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| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Forgotten Years of Kurdish Nationalism in Iran Abbas Vali, 2019-06-26 This book investigates the forgotten years of Kurdish nationalism in Iran, from the fall of the Kurdish republic to the advent of the Iranian revolution. An original and path-breaking investigation of the period, it sheds light not only on the historical specificity of the phenomenon of nationalism in exile, but also on the political processes and practices defining the development of Kurdish nationalism in the post-revolutionary era. Although nationalist landmarks such as the Kurdish republic in 1946 and the resurgence of the movement in the revolutionary conjuncture of 1978-79 have attracted the attention of historians and social scientists in recent years, little is known about the three decades of Kurdish nationalism in exile between these two events. This analysis draws on contemporary poststructuralist theory to question the concept of the minority in democratic and constitutional theory, arguing that it is an effect of the discursive linkage between sovereign power and the dominant ethnic-linguistic identity in the nation-state. This text will appeal to a wide academic audience ranging from the fields of Kurdish, Iranian and Middle East Studies to ethnicity, nationalism, government, and political science. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey Cengiz Gunes, 2013-01-11 This book provides an interpretive and critical analysis of Kurdish identity, nationalism and national movement in Turkey since the 1960s. By raising issues and questions relating to Kurdish political identity and highlighting the ideological specificity, diversity and the transformation of Kurdish nationalism, it develops a new empirical dimension to the study of the Kurds in Turkey. Cengiz Gunes applies an innovative theoretical approach to the analysis of an impressively large volume of primary sources and data drawn from books and magazines published by Kurdish activists, political parties and groups. The analysis focuses on the specific demands articulated by the Kurdish national movement and looks at Kurdish nationalism at a specific level by disaggregating the nationalist discourse, showing variations over time and across different Kurdish nationalist organisations. Situating contemporary Kurdish political identity and its political manifestations within a historical framework, the author examines the historical and structural conditions that gave rise to it and influenced its evolution since the 1960s. The analysis also encompasses an account of the organisational growth and evolution of the Kurdish national movement, including the political parties and groups that were active in the period. Bringing the study of the organisational development and growth of the Kurdish National Movement in Turkey up to date, this book will be an important reference for students and scholars of Middle Eastern politics, social movements, nationalism and conflict. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East David Romano, Mehmet Gurses, 2014-08-13 In Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, central governments historically pursued mono-nationalist ideologies and repressed Kurdish identity. As evidenced by much unrest and a great many Kurdish revolts in all these states since the 1920s, however, the Kurds manifested strong resistance towards ethnic chauvinism. What sorts of authoritarian state policies have Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria relied on to contain the Kurds over the years? Can meaningful democratization and liberalization in any of these states occur without a fundamental change vis-à-vis their Kurdish minorities? To what extent does the Kurdish issue function as both a barrier and key to democratization in four of the most important states of the Middle East? While many commentators on the Middle East stress the importance of resolving the Arab-Israeli dispute for achieving 'peace in the Middle East,' this book asks whether or not the often overlooked Kurdish issue may constitute a more important fulcrum for change in the region, especially in light of the 'Arab Spring' and recent changes in Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Syria. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Blood, Beliefs and Ballots Robert W. Olson, 2009 The aftermath of the 22 July 2009 election : economic development versus language rights -- The closure cases against the AKP and DTP : Ergenekon and mother tongue education -- Islamists versus Kurdish nationalism -- Renewed intensified armed conflict -- Differences among Kurdish nationalist movements and increased campaign rhetoric -- The war of words takes center stage -- Into 2009 : Ergenekon atrocities and the election -- The Davos dèmarche and its aftermath -- The campaign heats up and spreads to the Kurdistan regional government -- Into the home stretch -- Week to go. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State Hakan Ozoglu, 2004-01-01 Examines early Kurdish nationalism within the context of the demise of the Ottoman Empire. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Understanding Turkey's Kurdish Question Fevzi Bilgin, Ali Sarihan, 2013-06-20 This edited volume, comprising chapters by leading academics and experts, aims to clarify the complexity of Turkey’s Kurdish question. The Kurdish question is a long-standing, protracted issue, which gained regional and international significance largely in the last thirty years. The Kurdish people who represent the largest ethnic minority in the Middle East without a state have demanded autonomy and recognition since the post-World I wave of self-governance in the region, and their nationalist claims have further intensified since the end of the Cold War. The present volume first describes the evolution of Kurdish nationalism, its genesis during the late nineteenth century in the Ottoman Empire, and its legacy into the new Turkish republic. Second, the volume takes up the violent legacy of Kurdish nationalism and analyzes the conflict through the actions of the PKK, the militant pro-Kurdish organization which grew to be the most important actor in the process. Third, the volume deals with the international dimensions of the Kurdish question, as manifested in Turkey’s evolving relationships with Syria, Iraq, and Iran, the issue regarding the status of the Kurdish minorities in these countries, and the debate over the Kurdish problem in Western capitals. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Politics in Iran Allan Hassaniyan, 2021-10-21 Reflecting on seven decades of the Iranian Kurdish movement, this book offers a comprehensive and critical analysis of the politicisation of national sentiments within Iran, and the connections the movement made and developed with Kurdish groups in Iraq. Looking at Kurdish-state relations through events taking place across remote, rural and urban areas in Kurdistan, Allan Hassaniyan analyses nationalist as well as non-nationalist aspects of Kurdish politics and history, reading the evolution of Kurdish nationalism through analysing crossborder Kurdish interaction. Paying particular attention to movement mobilisation and different aspects of the collective actions and insurgency deployed by actors, civil society organisations and the political parties of Iranian Kurds during different phases of the movement, Hassaniyan demonstrates how the ethnonationalist movement of the Iranian Kurds was a product of a discriminatory policy pursued by changing Iranian regimes toward non-Persian and non-Shiite communities in the country, particularly in the second half of the twentieth century. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Iraqi Kurdistan, the PKK and International Relations Hannes Černy, 2017-07-28 Due to its primacy in explaining issues of war and peace in the international arena, the discipline of International Relations (IR) looms large in analyses of and responses to ethnic conflict in academia, politics and popular media – in particular with respect to contemporary conflicts in the Middle East. Grounded in constitutive theory, this book challenges how ethnic/ethno-nationalist conflict is represented in explanatory IR by deconstructing its most prominent state-centric models, frameworks and analytical concepts. As much a critique of contemporary scholarship on Kurdish ethno-nationalism as a detailed analysis of the most prominent Kurdish ethno-nationalist actors, the book provides the first in-depth investigation into the relations between the PKK and the main Iraqi Kurdish political parties from the 1980s to the present. It situates this inquiry within the wider context of the ambiguous political status of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, its relations with Turkey, and the role Kurdish parties and insurgencies play in the war against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. Appreciating these complex dynamics and how they are portrayed in Western scholarship is essential for understanding current developments in the Iraqi and Syrian theatres of war, and for making sense of discussions about a potential independent Kurdish state to emerge in Iraq. Iraqi Kurdistan provides a comprehensive and critical discussion of the state-centric and essentialising epistemologies, ontologies, and methodologies of the three main paradigms of explanatory IR, as well as their analytical models and frameworks on ethnic identity and conflict in the Middle East and beyond. It will therefore be a valuable resource for anyone studying ethnicity and nationalism, International Relations or Middle East Politics. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurdish Nationalist Movement David Romano, 2006-03-02 This 2006 book analyses the Kurdish question through the lens of social movement theory. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurds and the State Denise Natali, 2005-11-11 In tracing the evolution of Kurdish nationalism, Denise Natali shows that, contrary to popular theories, there is nothing natural or fixed about Kurdish identity or the configuration that Kurdish nationalism assumes. Rather, Kurdish nationalism has been shaped by the development of nation-states in the region. Although Kurdish communities have maintained some shared sense of Kurdishness, Kurdayeti (the mobilization of Kurdish identity) is interwoven with a much larger series of identities within the political space of each Kurdish group. Different notions of inclusion and exclusion have modified the political and cultural opportunities of Kurds to express their ethnic identities, and opening the possibility of assuming alternative identities over time. With this book Natali makes a significant contribution to theoretical, empirical, and policy-based scholarship on the Middle East, the plight of the Kurds, ethnonationalism, and ethnopolitical conflict. Hers is the first comparative work to examine Kurdish nationalism as a function of diverse political spaces. As a vital addition to the literature in the field, this book will supplant a number of standard texts on the Kurds. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Blood and Belief Aliza Marcus, 2009-04 Presents the inside story of Kurdish guerrilla movement. This book combines reportage and scholarship to give an account of PKK, the Kurdistan Workers' Party. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Turkey's Kurdish Question Henri J. Barkey, Graham E. Fuller, 1998 The Kurds, one of the oldest ethnic groups in the Middle East, are reasserting their identity--politically and through violence. Divided mainly among Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria, the Kurds have posed increasingly sharp challenges to all of these states in their quest for greater autonomy if not outright independence. Turkey's essentially democratic structure and civil society_ideal tools for coping with and incorporating minority challenge_have so far been suspended on this issue, which the government is treating almost exclusively as a security problem to be dealt with by force. For the West the situation in Turkey is particularly significant because of the country's importance in the region and because of the economic, political, and diplomatic damage that the conflict has caused. If Turkey fails to find a peaceful solution within its current borders, then the outlook is grim for ethnic and separatist challenges elsewhere in the region. This study explores the roots, dimensions, character, and evolution of the problem, offers a range of approaches to a resolution of the conflict, and draws broader parallels between the Kurdish question and other separatist movements worldwide. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Cambridge History of the Kurds Hamit Bozarslan, Cengiz Gunes, Veli Yadirgi, 2021-04-22 The Cambridge History of the Kurds is an authoritative and comprehensive volume exploring the social, political and economic features, forces and evolution amongst the Kurds, and in the region known as Kurdistan, from the fifteenth to the twenty-first century. Written in a clear and accessible style by leading scholars in the field, the chapters survey key issues and themes vital to any understanding of the Kurds and Kurdistan including Kurdish language; Kurdish art, culture and literature; Kurdistan in the age of empires; political, social and religious movements in Kurdistan; and domestic political developments in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Other chapters on gender, diaspora, political economy, tribes, cinema and folklore offer fresh perspectives on the Kurds and Kurdistan as well as neatly meeting an exigent need in Middle Eastern studies. Situating contemporary developments taking place in Kurdish-majority regions within broader histories of the region, it forms a definitive survey of the history of the Kurds and Kurdistan. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Political Development of the Kurds in Iran F. Koohi-Kamali, 2003-09-30 This book looks at Kurdish Nationalism in Iran and examines the links between the structural changes in the Kurdish economy and its political demands. Farideh Koohi-Kamali argues that the transition of the nomadic, tribal society of Kurdistan to an agrarian village society was the beginning of a process by which Kurds saw themselves as a community of homogenous ethnic identity. The political movements of Kurds in Iran are discussed to illustrate that the different phases of economic development of Kurdish society played a great role in determining the way in which Kurds expressed their political demands for independence. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Political Function of Religion in Nationalistic Confrontations in Greater Kurdistan Sabah Mofidi, 2022-01-21 This book shows how the state-based and stateless ethno-nationalist forces in the four countries overlapping Kurdistan, i.e. Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq, have politically deployed religion in their nationalistic confrontations in Kurdistan as the converging area between them. The stances and actions of these different antagonistic forces are analyzed, as well as the dynamics between them. Unlike other studies on Kurdistan, it focuses on Greater Kurdistan as the arena for nationalist conflicts, instead of looking only at separate parts of Kurdistan. The research presented in this book shows that both the religious state (Iran) and so-called secular states (Turkey, Iraq and Syria) make use of religious discourse and symbols in order to impose power over ‘their part’ of Greater Kurdistan and as a way of countering Kurdish nationalist movements. The dominant ethno-nationalist groups of Fars, Turk and Arab have politically used Islam, during wars and elections, to gain and maintain their power over Kurdish areas. Conversely, Kurdish nationalist groups have also tried to neutralize those states’ policies by evoking religious symbols and discourses. Nevertheless, as the book concludes, the unequal political power balance between the four states on one side, and the stateless Kurdish nationalist groups on the other, has resulted in the latter being restricted in using religion as a means to gain power in the region. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurds in a New Middle East Cengiz Gunes, 2018-09-29 This book examines the Kurds’ rise as new regional actors in the Middle East and the impact this is having on the regional order. Kurdish political activism has reached a new height in the beginning of the 21st Century with Kurdish movements in Iraq, Turkey and Syria establishing themselves as a significant force in the domestic politics of these states. The consolidation of Kurdish autonomy in Iraq and the establishment of a Kurdish de facto autonomous region within Syria is adding to the Kurds’ growing influence in the region and enabling Kurds to forge stronger relations with regional and international forces. The author analyses recent developments in the Kurdish question in Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria to understand the inter-connections and inter-dependencies that exist in the transnational Kurdish political space. The book's policy relevance is likely to attract strong interest from policy makers as well as from academics and students in the fields of Middle Eastern Politics and International Relations. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Mapping Kurdistan Zeynep Kaya, 2020-06-25 Examines how the idea of Kurdistan, as a homeland and a source of national identity, was created within international political history. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Politics in the Middle East Nader Entessar, 2010-01-01 Kurdish Politics in the Middle East analyzes Kurdish politics in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey and places Kurdish socio-political developments in the context of regional and global politics. The book also explains the impact of the downfall of Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq on Kurdish autonomy. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdistan. The Largest ‘Nation’ in the World without its own Independent State Christopher King, 2013-10-07 Essay from the year 2013 in the subject Politics - Topic: Peace and Conflict, Security, grade: 1,0, Indiana University (Department of International Studies), course: Nations, States and Boundaries, language: English, abstract: In a continually globalizing world, the question of identity becomes more and more prevalent among societies. What is identity? How do we define it? Across the world individuals are seeking to belong to something that can define them and give them something to set them apart from the other seven billion people in residency on the planet. However, also as these questions become increasingly important, conflicts can arise between different ethnic, cultural, or societal groups. Presently, one of the more notable examples of this is that of the Kurds and their continued struggle for a state of their own. The Kurds make up “the largest nation in the world without its own independent state” (Gunter 2004: 197). Spread across Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, and even small parts of Armenia (cf. Yavuz 1998: 9), the Kurds are a scattered people across various state borders. With this in mind, can one speak legitimately of a Kurdish ‘nation’ and if so would creating an independent Kurdish state truly benefit the Kurdish people? |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Essays on the Origins of Kurdish Nationalism Abbas Vali, 2003 |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurdish Question and Turkey Kemal Kirisci, Gareth M. Winrow, 2013-11-05 This volume examines the Kurdish question in Turkey, tracing its developments from the end of the Ottoman Empire to the present day. The study considers: secession; federal schemes; various forms of autonomy; the provision of special rights; and further democratization. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Anatomy of a Civil War Mehmet Gurses, 2019-02-28 Anatomy of a Civil War demonstrates the destructive nature of war, ranging from the physical to the psychosocial, as well as war’s detrimental effects on the environment. Despite such horrific aspects, evidence suggests that civil war is likely to generate multilayered outcomes. To examine the transformative aspects of civil war, Mehmet Gurses draws on an original survey conducted in Turkey, where a Kurdish armed group, the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), has been waging an intermittent insurgency for Kurdish self-rule since 1984. Findings from a probability sample of 2,100 individuals randomly selected from three major Kurdish-populated provinces in the eastern part of Turkey, coupled with insights from face-to-face in-depth interviews with dozens of individuals affected by violence, provide evidence for the multifaceted nature of exposure to violence during civil war. Just as the destructive nature of war manifests itself in various forms and shapes, wartime experiences can engender positive attitudes toward women, create a culture of political activism, and develop secular values at the individual level. In addition, wartime experiences seem to robustly predict greater support for political activism. Nonetheless, changes in gender relations and the rise of a secular political culture appear to be primarily shaped by wartime experiences interacting with insurgent ideology. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Oil and National Identity in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq Alessandro Tinti, 2021-11-29 Examining the interplay between the oil economy and identity politics using the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as a case study, this book tells the untold story of how extractivism in the Kurdish autonomous region is interwoven in a mosaic of territorial disputes, simmering ethnic tensions, dynastic rule, party allegiances, crony patronage, and divergent visions about nature. Since the ousting of Saddam Hussein, the de-facto borders of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq have repeatedly changed, with energy interests playing a major role in such processes of territorialisation. However, relatively little research exists on the topic. This book provides a timely, empirical analysis of the intersections between extractive industries, oil imaginaries, and identity formation in one of the most coveted energy frontiers worldwide. It shines a light on relations between the global production networks of petro-capitalism and extractive localities. Besides the strained federal relationship with the Iraqi central government, the transformative effects the petroleum industry has had on Kurdish society are also explored in depth. Moreover, the book fills a gap in the literature on Kurdish Studies, which has devoted scant attention to energy-related issues in the re-imagination of Kurdish self-determination. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars of the extractive industries, energy studies, conflict studies, Middle Eastern politics, and political ecology. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Ethnonationalism Nader Entessar, 2023 Entessar explores the nature of Kurdish nationalism in the Middle East, the reasons for its political activation in recent years, and the policies that have been adopted in response to it in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Spaces of Diasporas Minoo Alinia, 2004 |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Iraqi Kurdistan Gareth R. V. Stansfield, 2003-08-29 The Iraqi Kurds have enjoyed de facto statehood in the north of Iraq for over a decade but Intra-Kurdish fighting, military incursions by Turkey and Iran and the constant threat posed by Saddam Hussein have plagued this 'democratic experiment'. In this book, Stansfield explores the development of the Kurdish political system since 1991. He examines the difficult and often violent relations between the two dominant powers, the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK), and their relationship with the Kurdish Regional Government in order to understand the current state of Iraqi Kurdish politics and the operation of the state. This topical in-depth study identifies the main dynamics of Iraqi Kurdish politics, analyzes the record and potential of the 'Kurdish democratic experiment', and identifies the present and future Kurdish leaders. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Activists in Office Nicole F. Watts, 2011-07-01 Thousands of Kurdish politician-activists have been prosecuted and imprisoned, and hundreds have been murdered for espousing Kurdish political and cultural rights over the past twenty years. The risks are high, yet Pro-Kurdish political parties have made significant gains, as resources afforded by the political system have allowed them to challenge state rhetoric and policies to exercise power at the municipal level, which has helped legitimize and advance the pro-Kurdish movement. Activists in Office examines how these parties, while sharing many of the goals expressed by armed Kurdish groups, are using the legal political system to promote their highly contentious Kurdish national agenda in the face of a violent, repressive state. Nicole F. Watts sheds light not only on the particular situation of Kurds in Turkey, but also on the challenges, risks, and potential benefits for comparable movements operating in less-than-fully democratic contexts. The book is a result of more than ten years of research conducted in Turkey and in Europe, and it draws on a wide array of sources, including Turkish electoral data, memoirs, court records, and interviews. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: A People Without a State Michael Eppel, 2016-09-13 Numbering between 25 and 35 million worldwide, the Kurds are among the largest culturally and ethnically distinct people to remain stateless. A People Without a State offers an in-depth survey of an identity that has often been ignored in mainstream historiographies of the Middle East and brings to life the historical, social, and political developments in Kurdistani society over the past millennium. Michael Eppel begins with the myths and realities of the origins of the Kurds, describes the effect upon them of medieval Muslim states under Arab, Persian, and Turkish dominance, and recounts the emergence of tribal-feudal dynasties. He explores in detail the subsequent rise of Kurdish emirates, as well as this people’s literary and linguistic developments, particularly the flourishing of poetry. The turning tides of the nineteenth century, including Ottoman reforms and fluctuating Russian influence after the Crimean War, set in motion an early Kurdish nationalism that further expressed a distinct cultural identity. Stateless, but rooted in the region, the Kurds never achieved independence because of geopolitical conditions, tribal rivalries, and obstacles on the way to modernization. A People Without a State captures the developments that nonetheless forged a vast sociopolitical system. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Trapped Between the Map and Reality Maria Theresa O'Shea, 2012-07-27 Kurdistan exists as a cultural and political concept on many levels of discourse. Despite Kurdistan's divisions, lack of definition and the absence of a unified struggle for a Kurdish state, the concept survives the reality as a powerful mixture of myths, reality and ambition. This thesis analyses geographical and historical factors, which have shaped Kurdish conceptions of their identity. Historically, Kurdistan existed in the heart of an ethnically and geographically complex region, a marginal buffer zone between rival regional and colonial powers. Kurdistan's location was the key to its political and cultural developments. Many resultant features were to militate against the formation of a Kurdish state. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Syria's Kurds Jordi Tejel, 2008-08-29 Jordi Tejel presents – combining different disciplines such as history, sociology and anthropology – a new understanding of the dynamics leading to the consolidation of a Kurdish minority awareness in contemporary Syria. The book explores in particular how conditions for a change in ethnic strategy, from one of 'dissimulation' to one of 'visibility', have emerged amongst Syria's Kurds. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: The Kurds Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl, 2005-08-17 The position of the 19 million Kurds is an extremely complex one. Their territory is divided between 5 sovereign states, none of which have a Kurdish majority. They speak widely divergent dialects, and are also divided by religious affiliations and social factors. It has taken the tragic and horrifying events in Iraq this year to bring the Kurds to the centre of the world stage, but their particular problems, and their considerable geo-political importance, have been the source of growing concern and interest during the last two to three decades. There is a remarkable dearth of reliable and up-to-date information about the Kurds, which this book remedies. Its contributors cover social and political issues, legal questions, religion, language, and the modern history of Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Syria and the Soviet Union. The Kurds will be an invaluable source of reference for students and specialists in Middle East studies, and those concerned with wider questions of nationalism and cultural identity. It also offers extremely useful background information for those with a professional concern for the numerous Kurdish immigrants and asylum seekers in Western Europe and North America. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Youth Identity, Politics and Change in Contemporary Kurdistan Shivan Fazil, Bahar Baser, 2021-09-01 Today’s youth are challenging the older political class around the world and are forming new political generations. Examples from South Africa and elsewhere where peace processes were deemed to be successful show signs of youth disapproval of the current post-conflict conditions. Moreover, the Arab Spring witnessed numerous youth movements emerge in authoritarian and illiberal contexts. This book was prepared in light of these discussions and aims to contribute to these ongoing debates on youth politics by presenting the situation of youth in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) as a case study. It will be the first book that specifically focuses on the Iraqi Kurdish youth and their political, social, and economic participation in Kurdistan. The contemporary history of the KRI is marked by conflict, war, and ethnic cleansing under Saddam Hussein and the tyranny of the Ba’ath regime, significantly affecting the political situation of the Kurds in the Middle East. Most of the recent academic literature has focused on the broader picture or, in other words, the macro politics of the Kurdish conundrum within Iraq and beyond. There is little scholarship about the Kurdish population and their socio-economic conditions after 2003, and almost none about the younger generation of Kurds who came of age during autonomous Kurdish rule. This is a generation that, unlike their forebears, has no direct memory of the decades-long campaigns of repression. Studying and examining the rise of this generation of Kurdish young millennials—“Generation 2000”—who came of age in the aftermath of the United States invasion of Iraq offers a unique approach to understand the dynamics in a region that underwent a substantial socio-political transformation after 2003 as well as the impact of these developments on the youth population. Pursuing different themes and lines of inquiry the contributors of the book analyze the challenges and opportunities for young men and women to fulfil their needs and desires, and contribute to the ongoing quest for nationhood and nation-building. In this book, our aim is to bring together a variety of perspectives from local and foreign academics who have been working on pressing issues in Kurdistan and beyond. The chapters focus on an array of themes, particularly including political participation, political situation and change, religiosity, and extremism. ... Taken together, the chapters provide us with an introduction to youth politics in Kurdistan. This book is just the first attempt to open academic and nonacademic debate on this subject at a time when protests around youth-related issues are becoming a more prevalent method of political engagement in the region. Our hope is that more research follows and supplements what has not been addressed in this book, especially through the introduction of first-hand youth perspectives to the core of this analysis and giving them a voice in nonviolent platforms. CONTENTS Foreword: Youth in the Kurdistan Region and Their Past and Present Roles - Karwan Jamal Tahir Kurdish Youth as Agents of Change: Political Participation, Looming Challenges, and Future Predictions - Shivan Fazil and Bahar Baser CHAPTER 1. Youth Political Participation and Prospects for Democratic Reform in Iraqi Kurdistan - Munir H. Mohammad CHAPTER 2. Social Media, Youth Organization, and Public Order in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - Megan Connelly CHAPTER 3. Constructing Their Own Liberation: Youth’s Reimagining of Gender and Queer Sexuality in Iraqi Kurdistan - Hawzhin Azeez CHAPTER 4. Kurdish Youth and Civic Culture: Support for Democracy Among Kurdish and non-Kurdish Youth in Iraq - Dastan Jasim CHAPTER 5. Youth and Nationalism in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq - Sofia Barbarani CHAPTER 6. An Elitist Interpretation of KRG Governance: How Self-Serving Kurdish Elites Govern Under the Guise of Democracy and the Subsequent Implications for Representation and Change - Bamo Nouri CHAPTER 7. Educational Policy in the Kurdistan Region: A Critical Democratic Response - Abdurrahman Ahmad Wahab CHAPTER 8. Making Heaven in a Shithole: Changing Political Engagement in the Aftermath of the Islamic State - Lana Askari CHAPTER 9. Kurdish Youth and Religious Identity: Between Religious and National Tensions - Ibrahim Sadiq CHAPTER 10. Youth Radicalization in Kurdistan: The Government Response - Kamaran Palani |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Politics in Turkey Seevan Saeed, 2016-09-13 In the aftermath of the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds were promised their own state. However, several factors meant that this dream never became a reality, and the land of the Kurds was divided. Amid a sense of a loss of identity, the Kurds started to fight for their social and political rights. ‘Kurdish Politics in Turkey’ argues that the Kurdish struggle has largely been a failure, and that the emergence of the Unions of Communities in Kurdistan (KCK) has been a direct result of this. The book examines the success of the KCK and how it has transformed this Kurdish struggle in Turkey from a one-dimensional political movement, to a multi-dimensional social movement. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Identity, Islamism, and Ottomanism Deniz Ekici, 2021-03-23 In Kurdish Identity, Islamism, and Ottomanism: The Making of a Nation in Kurdish Journalistic Discourse (1898-1914), Deniz Ekici argues that the Kurdish periodicals of the late Ottoman period served as a communicative space in which Kurdish intellectuals constructed, negotiated, and disseminated an unambiguous Kurdish ethnic nationalism. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Autonomy and U.S. Foreign Policy Vera Eccarius-Kelly, Michael M. Gunter, 2020 Developments in Iranian Kurdish areas are indirectly evaluated in relation to the Kurdistan Independence Referendum and the Islamic Republic's ferocious repression of Kurdish movements (predominantly driven by the theocratic regime's fear of broader domestic opposition). The chapter contributions center on the question of how past U.S.-Kurdish relations could shape the future of U.S. preferences in the region. Scholars in the field examine whether the United States will ever support Kurdish autonomy movements, and if so, under what conditions. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial World Fonkem Achankeng I, 2015-09-28 This book explores issues of nationalism and intra-state conflicts in postcolonial nations. Drawing from international law, social anthropology, political science and strategic studies, peace and conflict studies, and memory studies, each chapter adopts a unique conceptual lens and discourse to understand the nationalism debate and its conflicts. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Regional Implications of an Independent Kurdistan Alireza Nader, Larry Hanauer, Brenna Allen, Ali G. Scotten, 2016 Examines the potential regional implications of an independent Kurdistan in northern Iraq. |
| kurdish nationalism conflict: Kurdish Nationalism and Sunni-Shi'i Conflict Martin van Bruinessen, 1980 |
Useful kurdish Sorani phrases - Central Kurdish forum post
Here are some basic kurdish Sorani phrases that I thought I would share with you, Polyglot Club members. I hope it's useful! Mn - Me, I'm To - You (singular) Aw - Third person her/him Ewa - …
Numbers 1-20 in kurdish - Northern Kurdish forum post
Numbers 1-20 in kurdish . 93% GOOD (57 votes) Hello Kurdish learners, 😊 Here is how to count to 20: ...
International Keyboard - Central Kurdish - Polyglot Club
Albanian Amharic Ancient Greek (to 1453) Armenian Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Central Khmer Central Kurdish Central Pashto …
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish forum post
Patiana, in kurdish, although kak , kaka is only used for the male gender. Xanm or Baji is used for female.
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish المنتدى
For example to many times we can heared when Kurdisz saying Chone Kaka mean Hello Mr. or Hello Ms. Wiele razy mozna uslyszec u Kurdyszów kiedy uzywaja Chone Kaka oznacza to …
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish forum berichten
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Colours in kurdish - - Northern Kurdish forum post - Polyglot Club
colours in kurdish in kurmancî dialect red = sor (soor) green = kesk (kask) yellow = zer (zar) blue = ş în (sheen)
What should I say in response to "Bi xêr bî" or "Bi xêr hatî" when ...
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What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish Postari pe …
For example to many times we can heared when Kurdisz saying Chone Kaka mean Hello Mr. or Hello Ms. Wiele razy mozna uslyszec u Kurdyszów kiedy uzywaja Chone Kaka oznacza to …
Useful kurdish Sorani phrases - Central Kurdish Forum indlæg
Here are some basic kurdish Sorani phrases that I thought I would share with you, Polyglot Club members. I hope it's useful! Mn - Me, I'm To - You (singular) Aw - Third person her/him Ewa - …
Useful kurdish Sorani phrases - Central Kurdish forum post
Here are some basic kurdish Sorani phrases that I thought I would share with you, Polyglot Club members. I hope it's useful! Mn - Me, I'm To - You (singular) Aw - Third person her/him Ewa - …
Numbers 1-20 in kurdish - Northern Kurdish forum post
Numbers 1-20 in kurdish . 93% GOOD (57 votes) Hello Kurdish learners, 😊 Here is how to count to 20: ...
International Keyboard - Central Kurdish - Polyglot Club
Albanian Amharic Ancient Greek (to 1453) Armenian Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Bashkir Belarusian Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Central Khmer Central Kurdish Central Pashto …
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish forum post
Patiana, in kurdish, although kak , kaka is only used for the male gender. Xanm or Baji is used for female.
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish المنتدى
For example to many times we can heared when Kurdisz saying Chone Kaka mean Hello Mr. or Hello Ms. Wiele razy mozna uslyszec u Kurdyszów kiedy uzywaja Chone Kaka oznacza to …
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish forum berichten
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Colours in kurdish - - Northern Kurdish forum post - Polyglot Club
colours in kurdish in kurmancî dialect red = sor (soor) green = kesk (kask) yellow = zer (zar) blue = ş în (sheen)
What should I say in response to "Bi xêr bî" or "Bi xêr hatî" when ...
PS: Discover these free Northern Kurdish lessons: Training: Conditional Mood — How to Use Have — Nominative Case — Questions
What does "Kak" mean in Sorani - Northern Kurdish Postari pe …
For example to many times we can heared when Kurdisz saying Chone Kaka mean Hello Mr. or Hello Ms. Wiele razy mozna uslyszec u Kurdyszów kiedy uzywaja Chone Kaka oznacza to …
Useful kurdish Sorani phrases - Central Kurdish Forum indlæg
Here are some basic kurdish Sorani phrases that I thought I would share with you, Polyglot Club members. I hope it's useful! Mn - Me, I'm To - You (singular) Aw - Third person her/him Ewa - …
