Labview Core 1

  labview core 1: LabVIEW Core 1 :PARTICIPANT GUIDE. National Instruments Corporation (Estados Unidos), 2014
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Core 1 Course Kit National Instruments (Firm), 2012
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Core 1 National Instruments Corporation, 2009
  labview core 1: Hands-On Introduction to LabVIEW for Scientists and Engineers John Essick, 2013 Introduction to LabView programming for scientists and engineers--Provided by publisher.
  labview core 1: The LabVIEW Style Book Peter A. Blume, 2007 Learn the importance of style with these guidelines for developing applications and prepare for the Certified LabVIEW Developers Exam.
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2010
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Core 1 National Instruments Corporation, 2009
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2011
  labview core 1: Practical Applications and Solutions Using LabVIEWTM Software Silviu Folea, 2011-08-01 The book consists of 21 chapters which present interesting applications implemented using the LabVIEW environment, belonging to several distinct fields such as engineering, fault diagnosis, medicine, remote access laboratory, internet communications, chemistry, physics, etc. The virtual instruments designed and implemented in LabVIEW provide the advantages of being more intuitive, of reducing the implementation time and of being portable. The audience for this book includes PhD students, researchers, engineers and professionals who are interested in finding out new tools developed using LabVIEW. Some chapters present interesting ideas and very detailed solutions which offer the immediate possibility of making fast innovations and of generating better products for the market. The effort made by all the scientists who contributed to editing this book was significant and as a result new and viable applications were presented.
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2009
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2011
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2009
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Core 1 Participant Guide National Instruments (Firm), 2014
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2010
  labview core 1: LabView Core 1 , 2010
  labview core 1: Intelligent Control Systems with LabVIEWTM Pedro Ponce-Cruz, Fernando D. Ramírez-Figueroa, 2009-10-23 Intelligent Control with LabVIEWTM is a fresh and pragmatic approach to the understanding of a subject often clouded by too much mathematical theory. It exploits the full suite of tools provided by LabVIEWTM, showing the student how to design, develop, analyze, and visualize intelligent control algorithms quickly and simply. Block diagrams are used to follow the progress of an algorithm through the design process and allow seamless integration with hardware systems for rapid deployment in laboratory experiments. This text delivers a thorough grounding in the main tools of intelligent control: fuzzy logic systems; artificial neural networks; neuro-fuzzy systems; evolutionary methods; and predictive methods. Learning and teaching are facilitated by: extensive use of worked examples; end of chapter problems with separate solutions; and provision of intelligent control tools for LabVIEWTM.
  labview core 1: LabView Rick Bitter, Taqi Mohiuddin, Matt Nawrocki, 2017-12-19 Whether seeking deeper knowledge of LabVIEW®’s capabilities or striving to build enhanced VIs, professionals know they will find everything they need in LabVIEW: Advanced Programming Techniques. Now accompanied by LabVIEW 2011, this classic second edition, focusing on LabVIEW 8.0, delves deeply into the classic features that continue to make LabVIEW one of the most popular and widely used graphical programming environments across the engineering community. The authors review the front panel controls, the Standard State Machine template, drivers, the instrument I/O assistant, error handling functions, hyperthreading, and Express VIs. It covers the introduction of the Shared Variables function in LabVIEW 8.0 and explores the LabVIEW project view. The chapter on ActiveX includes discussion of the MicrosoftTM .NET® framework and new examples of programming in LabVIEW using .NET. Numerous illustrations and step-by-step explanations provide hands-on guidance. Reviewing LabVIEW 8.0 and accompanied by the latest software, LabVIEW: Advanced Programming Techniques, Second Edition remains an indispensable resource to help programmers take their LabVIEW knowledge to the next level. Visit the CRC website to download accompanying software.
  labview core 1: CLAD Preparation Book Nitesh Pradhan, 2020-08-18 This book is about the Certified LabVIEW Associate Developer (CLAD Exam). The Certified LabVIEW Associated Developer (CLAD) is the first level of professional certification for LabVIEW programming. The certification is anchored in three common areas where LabVIEW is used on the job: Automated test, High- channel-count data acquisition, Measurement and data logging for domain experts The CLAD represents a level of mastery of LabVIEW at which a person with minimal oversight can use LabVIEW to do the following: Acquire and interpret data, create small VIs, edit medium-sized VIs, Contribute elements to large VIs and projects. This book has covered all the basic concepts which are very Important for CLAD Exam.
  labview core 1: Applications Interface Programming Using Multiple Languages Ying Bai, 2003 Annotation This book provides a detailed description about the practical considerations in multiple languages programming as well as the interfaces among different languages in the Window environment. Authentic examples and detailed explanations are combined together in this book to provide the readers a clear picture as how to handle the multiple languages programming in Windows.
  labview core 1: Feedback Systems Karl Johan Åström, Richard Murray, 2021-02-02 The essential introduction to the principles and applications of feedback systems—now fully revised and expanded This textbook covers the mathematics needed to model, analyze, and design feedback systems. Now more user-friendly than ever, this revised and expanded edition of Feedback Systems is a one-volume resource for students and researchers in mathematics and engineering. It has applications across a range of disciplines that utilize feedback in physical, biological, information, and economic systems. Karl Åström and Richard Murray use techniques from physics, computer science, and operations research to introduce control-oriented modeling. They begin with state space tools for analysis and design, including stability of solutions, Lyapunov functions, reachability, state feedback observability, and estimators. The matrix exponential plays a central role in the analysis of linear control systems, allowing a concise development of many of the key concepts for this class of models. Åström and Murray then develop and explain tools in the frequency domain, including transfer functions, Nyquist analysis, PID control, frequency domain design, and robustness. Features a new chapter on design principles and tools, illustrating the types of problems that can be solved using feedback Includes a new chapter on fundamental limits and new material on the Routh-Hurwitz criterion and root locus plots Provides exercises at the end of every chapter Comes with an electronic solutions manual An ideal textbook for undergraduate and graduate students Indispensable for researchers seeking a self-contained resource on control theory
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Graphical Programming, Fifth Edition Richard Jennings, 2019-11-15 LabVIEW programming techniques, tips, and practices Learn to build effective LabVIEW programs using the detailed information contained in this thoroughly revised resource. This edition updates all content to align with the latest version and adds new chapters that clearly explain object-oriented programming methods, and programming in teams using the cloud. LabVIEW Graphical Programming, Fifth Edition begins with basics for beginners and quickly progresses to intermediate and advanced programming techniques. Written by a pair of LabVIEW experts, this hands-on guide shows how to work with data types, start building your own applications, handle I/O, and use the DAQmix library. You will also find out how to build applications that communicate with enterprise message brokers and with Amazon Web Services’ Internet of Things (IoT) message broker. Coverage includes: The origin and evolution of LabVIEW LabVIEW programming fundamentals Data acquisition Object-oriented programming in LabVIEW Frameworks, including the Delacor Queued Message Handler (DQMH®) and Actor Framework Unit testing Enterprise and IoT messaging Programming in teams using the cloud
  labview core 1: EBOOK: Psychological Testing and Assessment Ronald Jay Cohen, Mark Swerdlik, Edward Sturman, 2012-09-16 Psychological Testing and Assessment presents students with a solid grounding in psychometrics and the world of testing and assessment. The book distinguishes itself through its logical organisation, readable text, and many pedagogical aids, such as the “Meet an Assessment Professional” feature in every chapter which highlights the works of people such as Dr. Stephen Finn, architect of therapeutic assessment. Now in its eighth edition, this text has consistently won enthusiastic reviews not only for its balance of breadth and depth of coverage, but for content that brings a human face to the assessment enterprise.
  labview core 1: Learning by Doing with National Instruments Development Boards Jivan S. Parab, Rajendra S. Gad, Gourish Naik, Ingrid Anne Nazareth, 2020
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Riccardo de Asmundis, 2021-07-28 The LabVIEW software environment from National Instruments is used by engineers and scientists worldwide for a variety of applications. This book examines many of these applications, including modeling, data acquisition, monitoring electrical networks, studying the structural response of buildings to earthquakes, and more.
  labview core 1: Oracle Web Application Programming for PL/SQL Developers Susan Boardman, Melanie Caffrey, Solomon Morse, Benjamin Rosenzweig, 2003 Learn to use Oracle 9i to build dynamic, data-driven Web sites. Get step-by-step details on creating and deploying Web applications using PL/SQL, HTML, Java, XML, WML, Peri and PHP. This book covers everything users need to know to master Web application development in an Oracle environment - using PL/SQL.
  labview core 1: Electromagnetic Processes of Nuclear Excitation Simone Gargiulo, 2024-06-18 For decades, scientists have envisioned the possibility of storing energy in the form of nuclear excitations, resulting in specific nuclear configurations known as isomers. These unique metastable states have the ability to maintain their excited state for periods that range from several years to time spans exceeding the age of the Universe. However, despite numerous research efforts, achieving effective and practical control over isomer activation or depletion continues to be an unresolved challenge. This book delves into the world of isomers, beginning with an accessible overview of their essential properties and significance as long-duration energy storage solutions. Across the chapters, the book delves into diverse electromagnetic mechanisms responsible for nuclear excitation. It presents the ongoing debate surrounding the Nuclear Excitation by Electron Capture (NEEC) process, offering a comprehensivehistorical background that ranges from its early proposal to the latest tools employed for its investigation. The subsequent chapter explores the possibilities of using muons, introducing a novel process called Nuclear Excitation by Free Muon Capture (NEμC). The primary aim of these sections is to identify methods that could either increase the likelihood of these nuclear processes or provide real-time external manipulation over them. In the last chapter, the book revisits the process of nuclear photoabsorption in optical laser-generated plasma through experimental efforts, offering a fresh interpretation of existing literature results. Overall, the book delivers a clear and comprehensive overview, aiming to assist newcomers and established scientists in quickly grasping the core aspects of the subjects, possibly guiding their research endeavors. Hopefully, this resource will act as a catalyst for sparking new ideas while providing insights into the intricacies and opportunitiespresented by nuclear excitations within the realm of nuclear physics.
  labview core 1: Introduction to Embedded Systems, Second Edition Edward Ashford Lee, Sanjit Arunkumar Seshia, 2016-12-30 An introduction to the engineering principles of embedded systems, with a focus on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems. The most visible use of computers and software is processing information for human consumption. The vast majority of computers in use, however, are much less visible. They run the engine, brakes, seatbelts, airbag, and audio system in your car. They digitally encode your voice and construct a radio signal to send it from your cell phone to a base station. They command robots on a factory floor, power generation in a power plant, processes in a chemical plant, and traffic lights in a city. These less visible computers are called embedded systems, and the software they run is called embedded software. The principal challenges in designing and analyzing embedded systems stem from their interaction with physical processes. This book takes a cyber-physical approach to embedded systems, introducing the engineering concepts underlying embedded systems as a technology and as a subject of study. The focus is on modeling, design, and analysis of cyber-physical systems, which integrate computation, networking, and physical processes. The second edition offers two new chapters, several new exercises, and other improvements. The book can be used as a textbook at the advanced undergraduate or introductory graduate level and as a professional reference for practicing engineers and computer scientists. Readers should have some familiarity with machine structures, computer programming, basic discrete mathematics and algorithms, and signals and systems.
  labview core 1: Advances in Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization P. Pradeep Pratapa, G. Saravana Kumar, Palaniappan Ramu, R. K. Amit, 2022-09-24 This volume contains select papers presented during the 4th National Conference on Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization. It discusses new developments at the core of optimization methods and their application in multiple applications. The papers showcase fundamental problems and applications which include domains such as aerospace, automotive and industrial sectors. The variety of topics and diversity of insights presented in the general field of optimization and its use in design for different applications will be of interest to researchers in academia or industry.
  labview core 1: The LabVIEW Style Book Peter A. Blume, 2007-02-27 This is the eBook version of the print title. The illustrations are in color for this eBook version. Drawing on the experiences of a world-class LabVIEW development organization, The LabVIEW Style Book is the definitive guide to best practices in LabVIEW development. Leading LabVIEW development manager Peter A. Blume presents practical guidelines or “rules” for optimizing every facet of your applications: ease of use, efficiency, readability, simplicity, performance, maintainability, and robustness. Blume explains each style rule thoroughly, presenting realistic examples and illustrations. He even presents “nonconforming” examples that show what not to do—and why not. While the illustrations in the print book are in black and white, you can download full-color versions from the publisher web site for free.
  labview core 1: The Definitive Guide to the ARM Cortex-M3 Joseph Yiu, 2009-11-19 This user's guide does far more than simply outline the ARM Cortex-M3 CPU features; it explains step-by-step how to program and implement the processor in real-world designs. It teaches readers how to utilize the complete and thumb instruction sets in order to obtain the best functionality, efficiency, and reuseability. The author, an ARM engineer who helped develop the core, provides many examples and diagrams that aid understanding. Quick reference appendices make locating specific details a snap! Whole chapters are dedicated to: Debugging using the new CoreSight technologyMigrating effectively from the ARM7 The Memory Protection Unit Interfaces, Exceptions,Interrupts ...and much more! - The only available guide to programming and using the groundbreaking ARM Cortex-M3 processor - Easy-to-understand examples, diagrams, quick reference appendices, full instruction and Thumb-2 instruction sets are included - T teaches end users how to start from the ground up with the M3, and how to migrate from the ARM7
  labview core 1: Invention James Dyson, 2021-09-07 Introduction -- Growing up -- Art school -- Sea truck -- The ballbarrow -- The Coach House -- DC01 -- Core technologies -- Going global -- The car -- Farming -- Education -- Making the future -- Postscript: Jake Dyson -- Postscript: Deirdre Dyson.
  labview core 1: VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION USING LABVIEW JEROME, JOVITHA, 2010-03-29 This book provides a practical and accessible understanding of the fundamental principles of virtual instrumentation. It explains how to acquire, analyze and present data using LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) as the application development environment. The book introduces the students to the graphical system design model and its different phases of functionality such as design, prototyping and deployment. It explains the basic concepts of graphical programming and highlights the features and techniques used in LabVIEW to create Virtual Instruments (VIs). Using the technique of modular programming, the book teaches how to make a VI as a subVI. Arrays, clusters, structures and strings in LabVIEW are covered in detail. The book also includes coverage of emerging graphical system design technologies for real-world applications. In addition, extensive discussions on data acquisition, image acquisition, motion control and LabVIEW tools are presented. This book is designed for undergraduate and postgraduate students of instrumentation and control engineering, electronics and instrumentation engineering, electrical and electronics engineering, electronics and communication engineering, and computer science and engineering. It will be also useful to engineering students of other disciplines where courses in virtual instrumentation are offered. Key Features : Builds the concept of virtual instrumentation by using clear-cut programming elements. Includes a summary that outlines important learning points and skills taught in the chapter. Offers a number of solved problems to help students gain hands-on experience of problem solving. Provides several chapter-end questions and problems to assist students in reinforcing their knowledge.
  labview core 1: Image Acquisition and Processing with LabVIEW Christopher G. Relf, 2003-07-28 Image Acquisition and Processing With LabVIEWä combines the general theory of image acquisition and processing, the underpinnings of LabVIEW and the NI Vision toolkit, examples of their applications, and real-world case studies in a clear, systematic, and richly illustrated presentation. Designed for LabVIEW programmers, it fills a significant gap in the technical literature by providing a general training manual for those new to National Instruments (NI) Vision application development and a reference for more experienced vision programmers. The downloadable resources contain libraries of the example images and code referenced in the text, additional technical white papers, a demonstration version of LabVIEW 6.0, and an NI IMAQ demonstration that guides you through its features. System Requirements: Using the code provided on the downloadable resources requires LabVIEW 6.1 or higher and LabVIEW Vision Toolkit 6.1 or higher. Some of the examples also require IMAQ Vision Builder 6.1 or higher, the IMAQ OCR toolkit, and IMAQ 1394 drivers.
  labview core 1: LabVIEW Student Edition 6i Robert H. Bishop, 2001 This introduction to electrical engineering, signals and systems is designed for courses in measurement and instrumentation. The LabVIEW Student Edition delivers the graphical programming capabilities of the LabVIEW professional version. With the Student Edition, students can design graphical programming solutions to their classroom problems and laboratory experiments.
  labview core 1: The Cambridge Handbook of Computing Education Research Sally A. Fincher, Anthony V. Robins, 2019-02-13 This is an authoritative introduction to Computing Education research written by over 50 leading researchers from academia and the industry.
  labview core 1: Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt Mark Summerfield, 2007-10-18 Whether you're building GUI prototypes or full-fledged cross-platform GUI applications with native look-and-feel, PyQt 4 is your fastest, easiest, most powerful solution. Qt expert Mark Summerfield has written the definitive best-practice guide to PyQt 4 development. With Rapid GUI Programming with Python and Qt you'll learn how to build efficient GUI applications that run on all major operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and many versions of Unix, using the same source code for all of them. Summerfield systematically introduces every core GUI development technique: from dialogs and windows to data handling; from events to printing; and more. Through the book's realistic examples you'll discover a completely new PyQt 4-based programming approach, as well as coverage of many new topics, from PyQt 4's rich text engine to advanced model/view and graphics/view programming. Every key concept is illuminated with realistic, downloadable examples–all tested on Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux with Python 2.5, Qt 4.2, and PyQt 4.2, and on Windows and Linux with Qt 4.3 and PyQt 4.3.
  labview core 1: Digital Signal Processing System-level Design Using LabVIEW Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Namjin Kim, 2005 LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench) is a graphical programming environment, developed by National Instruments (NI), which allows a user-friendly graphical approach to system level design. This will be a LabVIEW-based book providing the teaching materials for DSP (Digital Signal Processing) lab or project courses, industry short-courses, and self-study for practitioners interested in using LabVIEW for system-level design with DSPs such as the TMS320C6000. Such lab or project courses are currently being offered at many universities, both at undergraduate and graduate levels, as a follow-up to DSP theory courses. The programming used in DSP lab courses is either Matlab, C or assembly language. Currently, there is not a DSP laboratory book using system-level graphical programming. Such a programming approach allows students/engineers easily to design DSP systems without the need to become involved or get bogged down in low-level programming issues. Growing numbers of users of LabVIEW in both academia and industry will benefit by having in one place the information they need to perform high-level design of DSP systems. * A graphical programming approach (LabVIEW) to DSP system-level design * DSP implementation of appropriate components of a LabVIEW designed system * Providing system-level, hands-on experiments for DSP lab or project courses
  labview core 1: Image Processing with LabVIEW and IMAQ Vision Thomas Klinger, 2003 This book shows how LabVIEW and especially IMAQ Vision can be used for the realization of common image processing tasks. It covers key issues like image distribution and generation, and technologies such as FireWire and Camera Link are discussed in-depth.
  labview core 1: LabVIEW. National Instruments (Firm)., 2011
  labview core 1: Digital Signal Processing Laboratory Nasser Kehtarnavaz, Sidharth Mahotra, 2010 Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly becoming the platform of choice to implement DSP algorithms. This book is designed to allow DSP students or DSP engineers to achieve FPGA implementation of DSP algorithms in a one-semester DSP laboratory course or in a short design cycle time based on the LabVIEW FPGA Module. Features: - The first DSP laboratory book that uses the FPGA platform instead of the DSP platform for implementation of DSP algorithms - Incorporating introductions to LabVIEW and VHDL - Lab experiments covering FPGA implementation of basic DSP topics including convolution, digital filtering, fixed-point data representation, adaptive filtering, frequency domain processing - Hardware FPGA implementation applications including wavelet transform, software-defined radio, and MP3 player - Website providing downloadable LabVIEW FPGA codes
LabVIEW Hands-On Guide: Learn How to Use the Most Productive ...
May 1, 2024 · There's no better place to get started and learn the basics than our LabVIEW Hands-On Exercises. This document includes a step-by-step guide where you'll learn everything from …

Announcing LabVIEW 2025 Q1! - NI Community
LabVIEW 2025 Q1 was released on January 23rd and is available for download! We’re excited to announce the release of LabVIEW 2025 Q1, which comes with exciting new features that improve …

LabVIEW - NI Community
LabVIEW remains key in test, promising speed, efficiency, and new features with NI’s investment in core tech, community, and integration.

LabVIEW Subscription and Perpetual Licenses Now Available
As of November 18, NI now offers both subscription and perpetual licenses for LabVIEW and the LabVIEW+ Suite. Perpetual licenses for additional test software will be available in February …

W11 - LabVIEW compatibility - NI Community
Nov 4, 2024 · The issue is not so much LabVIEW, although there is the occasional possible problem, but mainly the drivers. If a driver uses a kernel driver component, things can get a lot trickier but …

LabVIEW (free) Online Training Resources - NI Community
Nov 2, 2010 · LabVIEW remains key in test, promising speed, efficiency, and new features with NI’s investment in core tech, community, and integration.

Announcing LabVIEW and LabVIEW NXG Community Editions
Apr 28, 2020 · The LabVIEW and LabVIEW NXG Community edition is free for non-commercial use and they released today! Use the same powerful graphical programming language that engineers …

What is different between the different versions of LabVIEW?
Jun 6, 2024 · LabVIEW Student edition Software Suite DVD: Includes a couple of toolkits; LabVIEW Student edition Textbook Bundle: Includes a book . Here is a comparison table . The FAQ …

ChatGPT AI Assisted Programming with LabVIEW Discussion
Feb 20, 2023 · Perhaps training the Art AI on LabVIEW diagrams (But its a bit tricky with hidden case structures) and combining with ChatGPT is a way forward for LabVIEW. But then need to be …

Giáo trình "Lập trình LabVIEW căn bản" - NI Community
Jul 6, 2014 · Mục lục Chương 1: Môi trường LabVIEW Chương 2: Gỡ lỗi cho VI Chương 3: Tạo một VI Chương 4: Phát triển các ứng dụng dạng mô-đun Chương 5: Tạo và tạn dụng các cấu trúc dữ liệu …

LabVIEW Hands-On Guide: Learn How to Use the Most Productive ...
May 1, 2024 · There's no better place to get started and learn the basics than our LabVIEW Hands-On Exercises. This document includes a step-by-step guide where you'll learn …

Announcing LabVIEW 2025 Q1! - NI Community
LabVIEW 2025 Q1 was released on January 23rd and is available for download! We’re excited to announce the release of LabVIEW 2025 Q1, which comes with exciting new features that …

LabVIEW - NI Community
LabVIEW remains key in test, promising speed, efficiency, and new features with NI’s investment in core tech, community, and integration.

LabVIEW Subscription and Perpetual Licenses Now Available
As of November 18, NI now offers both subscription and perpetual licenses for LabVIEW and the LabVIEW+ Suite. Perpetual licenses for additional test software will be available in February …

W11 - LabVIEW compatibility - NI Community
Nov 4, 2024 · The issue is not so much LabVIEW, although there is the occasional possible problem, but mainly the drivers. If a driver uses a kernel driver component, things can get a lot …

LabVIEW (free) Online Training Resources - NI Community
Nov 2, 2010 · LabVIEW remains key in test, promising speed, efficiency, and new features with NI’s investment in core tech, community, and integration.

Announcing LabVIEW and LabVIEW NXG Community Editions
Apr 28, 2020 · The LabVIEW and LabVIEW NXG Community edition is free for non-commercial use and they released today! Use the same powerful graphical programming language that …

What is different between the different versions of LabVIEW?
Jun 6, 2024 · LabVIEW Student edition Software Suite DVD: Includes a couple of toolkits; LabVIEW Student edition Textbook Bundle: Includes a book . Here is a comparison table . The …

ChatGPT AI Assisted Programming with LabVIEW Discussion
Feb 20, 2023 · Perhaps training the Art AI on LabVIEW diagrams (But its a bit tricky with hidden case structures) and combining with ChatGPT is a way forward for LabVIEW. But then need to …

Giáo trình "Lập trình LabVIEW căn bản" - NI Community
Jul 6, 2014 · Mục lục Chương 1: Môi trường LabVIEW Chương 2: Gỡ lỗi cho VI Chương 3: Tạo một VI Chương 4: Phát triển các ứng dụng dạng mô-đun Chương 5: Tạo và tạn dụng các cấu …