a genre and changed the way race was discussed in America. Telling stories that range from his hardscrabble childhood in St. Louis to his pioneering early days as a comedian to his indefatigable activism alongside Medgar Evers and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Gregory's memoir riveted readers in the sixties. In the years and decades to come, the stories and lessons became more relevant than ever, and the book attained the status of a classic. The book has sold over a million copies and become core text about race relations and civil rights, continuing to inspire readers everywhere with Dick Gregory's incredible story about triumphing over racism and poverty to become an American legend. |
last one ins a nigger: The N Word Jabari Asim, 2008-08-04 A renowned cultural critic untangles the twisted history and future of racism through its most volatile word. The N Word reveals how the term “nigger” has both reflected and spread the scourge of bigotry in America over the four hundred years since it was first spoken on our shores. Jabari Asim pinpoints Thomas Jefferson as the source of our enduring image of the “nigger.” In a seminal but now obscure essay, Jefferson marshaled a welter of pseudoscience to define the stereotype of a shiftless child-man with huge appetites and stunted self-control. Asim reveals how nineteenth-century “science” then colluded with popular culture to amplify this slander. What began as false generalizations became institutionalized in every corner of our society: the arts and sciences, sports, the law, and on the streets. Asim’s conclusion is as original as his premise. He argues that even when uttered with the opposite intent by hipsters and hip-hop icons, the slur helps keep blacks at the bottom of America’s socioeconomic ladder. But Asim also proves there is a place for the word in the mouths and on the pens of those who truly understand its twisted history—from Mark Twain to Dave Chappelle to Mos Def. Only when we know its legacy can we loosen this slur’s grip on our national psyche. |
last one ins a nigger: 40 Hours and an Unwritten Rule Kim Williams, 2004 |
last one ins a nigger: The Nigger of the Narcissus Joseph Conrad, 1919 |
last one ins a nigger: Nigger Heaven Carl Van Vechten, 1926 Negro life in Harlem. Cf. Hanna, A. Mirror for the nation |
last one ins a nigger: The New Negro Alain Locke, 1925 |
last one ins a nigger: The Wages of Whiteness David R. Roediger, 1999 THE WAGES OF WHITENESS provides an original study of the formative years of working-class racism in the United States. In an Afterword to this second edition, Roediger discusses recent studies of whiteness and the changing face of labor itself--then surveys criticism of his work. He accepts the views of some critics but challenges others. |
last one ins a nigger: The Politics of Rage Dan T. Carter, 2000-02-01 Combining biography with regional and national history, Dan T. Carter chronicles the dramatic rise and fall of George Wallace, a populist who abandoned his ideals to become a national symbol of racism, and later begged for forgiveness. In The Politics of Rage, Carter argues persuasively that the four-time Alabama governor and four-time presidential candidate helped to establish the conservative political movement that put Ronald Reagan in the White House in 1980 and gave Newt Gingrich and the Republicans control of Congress in 1994. In this second edition, Carter updates Wallace’s story with a look at the politician’s death and the nation’s reaction to it and gives a summary of his own sense of the legacy of “the most important loser in twentieth-century American politics.” |
last one ins a nigger: JUST ANOTHER NIGGER DON. COX, 2019 |
last one ins a nigger: Black Like Me John Howard Griffin, 1976 This American classic has been corrected from the original manuscripts and indexed, featuring historic photographs and an extensive biographical afterword. |
last one ins a nigger: Radical Ambivalence Angela Alaimo O'Donnell, 2020-06-02 Radical Ambivalence is the first book-length study of Flannery O’Connor’s attitude toward race in her fiction and correspondence. It is also the first study to include controversial material from unpublished letters that reveals the complex and troubling nature of O’Connor’s thoughts on the subject. O’Connor lived and did most of her writing in her native Georgia during the tumultuous years of the civil rights movement. In one of her letters, O’Connor frankly expresses her double-mindedness regarding the social and political upheaval taking place in the United States with regard to race: “I hope that to be of two minds about some things is not to be neutral.” Radical Ambivalence explores this double-mindedness and how it manifests itself in O’Connor’s fiction. |
last one ins a nigger: Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors David Pilgrim, 2018 Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors examines the origins and significance of several longstanding anti-black stories and the caricatures and stereotypes that undergird them. It features images from the Jim Crow Museum, the nation's largest publicly accessible collection of racist objects. These pictures document the social injustice that Martin Luther King Jr. referred to as a pus-filled boil which must be exposed to the light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before it can be cured. Each chapter concludes with a story from the author's journey, challenging the integrity of racial narratives. |
last one ins a nigger: The Student as Nigger Jerry Farber, 1974 |
last one ins a nigger: Die, Nigger, Die! Jamil Al-Amin, 2002 This explosive book, which was first published in 1969 and has long been unavailable, tells the story of the making of a revolutionary. But it is much more than a personal history--it is a call to arms, an urgent message to the black community to be the vanguard force in the struggle of oppressed people. |
last one ins a nigger: Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A. Stetson Kennedy, 2011-03-15 Jim Crow Guide documents the system of legally imposed American apartheid that prevailed during what Stetson Kennedy calls the long century from Emancipation to the Overcoming. The mock guidebook covers every area of activity where the tentacles of Jim Crow reached. From the texts of state statutes, municipal ordinances, federal regulations, and judicial rulings, Kennedy exhumes the legalistic skeleton of Jim Crow in a work of permanent value for scholars and of exceptional appeal for general readers. |
last one ins a nigger: Why I’m No Longer Talking to White People About Race Reni Eddo-Lodge, 2020-11-12 'Every voice raised against racism chips away at its power. We can't afford to stay silent. This book is an attempt to speak' *Updated edition featuring a new afterword* The book that sparked a national conversation. Exploring everything from eradicated black history to the inextricable link between class and race, Why I'm No Longer Talking to White People About Race is the essential handbook for anyone who wants to understand race relations in Britain today. THE NO.1 SUNDAY TIMES BESTSELLER WINNER OF THE BRITISH BOOK AWARDS NON-FICTION NARRATIVE BOOK OF THE YEAR 2018 FOYLES NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR BLACKWELL'S NON-FICTION BOOK OF THE YEAR WINNER OF THE JHALAK PRIZE LONGLISTED FOR THE BAILLIE GIFFORD PRIZE FOR NON-FICTION LONGLISTED FOR THE ORWELL PRIZE SHORTLISTED FOR A BOOKS ARE MY BAG READERS AWARD |
last one ins a nigger: The Strange Career of Jim Crow The late C. Vann Woodward, 2001-11-29 C. Vann Woodward, who died in 1999 at the age of 91, was America's most eminent Southern historian, the winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Mary Chestnut's Civil War and a Bancroft Prize for The Origins of the New South. Now, to honor his long and truly distinguished career, Oxford is pleased to publish this special commemorative edition of Woodward's most influential work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is one of the great works of Southern history. Indeed, the book actually helped shape that history. Published in 1955, a year after the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education ordered schools desegregated, Strange Career was cited so often to counter arguments for segregation that Martin Luther King, Jr. called it the historical Bible of the civil rights movement. The book offers a clear and illuminating analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, presenting evidence that segregation in the South dated only to the 1890s. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was a relative newcomer to the region. Hailed as one of the top 100 nonfiction works of the twentieth century, The Strange Career of Jim Crow has sold almost a million copies and remains, in the words of David Herbert Donald, a landmark in the history of American race relations. |
last one ins a nigger: Archives of Empire Mia Carter, Barbara Harlow, 2003 DIVA collection of original writings and documents from British colonialism in Africa./div |
last one ins a nigger: Mommie, What Is a Nigger? Mia Isaac, 1996 Nigger! LET THE READING, DISCUSSION and the ERRADICATON BEGIN. IT STARTS WITH YOU! Mommie, what Is A Nigger? The Case Of The Centuries is a book with a word that seems to make many people run the other way. The Plaintiffs vs. Defendants. The reader will learn that it starts out as though one is in court. The case is introduce with the opening statement. Information is given to the juror(s). The juror(s) (readers of all six chapters) listen to the lawyers, closing statement, and the verdict-suggested solution to burying the machination of the word nigger in the heart, mind, and action of all of those in the fields of education, politics(those making/enforcing laws), economics (jobs-hiring, homes ), medical, religion and any and all that have/are causing the human family from taking care of their families. The spirit of this teaching is loose in the universe, and it looks for those that it can use to carry out hate, racism, division or anything that will place one group as superior and the other group as inferior. The research will reveal what was used to make one group in the human family the nigger. The book will also reveal that the word nigger is not just a word. The structures behind the word is destroying the human family. This book must be read by all those that are in fraternities, sororities, high school, college, universities, any organizations, community person and etc. If you are dealing with children, parents, teachers and all others. You must read this book and discuss it. College students make this book subject 101 for your school year. Form your reading group(s) and start your discussion. Will you get a job when you graduate? The research will answer many questions. |
last one ins a nigger: Letter from Birmingham Jail MARTIN LUTHER KING JR., Martin Luther King, 2018 This landmark missive from one of the greatest activists in history calls for direct, non-violent resistance in the fight against racism, and reflects on the healing power of love. |
last one ins a nigger: How to Be a (Young) Antiracist Ibram X. Kendi, Nic Stone, 2023-09-12 The #1 New York Times bestseller that sparked international dialogue is now in paperback for young adults! Based on the adult bestseller by Ibram X. Kendi, and co-authored by bestselling author Nic Stone, How to be a (Young) Antiracist will serve as a guide for teens seeking a way forward in acknowledging, identifying, and dismantling racism and injustice. The New York Times bestseller How to be an Antiracist by Ibram X. Kendi is shaping the way a generation thinks about race and racism. How to be a (Young) Antiracist is a dynamic reframing of the concepts shared in the adult book, with young adulthood front and center. Aimed at readers 12 and up, and co-authored by award-winning children's book author Nic Stone, How to be a (Young) Antiracist empowers teen readers to help create a more just society. Antiracism is a journey--and now young adults will have a map to carve their own path. Kendi and Stone have revised this work to provide anecdotes and data that speaks directly to the experiences and concerns of younger readers, encouraging them to think critically and build a more equitable world in doing so. |
last one ins a nigger: Remembering Jim Crow William Henry Chafe, Raymond Gavins, Robert Korstad, 2011-07-26 Published in association with Lyndhurst Books of the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University. Remembering Jim Crow: African Americans Tell About Life in the Segregated South is the viscerally powerful... compilation of firsthand accounts of the Jim Crow era (Publisher's Weekly). Based on interviews collected by the Behind the Veil Project at Duke University's Center for Documentary Studies, this remarkable book presents for the first time the most extensive oral history ever compiled of African American life under segregation. Men and women from all walks of life tell how their most ordinary activities were subjected to profound and unrelenting racial oppression. Yet Remembering Jim Crow is also a testament to how black southerners fought back against the system--raising children, building churches and schools, running businesses, and struggling for respect in a society that denied them the most basic rights. The result is a powerful story of individual and community survival. Praise for Remembering Jim Crow A 'landmark book.' —Publisher's Weekly, The Year in Books This is not just an oral history for the South, but for us all. It is a sobering reminder of the mistakes this nation has made, a hopeful reflection on how far we have come. —Kansas City Star |
last one ins a nigger: Slavery by Another Name Douglas A. Blackmon, 2012-10-04 A Pulitzer Prize-winning history of the mistreatment of black Americans. In this 'precise and eloquent work' - as described in its Pulitzer Prize citation - Douglas A. Blackmon brings to light one of the most shameful chapters in American history - an 'Age of Neoslavery' that thrived in the aftermath of the Civil War through the dawn of World War II. Using a vast record of original documents and personal narratives, Blackmon unearths the lost stories of slaves and their descendants who journeyed into freedom after the Emancipation Proclamation and then back into the shadow of involuntary servitude thereafter. By turns moving, sobering and shocking, this unprecedented account reveals these stories, the companies that profited the most from neoslavery, and the insidious legacy of racism that reverberates today. |
last one ins a nigger: The Nigger of Narcissus JOSEPH CONRAD, 1914 |
last one ins a nigger: The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South Shirley A. Wiegand, Wayne A. Wiegand, 2018-04-14 In The Desegregation of Public Libraries in the Jim Crow South, Wayne A. and Shirley A. Wiegand tell the comprehensive story of the integration of southern public libraries. As in other efforts to integrate civic institutions in the 1950s and 1960s, the determination of local activists won the battle against segregation in libraries. In particular, the willingness of young black community members to take part in organized protests and direct actions ensured that local libraries would become genuinely free to all citizens. The Wiegands trace the struggle for equal access to the years before the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board of Education decision, when black activists in the South focused their efforts on equalizing accommodations, rather than on the more daunting—and dangerous—task of undoing segregation. After the ruling, momentum for vigorously pursuing equality grew, and black organizations shifted to more direct challenges to the system, including public library sit-ins and lawsuits against library systems. Although local groups often took direction from larger civil rights organizations, the energy, courage, and determination of younger black community members ensured the eventual desegregation of Jim Crow public libraries. The Wiegands examine the library desegregation movement in several southern cities and states, revealing the ways that individual communities negotiated—mostly peacefully, sometimes violently—the integration of local public libraries. This study adds a new chapter to the history of civil rights activism in the mid-twentieth century and celebrates the resolve of community activists as it weaves the account of racial discrimination in public libraries through the national narrative of the civil rights movement. |
last one ins a nigger: Once Upon a Time in a Different World Neal A. Lester, 2010-06-21 This book offers a history and analysis of African American children's literature from its beginnings to the present. Chapters explore issues surrounding race and representation, from the race and gender politics of African American hair to the absence of the N-word in children's books. |
last one ins a nigger: The Story of Little Black Sambo ヘレンバナーマン, 1999-09-20 A little boy in India loses his fine new clothes to the tigers, but while they dispute who is the grandest tiger in the jungle, he takes his fine clothes back again. |
last one ins a nigger: In Search Of Black America David J. Dent, 2001-02-06 “Candid and consistently engaging, Dent's work contributes to a better understanding of the role of race in American life.” —Publishers Weekly This landmark work looks at the lives of African Americans throughout the United States and challenges the typical notions of race across the nation. Noted journalist and professor David Dent spent five years crisscrossing America on a mission to expose prevalent myths and stereotypes. With tape recorder in hand, he stopped in Detroit, Washington, D.C., Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Gallipolis, Ohio, Seattle, Virginia, and many other places, documenting widespread diversity in the lives of the black majority—middle and upper-middle class African Americans. Candid and honest, controversial and pragmatic, and peopled with an eclectic and insightful array of characters, In Search of Black America is written with journalistic fervor and will change the way people view this piece of America that is often over-looked and little understood. This important and timely book is an invaluable addition to the ever-evolving debate about race in America. |
last one ins a nigger: Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors David Pilgrim, 2017-12-30 All groups tell stories, but some groups have the power to impose their stories on others, to label others, stigmatize others, paint others as undesirables—and to have these stories presented as scientific fact, God’s will, or wholesome entertainment. Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors examines the origins and significance of several longstanding antiblack stories and the caricatures and stereotypes that support them. Here readers will find representations of the lazy, childlike Sambo, the watermelon-obsessed pickaninny, the buffoonish minstrel, the subhuman savage, the loyal and contented mammy and Tom, and the menacing, razor-toting coon and brute. Malcolm X and James Baldwin both refused to eat watermelon in front of white people. They were aware of the jokes and other stories about African Americans stealing watermelons, fighting over watermelons, even being transformed into watermelons. Did racial stories influence the actions of white fraternities and sororities who dressed in blackface and mocked black culture, or employees who hung nooses in their workplaces? What stories did the people who refer to Serena Williams and other dark-skinned athletes as apes or baboons hear? Is it possible that a white South Carolina police officer who shot a fleeing black man had never heard stories about scary black men with straight razors or other weapons? Antiblack stories still matter. Watermelons, Nooses, and Straight Razors uses images from the Jim Crow Museum, the nation’s largest publicly accessible collection of racist objects. These images are evidence of the social injustice that Martin Luther King Jr. referred to as “a boil that can never be cured so long as it is covered up but must be exposed to the light of human conscience and the air of national opinion before it can be cured.” Each chapter concludes with a story from the author’s journey, challenging the integrity of racial narratives. |
last one ins a nigger: E.O.N.: Evolution of a Nigger Some White Guy, Sean Avery, 2011-04 Eon Montgomery, aka E the MC, is at the top of the Hip-Hop food chain. His music is burning up the airwaves and he cares more about making money than making sense. In the blink of an eye Eon's world takes a vicious turn for the worse. He is forced to move back to his hometown where the horrible discoveries of his past create an evolution that will change his life forever! |
last one ins a nigger: Silent Gesture Tommie Smith, David Steele, 2008-08-13 The story of the most famous protest in sports history, written by one of the men who staged it. |
last one ins a nigger: Mojo Hand J. J. Phillips, 2023-03-28 Race, obsession, and the blues are the themes of this wildly original novel by African American poet, novelist, and activist J. J. Phillips. Eunice Prideaux, a young, light-skinned black woman from a well-to-do San Francisco family, is sick of her conventional home. One evening when guests are over, she puts “Bakershop Blues,” by the legendary blues singer Blacksnake Brown, on the record player, and soon the whole well-mannered company is groaning and moaning along with the music. Soon, too, Eunice has packed up and set off for Raleigh, North Carolina, where Blacksnake lives, knowing that she has “to go find the source of herself, this music that moved her and the others, however much they tried to deny it.” Disembarking from a train into a hot Southern night, Eunice finds herself in an unfamiliar world. Arrested on suspicion of soliciting, she spends a night in prison. After her release, she tracks Blacksnake down and soon she has moved in with him. There is nothing nice about Blacksnake or his way of life. The power of his music is real; so is the ugliness with which he treats Eunice, who finds herself in a dark place, almost deprived of the will to live. Mojo Hand, however, is an Orphic tale, a story of initiation into art and individuality no matter the cost, and Eunice will emerge from the darkness transformed. Long out of print, J.J. Phillips’s novel is a powerfully original work of fiction that sings the blues. |
last one ins a nigger: The Crisis , 1991-11 The Crisis, founded by W.E.B. Du Bois as the official publication of the NAACP, is a journal of civil rights, history, politics, and culture and seeks to educate and challenge its readers about issues that continue to plague African Americans and other communities of color. For nearly 100 years, The Crisis has been the magazine of opinion and thought leaders, decision makers, peacemakers and justice seekers. It has chronicled, informed, educated, entertained and, in many instances, set the economic, political and social agenda for our nation and its multi-ethnic citizens. |
last one ins a nigger: Capitalist Nigger Chika Onyeani, 2006 |
last one ins a nigger: The Big Sea Langston Hughes, 2021-08-31 The Big Sea is Langston Hughes' autobiographical account of his experiences as a writer of colour in Paris and his struggles against systemic racism in New York. The book follows Hughes' journey from his youth to his twenties, spanning the 1920s and early 1930s. It depicts his turbulent life in the US, including his time in Mexico with his father, and his decision to return to the US to seek financial independence. Hughes also details his travels abroad, working on a ship bound for West Africa and later settling in Paris. He highlights the challenges he faced as a Black American artist in finding employment and publishing opportunities, while also portraying the vibrant personalities he encountered in Montmartre and Paris. |
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