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| ibn saud book: Ibn Saud Leslie McLoughlin, 1993-01-21 This biography is the first in English for nearly 30 years. It re-examines the life of a curiously neglected but important figure in twentieth-century history, Ibn Saud, the founder of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The author uses his knowledge of Arabic and of the Arabian Peninsula to fill the many gaps in existing accounts. This is a clear account with much new detail on the many dramatic episodes in the life of Ibn Saud, from the flight of his family from Riyadh into exile in Kuwait just 100 years ago through his daring recapture of Riyadh in 1902, the expulsion of the Turks, the capture of the Holy Cities of Islam, the discovery of oil and the creation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. |
| ibn saud book: Ibn Saud Michael Darlow, Barbara Bray, 2010 Ibn Saud grew up living the harsh traditional life of the desert nomad, then during his adolescence in Kuwait, studied the ways of great imperial powers. Thus equipped between 1902 and 1930 he fought and won a series of astonishing military victories over a enemies much more powerful than him, and transformed himself into a revered king and elder statesman, courted by world leaders such as Churchill and Roosevelt. Saudi Arabia, the country he created is a staunch ally of the West but it is also the birthplace of Osama bin Laden and fifteen of the 9/11 hijackers. The question that looms is whether the Kingdom, as it now stands, will survive the vicissitudes of time. |
| ibn saud book: Ibn Saud Nestor Sander, 2009 |
| ibn saud book: Ibn Saud Barbara Bray, Michael Darlow, 2012-06-15 Ibn Saud grew to manhood living the harsh traditional life of the desert nomad, a life that had changed little since the days of Abraham. Equipped with immense physical courage, he fought and won, often with weapons and tactics not unlike those employed by the ancient Assyrians, a series of astonishing military victories over a succession of enemies much more powerful than himself. Over the same period, he transformed himself from a minor sheikh into a revered king and elder statesman, courted by world leaders such as Churchill and Roosevelt. A passionate lover of women, Ibn Saud took many wives, had numerous concubines, and fathered almost one hundred children. Yet he remained an unswerving and devout Muslim, described by one who knew him well at the time of his death in 1953 as “probably the greatest Arab since the Prophet Muhammad.” Saudi Arabia, the country Ibn Saud created, is a staunch ally of the West, but it is also the birthplace of Osama bin Laden and fifteen of the nineteen 9/11 hijackers. Saud’s kingdom, as it now stands, has survived the vicissitudes of time and become an invaluable player on the world’s political stage. |
| ibn saud book: Saudi Arabia Under Ibn Saud J.E. Peterson, 2018-06-21 At its founding in 1932, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was characterized by tribal warfare, political instability, chronic financial shortages and economic crises. As a desert chieftain, Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, the ruler and king until 1953, had the skills, the cunning and the power to control the tribes and bring peace to this realm. But financial and economic matters were not his forte and these he left mostly to a single individual, Abdullah al-Sulayman al-Hamdan. He was entrusted with nearly all of the country's early financial dealings and administrative development. The Ministry of Finance, which he headed from its inception, served as nearly the sole government agency dealing with a wide variety of matters, many of which had only a peripheral connection to finance or the economy. This book examines the role of the Ministry of Finance and its minister, Abdullah al-Sulayman, in holding the country together financially and administratively until the promise of substantial oil income was realized a few years after the end of World War II. It will be essential reading for anyone interested in Gulf History and the Economic History of the Middle East. |
| ibn saud book: Arabia Unified A Portrait of Ibn Saud MOHAMMED ALMANA, 1982 Amid the plethora of works about Arabia and the Arabs written by European ‘experts’, here at last is a book which gives a Saudi Arabian’s view of his country’s’ recent past. A unique ‘insider’s’ view of Arabia, it is full of humour, anecdote and reminiscence. Mohammed Almana unfolds for Western eyes the remarkable career of Saudi Arabia’s founder. His story covers the capture of Riyadh from the Saud family’s greatest rivals, the Rashids, and the eventual defeat of Al Rashid at the battle of Rowdhat Muhanna; the elimination of Ibn Bijad and the redoubtable Faisal Ad-Dawish, Ibn Saud’s most implacable enemies; the incorporation of the provinces of Asir and Hejaz into the kingdom; and the rise, rebellion and eventual defeat of the puritanical Ikhwan tribesmen. He describes life with the King’s Bedouin warriors and the intricacies of the Arabian tribal system; the confrontation with Imam Yahya of the Yemen; and finally the start of oil exploration, which was to transform the country. There are also chapters on daily life at the Court, the outstanding Court personalities of the time and the celebrated explorer, Harry St John Philby. The author concludes with his own account of the King’s character and achievements. This revised and expanded version follows the success of the first edition. There have since been editions in Arabic and Urdu. An accurate and personal record, Arabia Unified is essential reading for all who wish to penetrate the myths and misconceptions surrounding the rulers of one of the richest countries of the world. |
| ibn saud book: The Creation of Saudi Arabia Askar H. Al-Enazy, 2014-03-05 Overturning previous interpretations that see the territorial expansion of the Saudi state between 1915 and 1926 as the result of an aggressive Wahhabi ideology carried out by a politically ambitious Ibn Saud, this book explores the links between Saudi territorial expansion and British Imperial policy. Depicting this expansion as the outcome of the implementation of Britain's imperial policy to achieve specific regional military and political objectives in the Middle East, the author examines the Anglo-Saudi legal arrangement which fully integrated Saudi foreign policy into the framework of Britain's imperial policy system in order to serve specific British military and political objectives in the Middle East concerning primarily, but not exclusively, the occupation of Palestine. The personality of Ibn Saud and his religious ideology of Wahhabism served as most effective policy instruments.The author shows how Ibn saud's motivation was primarily defensive, preservationist and in agreement with the acquiescent nature of Wahhabism in which absolute obedience to the ruler constitutes its cardinal principle. In this context, he compares its inherently antagonistic attitude towards non-Wahhabi muslims with its fundamentally benevolent outlook towards non-Muslims, particularly western Christian powers. |
| ibn saud book: Lord of Arabia Harold Courtenay Armstrong, 2001-11-01 A well-researched, captivating history of the Arab nation, wrapped into the biography of Ibn Saud, founding father and first king of Saudi Arabia. |
| ibn saud book: A History of Saudi Arabia Madawi al-Rasheed, 2010-04 This new edition covers the political, economic and social developments in Saudi Arabia since 9/11 to the present day. |
| ibn saud book: Ibn Sa'oud of Arabia Ameen Fares Rihani, 1928 |
| ibn saud book: The House of Saud in Commerce Sharaf Sabri, 2001 In the evolutionary process of Saudi Arabia, the period beginning with the seventies marked by the 'oil revolution' can be described as the turning point. With this began a phase of consolidation and institutionalisation of the royal government. One important development having bearing on its nation building project has been the participation of the Royal Family members in economic activities of the country. Since the seventies, over the last three decades, it is clearly visible that the engagement of the Saudi Royal Family in economy and business has grown not only in volume but in form also. This study has attemped to look at the sprawling business activities of the Royal Family members, not merely as a profile but relate it to the evolutionary context. The first major study that examines the gradual process of emerging entrepreneurship in the Saudi Royal Family. It highlights the role of the royal entrepreneurs in the development of the Saudi private sector. The study shows that their investments have created a positive climate for the growth of entrepreneurship, especially productive entrepreneurship, on the Saudi business scene. An indispensable store-house of detailed account of the investments made by more that 600 royal members, including princesses in 1050 Saudi companies. Supported with 28 pages of index and 14 tables, this data-packed book is a bonanza for businessmen, diplomats, laymen, and all those interested in Saudi Arabia and its Royal Family. A must-have book that contains biographical and kinship details of the Aal Saud. The book is one of its kind and is fully based on firsthand local sources. Apart from numerous published sources in Arabic, the official gazette of the government of Saudi Arabis, Umm Al-Qura, has been extensively consulted. |
| ibn saud book: The Arabia of Ibn Saud Arabian American Oil Company, Roy Lebkicher, 1952 |
| ibn saud book: The Struggle for Power in Arabia Haifa Alangari, 1998 In June 1916 outside the Grand Mosque at Mecca, the Arab Revolt was proclaimed by the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein ibn Ali, with Britain's full backing of his authority and leadership. Ten years later, on the very same spot, Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud was inaugurated as the Sultan of Najd and King of the Hijaz. In this book the authority of these two leaders, Hussein of the Hijaz and Ibn Saud of Najd, is examined and related to Britain's role in the region during the Great War. The author argues that foreign intervention may affect the political structure of a country, but cannot for long sustain its leader in power if the leader does not have a supportive political base with its operating machinery. In the setting of Arabia in the early twentieth century one key requisite in gaining power was the leader's ability to mobilize the various social groups to work for the interest of the state. Ibn Saud successfully induced his social groups to identify their interests with those of his religio-political state, whereas Hussein alienated his social groups by neglecting his religious role as Sharif and adopting pan-Arabism as his state's ideology. In the contest for power between these two leaders, Ibn Saud's political strategy triumphed and established him as the master of the whole of Arabia. Drawing on a wealth of documentary sources, Dr Haifa Alangari provides a highly original comparative study of the struggle for power in Arabia against major political forces that reshaped Arabia and the map of the Middle East. |
| ibn saud book: On Saudi Arabia Karen Elliott House, 2013-06-04 With over thirty years of experience writing about Saudi Arabia, Pulitzer Prize-winning reporter and former publisher of The Wall Street Journal Karen Elliott House has an unprecedented knowledge of life inside this shrouded kingdom. Through anecdotes, observation, analysis, and extensive interviews, she navigates the maze in which Saudi citizens find themselves trapped and reveals the sometimes contradictory nature of the nation that is simultaneously a final bulwark against revolution in the Middle East and a wellspring of Islamic terrorists. Saudi Arabia finds itself threatened by fissures and forces on all sides, and On Saudi Arabia explores in depth what this portends for the country’s future—and our own. |
| ibn saud book: LIFE , 1945-03-19 LIFE Magazine is the treasured photographic magazine that chronicled the 20th Century. It now lives on at LIFE.com, the largest, most amazing collection of professional photography on the internet. Users can browse, search and view photos of today’s people and events. They have free access to share, print and post images for personal use. |
| ibn saud book: Arabia Unified Mohammed Almana, 2023-07-14 First Published in 1980 Arabia Unified presents an insider’s view of Saudi Arabia’s history and the remarkable career of its founder. The book covers the capture of Riyadh from the Saud family’s greatest rivals, the Rashid’s, and the eventual defeat of Al Rashid at the battle of Rowdhat Muhanna; the elimination of Ibn Saud’s most implacable enemies; the incorporation of the provinces of Asir and Hejaz into the kingdom; and the rise, rebellion, and eventual defeat of the puritanical Ikhwan tribesmen. Author describes life with the King’s Bedouin warriors and the intricacies of the Arabian tribal system; the confrontation with the Imam Yahya of the Yemen; and finally, the start of the oil exploration which was to transform the country. The author concludes with his own account of the King’s character and achievements. Full of humor, anecdote and reminiscence, an accurate and personal record, this book is essential reading for all who wish to know about the history of Saudi Arabia. |
| ibn saud book: The History of Saudi Arabia Alexei Vassiliev, 2000 This comprehensive history of Saudi Arabia provides coverage of its emergence in 1745 through to the 1990s. It presents the evolution of the social and political structures of Saudi society, the Wahhabi movement (Muwahhidun - believers in one God) for a reform of Islam, the impact of the oil factor, and Saudi Arabia's place in the modern world. |
| ibn saud book: Archive Wars Rosie Bsheer, 2020-09-22 A study of the Saudi Arabian monarchy’s efforts to construct and disseminate a historical narrative to legitimize its rule. The production of history is premised on the selective erasure of certain pasts and the artifacts that stand witness to them. From the elision of archival documents to the demolition of sacred and secular spaces, each act of destruction is also an act of state building. Following the 1991 Gulf War, political elites in Saudi Arabia pursued these dual projects of historical commemoration and state formation with greater fervor to enforce their postwar vision for state, nation, and economy. Seeing Islamist movements as the leading threat to state power, they sought to de-center religion from educational, cultural, and spatial policies. With this book, Rosie Bsheer explores the increasing secularization of the postwar Saudi state and how it manifested in assembling a national archive and reordering urban space in Riyadh and Mecca. The elites’ project was rife with ironies: in Riyadh, they employed world-renowned experts to fashion an imagined history, while at the same time in Mecca they were overseeing the obliteration of a thousand-year-old topography and its replacement with commercial megaprojects. Archive Wars shows how the Saudi state’s response to the challenges of the Gulf War served to historicize a national space, territorialize a national history, and ultimately refract both through new modes of capital accumulation. Praise for Archive Wars “An instant classic. With incredible insight, creativity, and courage, Rosie Bsheer peels away the political and institutional barriers that have so long mystified others seeking to understand Saudi Arabia. Bsheer tells us remarkable new things about the exercise and meaning of power in today’s Saudi Arabia.” —Toby Jones, Rutgers University, author of Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi Arabia “There are now two distinct eras in the writing of Saudi Arabian history: before Rosie Bsheer’s Archive Wars and after.” —Robert Vitalis, University of Pennsylvania, author of Oilcraft “Archive Wars explores with conceptual brilliance and historical aplomb the various forms of historical erasure central not just to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia but to all modern states. In a finely-grained analysis, Rosie Bsheer rethinks the significance of archives, historicism, capital accumulation, and the remaking of the built environment. A must-read for all historians concerned with the materiality of modern state formation.” —Omnia El Shakry, University of California, Davis, author of The Great Social Laboratory: Subjects of Knowledge in Colonial and Postcolonial Egypt |
| ibn saud book: MBS: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman Ben Hubbard, 2020-03-10 A Financial Times Book Best Book of the Year 2020 A Foreign Affairs Best Book of the Year 2020 The gripping, untold story of how Saudi Arabia's secretive and mercurial new ruler rose to power. |
| ibn saud book: Force and Fanaticism Simon Ross Valentine, 2015 Considers what Wahhabism means to those whose lives are governed by its formidably strict tenets in Saudi Arabia, |
| ibn saud book: America's Kingdom Robert Vitalis, 2020-05-05 Now newly updated, America's Kingdom debunks the many myths that now surround the United States's special relationship with Saudi Arabia, also known as the deal: oil for security. Exploding the long-established myth that the Arabian American Oil Company, Aramco, made miracles happen in the desert, Robert Vitalis shows how oil led the US government to follow the company to the kingdom, and how oil and Aramco quickly became America's largest single overseas private enterprise. From the establishment in the 1930s of a Jim Crow system in the Dhahran oil camps, to the consolidation of America's Kingdom under the House of Fahd, the royal faction that still rules today, this is a meticulously researched account of Aramco as a microcosm of the colonial order. |
| ibn saud book: The Desert King David Armine Howarth, 1979 |
| ibn saud book: The Birth of Saudi Arabia Gary Troeller, 2013-10-23 First Published in 1976. Today the name Sa'udi Arabia evokes images of desert wastes, limitless reservoirs of oil and economic might. When one thinks of the predominant foreign power concerned with the desert kingdom, one thinks of the United States. Forty yean; ago, oil had yet to be discovered, ibn Sa 'ud had just unified the greater part of the Arabian Peninsula and Great Britain exercised paramount influence at the Sa'udi Court. This book deals with the drama of the immediate pre-oil era and sets the stage for the Sa'udi Arabia of today. The following pages examine in detail the unification of Arabia and British policy towards ibn Sa'ud during the early twentieth century when he laid the foundations of present-day Sa'udi Arabia. |
| ibn saud book: Philby of Arabia Elizabeth Monroe, 1998 Harry St John Philby was for the most part of his career at odds with the British Government over broken promises to the Arabs. And it was out of admiration for the Arab king, Ibn Saud, that he chose to earn his living in Arabia. He saw nothing incompatible in adopting the Muslim faith and the way of life while maintaining his British home and his links with British politics and institutions or, when in Palestine, in furthering both the Jewish and Arab causes. But he was in his element in the desert, and there were few travellers who surpassed his map-making skills or is Arabian discoveries. |
| ibn saud book: Ibn Saud Barbara Bray, 1986 |
| ibn saud book: The Book of Khalid Ameen Rihani, 2018-05-15 Reproduction of the original: The Book of Khalid by Ameen Rihani |
| ibn saud book: Islam Assembled Martin S. Kramer, 1986 An overview of the Islamic movement |
| ibn saud book: Doomed to Succeed Dennis Ross, 2015-10-13 This “illuminating book” presents a provocative, expert account of America’s changing relationship with Israel (Kirkus, starred review). When it comes to Israel, U.S. policy has always emphasized the unbreakable bond between the two countries and our ironclad commitment to Israel’s security. Today our ties to Israel are so close that when there are differences, they tend to make the news. But it was not always this way. Dennis Ross has been a direct participant in shaping U.S. policy toward Israel for decades. He served as Bill Clinton’s envoy for Arab-Israeli peace, and was an active player in the debates over how we should guide our policies. In Doomed to Succeed, he takes readers behind the scenes of every administration, from Truman to Obama, revealing each president’s attitudes toward Israel and the Middle East, the debates between key advisers, and the events that drove the policies and at times led to a shift in approach. Ross points out how distancing the United States from Israel in the Eisenhower, Nixon, Bush, and Obama administrations never yielded any benefits—and why that lesson has never been learned. Doomed to Succeed offers compelling advice for future administrations as they continue to shape America's policy on Israel. |
| ibn saud book: A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, Third Edition James Wynbrandt, 2021-05-01 A Brief History of Saudi Arabia, Third Edition provides a clear, lively, and comprehensive account of the history of Saudi Arabia from ancient times to the present day. It relates the central events that have shaped the country and details their significance in historical context, touching on all aspects of the history of the country, from political, international, and economic affairs to cultural and social developments. Illustrated with full-color maps and photographs, and accompanied by a chronology, bibliography, and suggested reading, this accessible overview is ideal for the general reader. Coverage includes: Arabia: The Land and Its Pre-Islamic History The Birth of Islam The Islamic Empire and Arabia The Golden Age of Islam The Mamluks, the Ottomans, and the Wahhabi–Al Saud Alliance The First Saudi State Roots of Modern Arabia Unity and Independence Birth of a Kingdom A Path to World Power Oil and Arms The Gulf Crisis and Its Aftermath Challenges and Cautious Reforms At the Center of a Regional Realignment |
| ibn saud book: Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Ayman Al-Yassini, 1985 |
| ibn saud book: The Poisoned Well Roger Hardy, 2018-03-29 Almost fifty years after Britain and France left the Middle East, the toxic legacies of their rule continue to fester. To make sense of today's conflicts and crises, we need to grasp how Western imperialism shaped the region and its destiny in the half-century between 1917 and 1967. Roger Hardy unearths an imperial history stretching from North Africa to southern Arabia that sowed the seeds of future conflict and poisoned relations between the Middle East and the West. Drawing on a rich cast of eye-witnesses - ranging from nationalists and colonial administrators to soldiers, spies, and courtesans - The Poisoned Well brings to life the making of the modern Middle East, highlighting the great dramas of decolonisation such as the end of the Palestine mandate, the Suez crisis, the Algerian war of independence, and the retreat from Aden. Concise and beautifully written, The Poisoned Well offers a thought-provoking and insightful story of the colonial legacy in the Middle East. |
| ibn saud book: Lord of Arabia, Ibn Saud Harold Courtenay Armstrong, 1954 |
| ibn saud book: Lord of Arabia Harold Courtenay Armstrong, 1924 |
| ibn saud book: History of Saudi Arabia & Wahabism Anwar Haroon, 2014-04-02 At present, the world views Muslims as terrorists and Islam a religion of tyranny especially after 9/11. Thereafter, to my surprise the killing of Muslims right in the mosques and public places around the Muslim countries has become every day affair which I never heard in my life earlier. While so many sects like Wahabi, Qadiyani, Bahai, Ahmadi, Parvezi and many others emerged in the course of past two hundred years through the efforts of Britain. The most cruel and dangerous among them is Wahabi sect formed by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab Najdi of Saudi Arabia, which declared whoever does not follow them among Muslims, taking their lives, property and their wives is permissible. King Abdul Azeez Ibn e Saud formed armed group by name “Ikhwan” who mercilessly killed thousands of Muslims in Najad. They killed even women, children and old at Taif and throw their dead bodies on the hills. They flattened the graves of the family of Holy Prophet and his companions in the grave yards of Makkah and Madinah. I got serious in finding out the cause of this bloody change and I happened to read the book “Tareekh Najad O Hijaz” written in Urdu language. The book also gives the details about Wahabism. So I translated this book in English and named it “History of Saudi Arabia and Wahabism”. The regime of Saudi Arabia is spending billions of dollars to spread Wahabism in Muslim countries as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahhabi_movement Holy Book Quran in the Verse 5:8 says in this regard: O ye who believe! Stand out firmly for God Almighty Allah, as witnesses to fair dealing, and let not the hatred of others to you make you swerve to wrong and depart from justice. Be just: that is next to piety: and fear Allah. For Allah is well-acquainted with all that ye do May God Almighty Guide Muslims towards Straight Path and Salvation. Amen. |
| ibn saud book: Destination Mecca Idries Shah, 2016-05-12 First published in 1957, Destination Mecca was both an ambitious travel book and a work of ethnographic and cultural research.Shah documents a wide range of fascinating journeys, from his quest for the gold mines of King Solomon on Sudan's Red Sea Coast, to encounters in desert caravanserais and sojourns with Mediterranean contraband smugglers, to his time as a personal guest of the elderly King Ibn Saud.As readable now as it was when first published, Destination Mecca acts as a beacon for hands on adventurers and those of a more sedate kind. |
| ibn saud book: Saudi Arabia Today Peter Hobday, 1978-06-17 |
| ibn saud book: كتاب جهات الأئمة الخلفاء من الحرائر والإماء المسمى نساء الخلفاء ابن الساعي، علي بن انجب،, 2017-09-05 Consorts of the Caliphs is a seventh/thirteenth-century compilation of anecdotes about thirty-eight women who were, as the title suggests, consorts to those in power, most of them concubines of the early Abbasid caliphs and wives of latter-day caliphs and sultans. This slim but illuminating volume is one of the few surviving texts by Ibn al-Saʿi (d. 674 H/1276 AD). Ibn al-Saʿi was a prolific Baghdadi scholar who chronicled the academic and political elites of his city, and whose career straddled the final years of the Abbasid dynasty and the period following the cataclysmic Mongol invasion of 656 H/1258 AD. |
Ibn Battuta - Wikipedia
Ibn Battuta (/ ˌ ɪ b ən b æ t ˈ t uː t ɑː /; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369), [a] was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. …
Ibn Battuta | Biography, History, Travels, & Map | Britannica
Apr 25, 2025 · Ibn Battuta, medieval Muslim traveler and author of one of the most famous travel books, the Rihlah. His great …
IBN Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Ibn definition: son of (used in Arabic personal names).. See examples of IBN used in a sentence.
ابن - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Apr 8, 2025 · اِبْن • (ibn) m (plural أَبْنَاء (ʔabnāʔ) or بَنُون (banūn) or بَنَات (banāt), feminine اِبْنَة (ibna) or بِنْت (bint)) son …
Ibn Battuta - Ages of Exploration - Mariners' Museum and Park
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, better known by his surname Ibn Battuta, was a great Medieval traveler and explorer. He is …
Ibn Battuta - Wikipedia
Ibn Battuta (/ ˌ ɪ b ən b æ t ˈ t uː t ɑː /; 24 February 1304 – 1368/1369), [a] was a Maghrebi traveller, explorer and scholar. [7] Over a period of 30 years …
Ibn Battuta | Biography, History, Travels, & Map | Brit…
Apr 25, 2025 · Ibn Battuta, medieval Muslim traveler and author of one of the most famous travel books, the Rihlah. His great work describes the …
IBN Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Ibn definition: son of (used in Arabic personal names).. See examples of IBN used in a sentence.
ابن - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Apr 8, 2025 · اِبْن • (ibn) m (plural أَبْنَاء (ʔabnāʔ) or بَنُون (banūn) or بَنَات (banāt), feminine اِبْنَة (ibna) or بِنْت (bint)) son بُنَيَّ / بُنَيَّتِي ― …
Ibn Battuta - Ages of Exploration - Mariners' Muse…
Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, better known by his surname Ibn Battuta, was a great Medieval traveler and explorer. He is often compared …
