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| history of christian liturgy: Introduction to Christian Liturgy Frank C. Senn, 2012 Designed as a general introduction to Christian liturgy, this book explores the meaning, history, and practice of worship in Eastern and Western, Catholic and Protestant traditions. Its chapters cover the theology of worship, the historical development of Eucharist and the Prayer Offices, the lectionary and customs of the church year, other sacramental rites, and the use of music and the arts. As such, it is a perfect textbook for students seeking to understand the basics of liturgical worship, as well as a reliable guide for worship leaders. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Oxford History of Christian Worship Geoffrey Wainwright, Karen B. Westerfield Tucker, 2005-12-08 The Oxford History of Christian Worship is a comprehensive and authoritative history of the origins and development of Christian worship to the present day. Backed by an international roster of experts as contributors, this new book will examine the liturgical traditions of Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant, and Pentecostal traditions throughout history and across the world. With 240 photographs and 10 maps, the full geographical spread of Christianity is covered, including Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, East Asia, and the Pacific. Following contemporary trends in scholarship, it will cover social and cultural contexts, material culture and the arts. Written to be accessible to the educated layperson, this unique and beautiful volume will also appeal to clergy and liturgists and more generally to students and scholars of the liturgy, Christian theology, church history, and world history. |
| history of christian liturgy: Christian Liturgy Frank C. Senn, 1997 Written with special attention to Early Church, Reformation, and present day traditions, in Christian Liturgy Senn traces the story of Christian liturgy in light of the church's public rites. Senn's study focuses on liturgical practices that are catholic -- in continuity with the whole historic tradition -- and evangelical -- Gospel-centered in its forms of proclamation and celebration. Exploring the liturgy from an ecumenical perspective and context, the author uses a comparative studies approach to the liturgy, drawing on the insights of anthropology, biblical studies, general history, church history, historical theology, and musicology. |
| history of christian liturgy: History of the Liturgy Marcel Metzger, 2016-03-24 How great the differences between the Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and a pontifical High Mass at St. Peter's in Rome! And also, between the early baptisms by immersion described in the Acts of the Apostles and the baptisms of newborns in our parishes today. Why such a change in the celebration of the Christian mystery? Why the recent reforms, often misunderstood? In History of the Liturgy, Marcel Metzger answers such questions and offers an understanding of this evolution through a carefully documented historical survey. The essential forms of the liturgy were fixed very early according to the tradition received from the apostles. But the place given to biblical readings, teaching, singing, and ritual has varied in the course of the centuries. In History of the Liturgy, Metzger describes the most important phases of these changes. In describing the first millennium, he focuses on liturgy's essentials common to the Eastern and Western Churches. In describing the second millennium, he explains the deviations of the Western Churches which called for the effort of reform and renewal begun by Vatican II. Metzger studies the development of the liturgical institutions and distinguishes liturgy's five main stages that correspond to the situations of the Churches in ancient, medieval, and modern societies. He begins by focusing on the apostolic period, roughly the first century of our era, until the death of the apostles. He follows by studying the period of minorities and semi-clan destiny until the beginning of the fourth century. He then focuses on the Peace of the Church, which grants public status to the churches in the Empire, fosters their growth, and organizes the collaboration between Empire and Church. The work concludes by studying the stability, rigidity, renewals, and reforms of the Roman liturgy, from the end of the Middle Ages to Vatican II. This clear and accurate survey of the history of liturgy is designed to awaken readers' interest, on a solid yet introductory level, in the realities that have made and still make up the Church's liturgical life: assemblies, Eucharist, baptism, reconciliation, dally praise, the Church's calendar, and its architecture. In History of the Liturgy, Metzger stresses that if history is the teacher of life, the eyes of Christian faith allow us to recognize in it as well the mysterious presence of God, who, through the Spirit, guides his people. And this happens, above all, in the liturgy. |
| history of christian liturgy: Liturgy Keith F. Pecklers, 2012 Liturgy in the Apostolic era. |
| history of christian liturgy: On the Historical Development of the Liturgy Anton Baumstark, 2011 In 1921, Anton Baumstark delivered two lectures on the development of the Roman Rite to a gathering at the Abbey of Maria Laach. Abbot Ildefons Herwegen offered to publish those lectures, but Baumstark decided to write a book on the topic instead, which was published two years later as On the Historical Development of the Liturgy. It would be another sixteen years before he produced Comparative Liturgy, for which he is better known. Together the two books lay out Baumstark's liturgical methodology. Comparative Liturgy presents his method; On the Historical Development of the Liturgy offers his model. For nearly a century, On the Historical Development of the Liturgy has been valued by specialists in the field of liturgical studies, both for its description of comparative liturgy and for the portrayal of patterns Baumstark discerns in liturgical development. Also significant are the hypotheses Baumstark proposes and the evidence he brings to bear on problems in liturgical history. In this annotated edition, Fritz West provides the first English translation of this work by Anton Baumstark. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Search for the Origins of Christian Worship Paul F. Bradshaw, 2002 This text re-examines the great variety of liturgical practices in the first four centuries in the light of modern Jewish and Christian scholarship. |
| history of christian liturgy: Jewish and Christian Liturgy and Worship Albert Gerhards, Clemens Leonhard, 2007-12-01 Presenting new insights into the history and interaction between Jewish and Christian liturgy and worship, the various contributions offer a deeper understanding of the identity of Judaism and Christianity. It addresses issues such as: – Is the Eucharistic Prayer a ‘Berakha’ and what information is available for the reconstruction of the history of the Jewish ‘Grace after Meals’? – How does Jewish liturgy rework the Bible, and are Christians and Jews using similar methods when they create liturgical poetry on the basis of a biblical text? – Which texts of the Cairo Genizah are of direct importance for the history of Christian liturgies, and are Christian creeds in fact Prayers or Hymns? – What does it mean that both Jews and Christians recite Isaiah's Holy, Holy, Holy at important points in their respective liturgies? Questions like these brought together scholars and specialists from different disciplines to share their recent insights at a conference in Aachen, Germany, and to offer the reader a fascinating discourse on a broad range of aspects of Jewish and Christian liturgies. |
| history of christian liturgy: Studies in Early Christian Liturgy and its Context Gabriele Winkler, 2024-12-11 The history of the Eastern liturgical rituals reveals the variety and splendour of the world of the Christian Orient, and the profundity of its theological thought. The ritual bears witness to the deep impact these liturgies made on the Mediterranean cultures and societies of Late Antiquity. Gabriele Winkler, a specialist in Oriental liturgies and Armenian studies, here explores the beginnings and early development of these rituals in their historical, philological, and doctrinal context. Her work elucidates the interdependence of the Syriac, Greek, and Armenian cultures; it also demonstrates the interest of this material for the religious and political history of the era. |
| history of christian liturgy: Jewish and Christian Liturgy and Worship Albert Gerhards, Clemens Leonhard, 2007 Jewish and Christian Liturgy and Worship presents the reworked results of the discussions at an interdisciplinary symposium held in Aachen, Germany, on recent trends in the study of Jewish and Christian liturgies. It introduces diverse subjects pertaining to its topic an shows their interrelationship. |
| history of christian liturgy: A Brief History of Christian Worship James F. White, 2010-09-01 Most histories of Christian worship are written as if nothing significant in liturgical history ever happened in North America, as if cultural diversities were insignificant in the development of worship, and as if most of what mattered were words the priest or minister addressed to God. This book is a revisionist work, attempting to give new direction to liturgical history by treating the experience of worship of the people in the pews as the primary liturgical document. It means liturgical history written facing the other way--that is, looking into the chancel rather than out of it. Relishing the liturgical diversity of recent centuries as firm evidence of Chritianity's ability to adapt to a wide variety of peoples and places, Professor White shows that this tendency has been apparent in Chrisitian worship since its inception in the New Testament churches. Instead of imposing one tradition's criteria on worship, he tries to give a balanced and comprehensive approach to the development of the dozen or more traditions surviving in the modern world. |
| history of christian liturgy: Great High Priest Margaret Barker, 2003-07-21 Margaret Barker has been researching and writing about the Jerusalem temple for over twenty years. Many of her studies have remained unpublished. Here for the first time her work on the roots of Christian liturgy has been brought together.Whereas most scholarship has concentrated upon the synagogue, Margaret Barker's work on the Jerusalem temple contributes significantly to our understanding of the meaning and importance of many elements of Christian liturgy which have hitherto remained obscure. This book opens up a new field of research.The many subjects addressed include the roots of the Eucharist in various temple rituals and offerings other than Passover, the meaning of the holy of holies and the Christian sanctuary, the cosmology of temple and church, the significance of the Veil of the Temple for understanding priesthood and Incarnation, the Holy Wisdom and the Mother of God, angels and priesthood, the concept of unity, the high priestly tradition in the early church and evidence that Christianity was a conscious continuation of the temple.All scholars and students whose interest encompasses the origins of Christian (and Orthodox) liturgy, the Old Testament, early Christianity, Jewish Christian relations, Platonism and the origins of Islam will find this book a hugely rewarding source of information and new ideas. |
| history of christian liturgy: A History of Liturgical Books from the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century Eric Palazzo, 1998 This title is an introduction to Western liturgical resources and a synthesis of their history for more than a millennium. It provides a historical summary, examines the relationship between medieval history and liturgy, suggests new methods of research, and underscores the fruitfulness of an interdisciplinary approach. |
| history of christian liturgy: Introduction to the Study of Liturgy Albert Gerhards, Benedikt Kranemann, 2017 Worship is at the heart of the Christian faith. This applies equally to all denominations. For that reason it is all the more important that the ordering of worship and its place in the life of the church is regularly rewritten and reinterpreted. This volume--based on the third, completely revised German edition from 2013 by two of the foremost liturgical scholars in Germany--offers a contemporary, comprehensive introduction to the foundations for the study of liturgy today, one from which scholars and students in the English-speaking world can also profit. Beyond appealing to students of liturgy and theology, this book reaches out to everyone who wants to know more about the liturgical essence and dimensions of the church. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Spiritual Meaning of the Liturgy Goffredo Boselli, 2014-09-08 “I am increasingly convinced that the decisive question that demands an answer from us is not so much how believers experience the liturgy, but whether believers live from the liturgy they celebrate.”With these few words Goffredo Boselli captures the essence of this present work. Believers can celebrate the liturgy throughout their lifetimes without ever really drawing their lives from it. And this is true of all believers—laity, clergy, or monastics. More than a century after the start of the liturgical movement and half a century after the start of the postconciliar liturgical reform, we must ask the difficult question of whether the liturgy has or has not become the source of the spiritual life of believers. For only by living from the liturgy can they receive the nourishment necessary to maintain a life of faith in today’s world. In The Spiritual Meaning of the Liturgy, Goffredo Boselli—one of Europe’s foremost liturgical theologians—offers an accessible and important guide for both scholars and interested laypeople to understand the meaning that permeates the liturgy and its implications for daily living. Readers will find here a resource to help understand the liturgy more fully, interiorize it more effectively, and live it more authentically. |
| history of christian liturgy: Ancient Christian Worship Andrew B. McGowan, 2014-09-30 An Important Study on the Worship of the Early Church This introduction to the origins of Christian worship illuminates the importance of ancient liturgical patterns for contemporary Christian practice. Andrew McGowan takes a fresh approach to understanding how Christians came to worship in the distinctive forms still familiar today. Deftly and expertly processing the bewildering complexity of the ancient sources into lucid, fluent exposition, he sets aside common misperceptions to explore the roots of Christian ritual practices--including the Eucharist, baptism, communal prayer, preaching, Scripture reading, and music--in their earliest recoverable settings. Now in paper. |
| history of christian liturgy: Holy Bishops in Late Antiquity Claudia Rapp, 2013-05-01 Between 300 and 600, Christianity experienced a momentous change from persecuted cult to state religion. One of the consequences of this shift was the evolution of the role of the bishop—as the highest Church official in his city—from model Christian to model citizen. Claudia Rapp's exceptionally learned, innovative, and groundbreaking work traces this transition with a twofold aim: to deemphasize the reign of the emperor Constantine, which has traditionally been regarded as a watershed in the development of the Church as an institution, and to bring to the fore the continued importance of the religious underpinnings of the bishop's role as civic leader. Rapp rejects Max Weber’s categories of charismatic versus institutional authority that have traditionally been used to distinguish the nature of episcopal authority from that of the ascetic and holy man. Instead she proposes a model of spiritual authority, ascetic authority and pragmatic authority, in which a bishop’s visible asceticism is taken as evidence of his spiritual powers and at the same time provides the justification for his public role. In clear and graceful prose, Rapp provides a wholly fresh analysis of the changing dynamics of social mobility as played out in episcopal appointments. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Eucharistic Liturgies Paul F. Bradshaw, Maxwell E. Johnson, 2012-06-01 In graduate theology programs across the United States and elsewhere, Maxwell Johnson's The Rites of Christian Initiation: Their Evolution and Interpretation has become a standard text. Now Johnson and Paul Bradshaw together offer a companion volume on the historical development of the liturgy and theology of the Eucharist. Like the earlier volume, this study proceeds historically, from the origins of the Eucharist up to our own day. Unlike most studies of this kind, it includes an introduction to and developmental summary of the diverse eucharistic liturgies of the Christian East. It also explores the various Western rites (Ambrosian, Gallican, and Mozarabic) in addition to the Roman. With regard to theological themes, the authors give special attention to the topics of real presence (including the consecration of the bread and wine) and eucharistic sacrifice, the most central and most ecumenically challenging issues since the sixteenth-century Reformations. Making the book especially teacher- and student-friendly are the summary points at the end of each chapter. Each chapter also contains an abundance of liturgical texts for ease of reference. |
| history of christian liturgy: The history of Christian liturgy in Antiquity Peter Caban, 2012 |
| history of christian liturgy: A Short History of the Book of Common Prayer William Reed Huntington, 2020-09-28 |
| history of christian liturgy: Nothing Superfluous James W. [VNV] Jackson, 2016 Nothing Superfluous is a guide to the Rite of St. Gregory, the Extraordinary Form of the Roman Rite. In clear language, Fr. Jackson reveals the rich theologian meaning behind the art, architecture, words, and gestures of the Rite of St. Gregory. His work is a simple guide for those who have been moved by the beauty of the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass, and who wish to move from appreciation to apprehension - from wonder, to knowledge. Of course, in the face of divine realities, knowledge itself leads back t wonder, and from wonder to love. And the instruction of Nothing Superfluous will help Catholics to appreciate ever more deeply the profound beauty expressed in the Mass. --Page 4 of cover. |
| history of christian liturgy: My Body Given for You Helmut Hoping , 2019 The Eucharist originated at the Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples. It is based on the prayer of thanksgiving that Jesus pronounced over the bread and wine at that meal. “Eucharist” means “thanksgiving”, “praise”, and “blessing”. The Church celebrates the Eucharist as a memorial of the death and Resurrection of Jesus Christ, which is more than a remembrance of the Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples. In the Eucharist the sacrifice of our redemption becomes present sacramentally. In the past, dogmatic theology has treated the meaning of the Eucharist while disregarding the form of its liturgical celebration, whereas liturgical studies have been content with only the latter. Yet the two cannot be separated, any more than liturgy and dogma or pastoral practice and doctrine can be understood without the other. The Church’s liturgy is not something external to Christian revelation, but rather, as Joseph Ratzinger said, “revelation accepted in faith and prayer”. In this work Helmut Hoping combines the approaches of dogmatic theology and liturgy while examining the Eucharist from a historical and systematic perspective. This new English translation of the second German edition of this major work, revised and expanded, includes a comparative analysis of the Second Eucharistic Prayer and a chapter on the theology of the words of institution. |
| history of christian liturgy: A Brief History of Christian Worship James F White, 1993 A history of Christian liturgy written from the perspectives of the 1990s in North America, covering a period that ranges from the New Testament era through modern times, with a look at the future of worship. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Origins of Feasts, Fasts, and Seasons in Early Christianity Paul F. Bradshaw, Maxwell E. Johnson, 2011 The liturgical year is a relatively modern invention. The term itself only came into use in the late sixteenth century. In antiquity, Christians did not view the various festivals and fasts that they experienced as a unified whole. Instead, the different seasons formed a number of completely unrelated cycles and tended to overlap and conflict with one another. Drawing upon the latest research, the authors track the development of the Churchs feasts, fasts, and seasons, including the sabbath and Sunday, Holy Week and Easter, Christmas and Epiphany, and the feasts of the Virgin Mary, the martyrs, and other saints. |
| history of christian liturgy: Story-Shaped Worship Robbie F. Castleman, 2013-04-03 In Story-Shaped Worship Robbie Castleman attempts nothing less than to uncover the fundamental shape of worship. Right worship doesn't require a traditionalist return to earlier forms of church, she argues, but a fresh response to God in light of the revealed patterns of worship we find in the Bible and church history. |
| history of christian liturgy: Orthodox Worship Benjamin D. Williams, Harold B. Anstall, 2018 Preface to the new edition -- Understanding the divine liturgy. Development of Christian worship in the Bible -- Worship in the early church -- Revelation and worship -- The royal priesthood -- Heavenly worship -- A journey through the liturgy. The interior of an Orthodox church -- The preparation service -- The liturgy of the word -- The liturgy of the Eucharist -- The Great Anaphora -- The Holy Communion -- The Thanksgiving -- Conclusion. A call to worship. |
| history of christian liturgy: Worship as Body Language E. Elochukwu Uzukwu, 1997 The body language or gestures of praise, adoration, contemplation, ritual dance, and care of the neighbor are meaningful to the ethnic group; African Christians tune into these body motions to express the one Christian faith. In Worship as Body Language, Father Uzukwu details how the patterns of the African ritual assemblies and sacred narratives have merged with Jewish, Gospel, and early Church traditions to create living Christian communities and liturgies. |
| history of christian liturgy: Medieval Liturgy Lizette Larson-Miller, 2019-07-08 Originally published in 1997, Medieval Liturgy is a unique and interesting collection of nine essays that explores medieval liturgy from three distinct perspectives: historical, liturgical, and theological. The book includes contributions from eminent scholars of the time and discusses the development of 9th to 11th century ordines, the meaning of the Mass in the 12th and 13th centuries, medieval preaching, ordination practices, popular penance practices, marriage rites, the role of music in Eucharistic liturgy, and the relationship between liturgical architectural space and theology. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Early History of the Liturgy James Herbert Srawley, 1913 |
| history of christian liturgy: The Study of Liturgy Cheslyn Jones, Geoffrey Wainwright, Edward Yarnold, Paul F. Bradshaw, 1992 We have limited ourselves to Initiation, Eucharist, Ordination, Office, and Calendar. Each of these subjects has been the responsibility of its own panel of authors, and they are presented historically under five main divisions: Jewish and New Testament, patristic, medieval, Reformation and counter-Reformation, and contemporary (i.e., the reforms of the last twenty years). The historical account of these rites is preceded by a general introduction, in the form of a series of notes giving background information on subjects, like Hippolytus or Cranmer, which recur in the study of all the rites. But we do not wish to present liturgy in isolation. We are anxious to make clear its theological foundations and connections; the theological introduction is an essential part of our intention. We are also anxious to show that the study of liturgy, even in its historical aspects, is not irrelevant to the present concerns of Christians, pastoral as well as liturgical; and so the concluding pastoral orientation is for us as important as the theological introduction. It was also our ambition, in each phase of historical exposition, to show the connection between liturgy and other aspects of Christian activity and interest. - Preface. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Shape of the Liturgy Gregory Dix, 1982 |
| history of christian liturgy: Principles of Sacred Liturgy Christopher Carstens, 2020-01-27 Jesus’ saving Paschal work continues today in the liturgy and sacraments. They have the power to sanctify and beatify those who engage the liturgy with proper minds and hearts. In this comprehensive and accessible book, Christopher Carstens opens up the ritual elements mystagogically: that is, he leads participants from what they can sense—a calendar day, a musical instrument, and word—to what is otherwise undetectable: Jesus Christ. He examines the core meaning of each liturgical element in creation, in the culture, in the Old Testament, in Christ, and in heaven. This book is an excellent resource for pastors, seminarians, permanent deacons and deacon candidates, lay ministers, and parish liturgy coordinators. |
| history of christian liturgy: Eschatology, Liturgy and Christology Thomas P. Rausch, 2012-06-01 If Christian hope is reduced to the salvation of the soul in a heaven beyond death, wrote Jürgen Moltmann, it loses its power to renew life and change the world, and its flame is quenched. Thomas Rausch, SJ, agrees, arguing that too often the hoped-for eschaton has been replaced by an almost exclusive emphasis on the four last things-death and judgment, heaven and hell. But eschatology cannot be reduced to the individual salvation. In his new book, Rausch explores eschatology's intersections with Christology, soteriology, ecclesiology, and, perhaps most intriguingly, liturgy. With the early Christians, he sees God's future as a radically social reality, already present initially in Christian worship, especially in the celebration of the Eucharist. This fresh and insightful work of theology engages voices both ancient and contemporary. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Liturgy of Politics Kaitlyn Schiess, 2020-09-08 A generation of young Christians are weary of the political legacy they've inherited. Could it be that the church's politics are shaped by its habits and practices? Contending that we must recognize the formative power of the political forces around us, Kaitlyn Schiess urges the church to recover historic Christian practices that shape us according to the truth of the gospel. |
| history of christian liturgy: Liturgy and Architecture from the Early Church to the Middle Ages Allan Doig, 2008 In this book Allan Doig explores the interrelationship of liturgy and architecture from the early Church to the close of the Middle Ages, taking into account social, economic, technical, theological and artistic factors. These are crucial to a proper understanding of ecclesiastical architecture of all periods, and together their study illuminates the study of liturgy. Buildings and their archaeology are standing indices of human activity, and the whole matrix of meaning they present is highly revealing of the larger meaning of ritual performance within, and movement through, their space. The excavation of the mid-third-century church at Dura Europos in the Syrian desert, the grandeur of Constantine's Imperial basilicas, the influence of the great pilgrimage sites, and the marvels of soaring Gothic cathedrals, all come alive in a new way when the space is animated by the liturgy for which they were built. Reviewing the most recent research in the area, and moving the debate forward, this study will be enormously useful to the liturgist, clergy, theologians, art and architectural historians, and those interested in the conservation of ecclesiastical structures built for the liturgy. |
| history of christian liturgy: The Dangers of Christian Practice Lauren F. Winner, 2018-01-01 Challenging the central place that practices have recently held in Christian theology, Lauren Winner explores the damages these practices have inflicted over the centuries Sometimes, beloved and treasured Christian practices go horrifyingly wrong, extending violence rather than promoting its healing. In this bracing book, Lauren Winner provocatively challenges the assumption that the church possesses a set of immaculate practices that will definitionally train Christians in virtue and that can't be answerable to their histories. Is there, for instance, an account of prayer that has anything useful to say about a slave-owning woman's praying for her slaves' obedience? Is there a robustly theological account of the Eucharist that connects the Eucharist's goods to the sacrament's central role in medieval Christian murder of Jews? Arguing that practices are deformed in ways that are characteristic of and intrinsic to the practices themselves, Winner proposes that the register in which Christians might best think about the Eucharist, prayer, and baptism is that of damaged gift. Christians go on with these practices because, though blighted by sin, they remain gifts from God. |
| history of christian liturgy: Liturgy for Living Charles P. Price, Louis Weil, 2000-12 The worship of the Christian community, properly understood and done, leads worshipers to act out in their lives the love of God, which is at the heart of our worship. Worship also provides the power and the sustenance which makes this style of living possible. This Christian style of living, moreover, drives those who are committed to it back to the worship of God, to find forgiveness and strength...When this interdependent relationship is understood, the power of worship is illuminated and the power to live increased. - From the Preface First written in 1979, and out of print for many years, Liturgy For Living remains a classic text in the field of Anglican/Episcopal liturgy. This highly readable overview explores the meaning of worship from a theological, historical, and spiritual perspective. It then examines the history, theology, and meaning of specific Anglican liturgies including: Holy Baptism, Confirmation, the Daily Office, the Holy Eucharist, and the various pastoral offices. An extensive bibliography, and a glossary of liturgical terms are included. |
| history of christian liturgy: Baptism in the Early Church Everett Ferguson, 2009-03-23 A comprehensive survey of the doctrine and practice of baptism in the first five centuries of Christian history, arranged geographically within chronological periods. |
| history of christian liturgy: Rites of Ordination Paul F. Bradshaw, 2013 A Pueblo book.Includes index. Includes bibliographical references and index. Table of Contents: Historical and typological background -- Ministry in the earliest Christian communities -- Ministry and ordination in the third and fourth centuries -- Early ordination rites -- Ordination rites in the churches of the East -- Ordination rites in the medieval West -- The theology of ordination in the Middle Ages -- Orders and ministry in the churches of the Reformation -- The Roman Catholic Church from the Council of Trent to the present -- Other modern ordination rites. |
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