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| girardian scapegoat: Christus Victor Gustaf Aulen, 2003-09-05 Gustaf Aulen's classic work, 'Christus Victor', has long been a standard text on the atonement. Aulen applies history of ideas' methodology to historical theology in tracing the development of three views of the atonement. Aulen asserts that in traditional histories of the doctrine of the atonement only two views have usually been presented, the objective/Anselmian and the subjective/Aberlardian views. According to Aulen, however, there is another type of atonement doctrine in which Christ overcomes the hostile powers that hold humanity in subjection, at the same time that God in Christ reconciles the world to Himself. This view he calls the classic idea of the atonement. Because of its predominance in the New Testament, in patristic writings, and in the theology of Luther, Aulen holds that the classic type may be called the distinctively Christian idea of the atonement. |
| girardian scapegoat: René Girard, Unlikely Apologist Grant Kaplan, 2016-08-20 Since the late 1970s, theologians have been attempting to integrate mimetic theory into different fields of theology, yet a distrust of mimetic theory persists in some theological camps. In René Girard, Unlikely Apologist: Mimetic Theory and Fundamental Theology, Grant Kaplan brings mimetic theory into conversation with theology both to elucidate the relevance of mimetic theory for the discipline of fundamental theology and to understand the work of René Girard within a theological framework. Rather than focus on Christology or atonement theory as the locus of interaction between Girard and theology, Kaplan centers his discussion on the apologetic quality of mimetic theory and the impact of mimetic theory on fundamental theology, the subdiscipline that grew to replace apologetics. His book explores the relation between Girard and fundamental theology in several keys. In one, it understands mimetic theory as a heuristic device that allows theological narratives and positions to become more intelligible and, by so doing, makes theology more persuasive. In another key, Kaplan shows how mimetic theory, when placed in dialogue with particular theologians, can advance theological discussion in areas where mimetic theory has seldom been invoked. On this level the book performs a dialogue with theology that both revisits earlier theological efforts and also demonstrates how mimetic theory brings valuable dimensions to questions of fundamental theology. |
| girardian scapegoat: René Girard's Mimetic Theory Wolfgang Palaver, 2013-01-01 A systematic introduction into the mimetic theory of the French-American literary theorist and philosophical anthropologist René Girard, this essential text explains its three main pillars (mimetic desire, the scapegoat mechanism, and the Biblical “difference”) with the help of examples from literature and philosophy. This book also offers an overview of René Girard’s life and work, showing how much mimetic theory results from existential and spiritual insights into one’s own mimetic entanglements. Furthermore it examines the broader implications of Girard’s theories, from the mimetic aspect of sovereignty and wars to the relationship between the scapegoat mechanism and the question of capital punishment. Mimetic theory is placed within the context of current cultural and political debates like the relationship between religion and modernity, terrorism, the death penalty, and gender issues. Drawing textual examples from European literature (Cervantes, Shakespeare, Goethe, Kleist, Stendhal, Storm, Flaubert, Dostoevsky, Proust) and philosophy (Plato, Camus, Sartre, Lévi-Strauss, Derrida, Vattimo), Palaver uses mimetic theory to explore the themes they present. A highly accessible book, this text is complemented by bibliographical references to Girard’s widespread work and secondary literature on mimetic theory and its applications, comprising a valuable bibliographical archive that provides the reader with an overview of the development and discussion of mimetic theory until the present day. |
| girardian scapegoat: The Scapegoat René Girard, 1989-08 In 'The Scapegoat', the author audaciously turns to classical mythology, medieval narrative, and the New Testament to explore the scenes behind 'texts of persecution, ' documents that recount collective violence from the standpoint of the persecutor. |
| girardian scapegoat: Violence and the Sacred René Girard, 1988-01-01 His fascinating and ambitious book provides a fully developed theory of violence as the 'heart and secret soul' of the sacred. Girard's fertile, combative mind links myth to prophetic writing, primitive religions to classical tragedy.--Victor Brombert, Chronicle of Higher Education. |
| girardian scapegoat: Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World René Girard, Jean-Michel Oughourlian, Guy Lefort, 1987 This is the single fullest summation of the ideas of one of the most eminent and controversial cultural theorists of our time. |
| girardian scapegoat: I See Satan Fall Like Lightning Ren Girard, 2001-01-01 Rene Girard holds up the gospels as mirrors that reveal our broken humanity, and shows that they also reflect a new reality that can make us whole. Like Simone Weil, Girard looks at the Bible as a map of human behavior, and sees Jesus Christ as the turning point leading to new life. The title echoes Jesus' words: I saw Satan falling like lightning from heaven. Girard persuades us that even as our world grows increasingly violent the power of the Christ-event is so great that the evils of scapegoating and sacrifice are being defeated even now. A new community, God's nonviolent kingdom, is being realized -- even now. |
| girardian scapegoat: The Girard Reader René Girard, 1996 Rene Girard, the author of groundbreaking scholarly books such as Violence and the Sacred and Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, has long been an intellectual cause celebre in Europe. Although he has studied and taught in the United States since the 1940s, he is now -- in his 70's -- finding his lifework praised and taught in academic and religious circles throughout the country.The Girard Reader brings that work to a broader audience. It includes major excerpts from Girard's books and articles which cover all aspects of his theories on violence, religion, and culture. These views cut across theology, biblical studies, anthropology, psychology, and literature. The book concludes with a conversation between Rene Girard and editor James G. Williams that brings new focus to his Christian vision and breathtaking ouevre. |
| girardian scapegoat: Tragic Novels, René Girard and the American Dream Carly Osborn, 2020-05-14 This book draws on the philosopher René Girard to argue that three twentieth-century American novels (Jeffrey Eugenides's The Virgin Suicides, Rick Moody's The Ice Storm, and Richard Yates's Revolutionary Road) are tragedies. Until now, Girardian literary analysis has generally focused on representations of human desire in texts, and neglected both other emotions and the place of tragedy. Carly Osborn addresses these omissions by using Girardian theory to present evidence that novels can indeed be tragedies. The book advances the scholarship of tragedy that has run from Aristotle to Nietzsche to Terry Eagleton, proposing a new way to read modern novels through ancient traditions. In addition, this is the first work to examine the place of women as victims, or in Girardian terms, 'scapegoats', in twentieth century fiction, specifically by considering the representation of women's bodies and ambivalence about their identities. In deploying a rich and vivid array of tragic tropes, The Virgin Suicides, The Ice Storm, and Revolutionary Road participate in a deep-rooted American tragic tradition. Tragic Novels, the American Dream and René Girard will be of interest to those working at the intersection of philosophy and literature, as well as Girard specialists. |
| girardian scapegoat: Mimesis and Atonement Michael Kirwan, Sheelah Treflé Hidden, 2016-12-15 How are we to best understand the statement of faith that Jesus Christ lived, died and rose again 'for us and for salvation?' This question has animated Christian thought for two millennia: it has also bitterly divided believers, not least in Reformation and post-Reformation disputes about atonement, justification, sanctification and sacrifice. René Girard's Violence and the Sacred (1972) made startling connections between religion, violence and culture. His work has enlivened the theological and philosophical debate once again, especially the question of whether and how we are to understand Christ's death as a 'sacrifice'. Mimesis and Atonement brings together philosophers from Catholic, Evangelical, Orthodox, and Jewish backgrounds to examine the continued significance of Girard's work. They do so in the light of new developments, such as the controversial 'new scholarship' on Paul. |
| girardian scapegoat: Deceit, Desire, and the Novel René Girard, 1976-04 Examines the novel based on an altruistic hero who dies, through a description of five novelists. |
| girardian scapegoat: Mimesis and Sacrifice Marcia Pally, 2019-10-17 Central to identity, personal responsibility, economic systems, theology, and the political and military imaginaries, the practice of sacrifice has inspired, disturbed, and abused. Mimesis and Sacrifice brings together scholars from the humanities, military, business, and social sciences to examine the role that sacrifice plays in different present-day settings, from economics to gender relations. Inspired by Rene Girard's work, chapters explore (i) the extent to which the social character of human living makes us mimetic, (ii) whether mimesis necessarily leads to competitive aggression, (iii) whether aggression must be defused by aggressive sacrificial rituals-and whether all sacrifice has this aim, and (iv) the role of the “second lesson of the cross” (as Girard called it), the lesson of self-giving for others, in addressing present societal problems. By investigating sacrifice across this span of arenas and questions yet within one volume, Mimesis and Sacrifice presents a new appreciation of its influence and consequences in the world today, contributing not only to mimetic theory but to greater understanding of which societal arrangement enable us to live well together and what hobbles that goal. |
| girardian scapegoat: René Girard's Mimetic Theory Wolfgang Palaver, 2013-01-01 A systematic introduction into the mimetic theory of the French-American literary theorist and philosophical anthropologist René Girard, this essential text explains its three main pillars (mimetic desire, the scapegoat mechanism, and the Biblical “difference”) with the help of examples from literature and philosophy. This book also offers an overview of René Girard’s life and work, showing how much mimetic theory results from existential and spiritual insights into one’s own mimetic entanglements. Furthermore it examines the broader implications of Girard’s theories, from the mimetic aspect of sovereignty and wars to the relationship between the scapegoat mechanism and the question of capital punishment. Mimetic theory is placed within the context of current cultural and political debates like the relationship between religion and modernity, terrorism, the death penalty, and gender issues. Drawing textual examples from European literature (Cervantes, Shakespeare, Goethe, Kleist, Stendhal, Storm, Flaubert, Dostoevsky, Proust) and philosophy (Plato, Camus, Sartre, Lévi-Strauss, Derrida, Vattimo), Palaver uses mimetic theory to explore the themes they present. A highly accessible book, this text is complemented by bibliographical references to Girard’s widespread work and secondary literature on mimetic theory and its applications, comprising a valuable bibliographical archive that provides the reader with an overview of the development and discussion of mimetic theory until the present day. |
| girardian scapegoat: Conversations with René Girard René Girard, 2020-05-14 French theorist René Girard was one of the major thinkers of the twentieth century. Read by international leaders, quoted by the French media, Girard influenced such writers as J.M. Coetzee and Milan Kundera. Dubbed “the new Darwin of the human sciences” and one of the most compelling thinkers of the age, Girard spent nearly four decades at Stanford exploring what it means to be human and making major contributions to philosophy, literary criticism, psychology and theology with his mimetic theory. This is the first collection of interviews with Girard, one that brings together discussions on Cervantes, Dostoevsky, and Proust alongside the causes of conflict and violence and the role of imitation in human behavior. Granting important insights into Girard's life and thought, these provocative and lively conversations underline Girard's place as leading public intellectual and profound theorist. |
| girardian scapegoat: A Theatre of Envy René Girard, 2000 In this groundbreaking work a foremost literary and cultural critic turns to the major figure in English literature William Shakespeare and proposes a dramatic new way of reading and performing his works. The key to A Theatre of Envy is René Girards's original expression and application of what he calls Mimetic Theory. For Girard, people desire according to the desires of others. He sees this as fundamental to the human condition and works out its implications in a most convincing and ultimately, easily comprehensible way. Bringing his insights to bear on Shakespeare, Girard reveals the previously overlooked coherence of problem plays like Troilus and Cressida and makes a convincing argument for elevating A Midsummer Night's Dream from the status of entertaining chaotic comedy to a profound and original commentary on the human condition. Shakespeare transforms the crude literary form of revenge tragedy into a profound and prophetic unmasking of violence - even more relevant today than in his time. Throughout this impressively sustained reading of Shakespeare, Girard's prose is sophisticated enough for the academic as well as being accessible to the general reader. Anyone interested in literature, anthropology, psychology and particularly, theology as relevant to the overriding contemporary problems of violence in all its forms will want to read this challenging book. All those involved in theatrical productions and performance will find A Theatre of Envy full of exciting and practical ideas. 'In its enormous breathtaking scope, (René Girard's work) suggests...the projects of those 19th century intellectual giants (Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche and Freud) who still cast such long shadows today. By contrast, contemporary criticism seems paltry and fainthearted.' Comparative Literature René Girard was born in Avignon, read cultural history in Paris and in 1947 went to the USA where he has for the last 50 years held a number of prestigious academic posts. He has written more than half a dozen books, best known of which are, Violence and the Sacred, The Scapegoat, and Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World, he has also been featured in many interviews and magazine articles. His Martin D'Arcy Lecture - Victims, Violence and Christianity - delivered in Oxford in November 1997, aroused the enthusiastic interest of a wide variety of British experts in many fields as well as those involved in the wider and increasingly significant world of contemporary spirituality in all its popular and peremptory expressions. While not giving a naive answer René Girard does provide a profound and practical way to unmask violence not only in Shakespeare's world, but in our own. |
| girardian scapegoat: Rene Girard and Myth Richard Golsan, 2014-06-11 First published in 2002. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company. |
| girardian scapegoat: Mimesis, Desire, and the Novel Pierpaolo Antonello, Heather Webb, 2015-10-01 Fifty years after its publication in English, René Girard’s Deceit, Desire, and the Novel (1965) has never ceased to fascinate, challenge, inspire, and sometimes irritate, literary scholars. It has become one of the great classics of literary criticism, and the notion of triangular desire is now part of the theoretical parlance among critics and students. It also represents the genetic starting point for what has become one of the most encompassing, challenging, and far-reaching theories conceived in the humanities in the last century: mimetic theory. This book provides a forum for new generations of scholars and critics to reassess, challenge, and expand the theoretical and hermeneutical reach of key issues brought forward by Girard’s book, including literary knowledge, realism and representation, imitation and the anxiety of influence, metaphysical desire, deviated transcendence, literature and religious experience, individualism and modernity, and death and resurrection. It also provides a more extensive and detailed historical understanding of the representation of desire, imitation, and rivalry within European and world literature, from Dante to Proust and from Dickens to Jonathan Littell. |
| girardian scapegoat: Flesh Becomes Word David Dawson, 2013 Since its coinage in a sixteenth-century translation of Leviticus, the term scapegoat has become widely used. A groundbreaking search for the origins of this expression, Flesh Becomes Word traces the scapegoat to its origins in Mesopotamian ritual across centuries of typological interpretation and religious reflection, to its first informal uses in the pornographic and plague literature of the 1600s, and finally into the modern era. |
| girardian scapegoat: The Time Has Grown Short Benoît Chantre, 2022-05-01 The protagonist of Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time observes with wonder the comings and goings of the crows that roost in the belfry of the village church in Combray, his childhood home. For René Girard, one of Proust’s great interpreters, their mysterious flight, first departing from and then returning to the vertical axis of the steeple, suggests the movement of modern history—the crisis of aristocratic models, the growing servitude of individuals possessed by mimetic desire, and the final irruption of authentic transcendence. In this rich exploration of Girard’s insights, his French editor and longtime collaborator Benoît Chantre brings Saint Paul’s Letter to the Romans into dialogue with both Proust and Girard in order to push to its logical endpoint the idea of a back-and-forth movement from chaos to order. History, Chantre argues, has been driven mad by the revelation of its sacrificial engine. The only way out lies in a transformation internal to the crisis itself—only that faith which is capable of hearing the One who speaks in the Law makes it possible to avoid the perpetual ups and downs of rivalry. Acting and revealing Himself at the heart of history, an intimate model “hidden since the foundation of the world” deals a fatal blow to the circle of sin. Authentic transcendence coincides with the eschaton, the moment when—according to Saint Paul—historical time implodes into eternity. |
| girardian scapegoat: Evolution and Conversion René Girard, 2017-02-23 Evolution and Conversion explores the main tenets of René Girard's thought in a series of dialogues. Here, Girard reflects on the evolution of his thought and offers striking new insights on topics such as violence, religion, desire and literature. His long argument is a historical one in which the origin of culture and religion is reunited in the contemporary world by means of a reinterpretation of Christianity and an understanding of the intrinsically violent nature of human beings. He also offers provocative re-readings of Biblical and literary texts and responds to statements by Daniel Dennett and Richard Dawkins. Including an introduction by the authors, this is a revealing text by one of the most original thinkers of our time. |
| girardian scapegoat: Girard’s Doubt: Mohammad Sadegh Najjarzadeha, Die Mehrheit der Forschung zu Girards Theorien, wie „mimetisches Begehren“, „interne und externe Vermittlung“ und „Erwerbsrivalität“, geht im Allgemeinen davon aus, dass Girard den „Sündenbockmechanismus“ als eine Art Segen oder gesegnete Gewalt ansieht, die in den andauernden Erwerbsrivalitäten entwurzelt werden könnte und den Fluss der Gewalt behindert. Diese Studien sind nicht irrend, da Girard seine Theorien in Verbindung mit der Literatur in seinem Meisterwerk Deceit, Desire, and the Novel aufgegriffen, erklärt und erprobt hat. Jedoch glaube ich, dass diese Studien eine wesentliche Änderung in Girards Theorie übersehen haben, die ich als einen „nachträglichen Einfall“ in seiner Studie über den Sündenbockmechanismus bezeichnen würde. Girard modifiziert seine Theorie stillschweigend, indem er Zweifel an der „konstruktiven Funktion“ jedes Opfers nach der Kreuzigung Jesu Christi aufkommen lässt, sei es erzwungen oder freiwillig. Dieser „Anflug von Ungläubigkeit“ hinsichtlich der Wirksamkeit des Sündenbockmechanismus wird sogar noch durch den Schweizer Theologen Raymund Schwager in seinem Hauptwerk Muss es Sündenböcke geben? unterstützt. Ich wage es, diesen gleichen Hauch von Ungläubigkeit „Girards Zweifel“ zu nennen und beabsichtige, diesen in ausgewählten Werken der Appalachenliteratur aus den 1920er bis 1970er Jahren zu untersuchen. Diese Studie untersucht die Effizienz des „Sündenbockmechanismus“ in sechs Romanen von drei Autoren aus dem amerikanischen Süden: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor und Cormac McCarthy. Die Arbeit beginnt mit einer Einführung in die Geographie, Geschichte und Literatur des Südens. Darauf folgt ein Überblick über Girards Ideologie und Methoden. Im ersten Kapitel konzentriere ich mich auf die Beziehung zwischen dem Sündenbockmechanismus – in Form von Opfermord – und Afroamerikanern, indem ich Faulkners The Sound and the Fury und Sanctuary untersuche. Im zweiten Kapitel analysiere ich O’Connors Wise Blood und The Violent Bear It Away, um zu untersuchen, ob die Vorstellung von gewalttätiger Gnade oder soteriologischem Opfer notwendigerweise zu Glückseligkeit führen würde. Für das letzte Kapitel habe ich McCarthys Outer Dark und Child of God ausgewählt, um den bürgerlichen strafrechtlichen Sündenbockmechanismus zu untersuchen, der von der Gesellschaft entwickelt wurde, um den Fluss der Gewalt zu kontrollieren. The prevailing scholarship on René Girard’s theories—such as “mimetic desire,” “internal and external mediation,” and “acquisitive rivalry”—largely interprets his concept of the “scapegoat mechanism” as a kind of redemptive or sanctified violence capable of curbing the perpetuation of conflict. While these interpretations are not entirely misplaced, given that Girard originally presented and tested these ideas within the framework of Western literature in his seminal work Deceit, Desire, and the Novel, they tend to overlook a crucial revision in Girard’s thought. I propose that what I call Girard’s “afterthought” subtly revises his earlier theory by casting doubt on the “constructive function” of any form of sacrifice—be it coerced or voluntary—following the Crucifixion of Jesus Christ. This nuance is further reinforced by Swiss theologian Raymund Schwager, who accentuates this “tinge of incredulity” regarding the efficacy of the scapegoat mechanism in Must There Be Scapegoats? Thus, I venture to label this skepticism as “Girard’s Doubt,” and aim to explore its presence in selected Appalachian literature from the 1920s to the 1970s. This study scrutinizes the effectiveness of the scapegoat mechanism in six novels by three prominent Southern American authors: William Faulkner, Flannery O’Connor, and Cormac McCarthy. It opens with an overview of the American South’s geography, history, and literary tradition, followed by a detailed exposition of Girard’s ideological framework and methodology. In the first chapter, I examine the role of the scapegoat mechanism, particularly in the form of sacrificial lynching, and its relationship to African Americans in Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury and Sanctuary. The second chapter delves into O’Connor’s Wise Blood and The Violent Bear It Away to determine whether the notion of violent grace or sacrificial salvation invariably leads to spiritual fulfillment. The final chapter focuses on McCarthy’s Outer Dark and Child of God, exploring the civic penal scapegoat mechanism employed by society as a means of controlling violence. Sadegh Najjarzadeha completed his doctoral dissertation in English Literature, with a specialized focus on American Studies, at Göttingen University, Germany. His scholarly work applies René Girard’s philosophical framework to the analysis of 20th-century Southern U.S. literature, culminating in the coining of the term “Girard’s Doubt”—a profound examination of the limitations of sacrifice in breaking the cycle of violence. His master’s thesis, titled The New Idol of Postmodern America, critically engages with the rise of consumerism, drawing on Zygmunt Bauman’s theories to interrogate postmodern American novels. |
| girardian scapegoat: Deconstructing Jesus Robert M. Price, 2009-09-25 After more than a century of New Testament scholarship, it has become clear that the Jesus of the gospels is a fictive amalgam, reflecting the hopes and beliefs of the early Christian community and revealing very little about the historical Jesus. Over the millennia since the beginning of Christianity various congregations, from fundamentalist to liberal, have tended to produce a Jesus figurehead that functions as a symbolic cloak for their specific theological agendas.Through extensive research and fresh textual insights Robert M. Price paves the way for a new reconstruction of Christian origins. Moving beyond the work of Burton L. Mack and John Dominic Crossan on Jesus movements and Christ cults, which shows how the various Jesus figures may have amalgamated into the patchwork savior of Christian faith, Price takes an innovative approach. He links the work of F.C. Baur, Walter Bauer, Helmut Koester, and James M. Robinson with that of early Christ-myth theorists-two camps of biblical analysis that have never communicated.Arguing that perhaps Jesus never existed as a historical figure, Price maintains an agnostic stance, while putting many puzzles and scholarly debates in a new light.He also incorporates neglected parallels from Islam, the Baha''i Faith, and Buddhism. Deconstructing Jesus provides a valuable bridge between New Testament scholarship and early freethinkers in a refreshing cross-fertilization of perspectives. |
| girardian scapegoat: Sacrifice Robert Petkovsek, Bojan Zalec, 2018 Various fundamental and vital areas and aspects of human life are in some way crucially interwoven with the ideas, ideals, and practices of sacrifice. As an attention-grabbing example of how importantly sacrifice may influence society, let us mention (suicide) terrorist attacks that by spreading sorrow, panics, and fear have changed the face of today's world. But the importance of sacrifice reaches broader and deeper. The authors of this book show that it is connected with the origins of human culture and its transformations. This interdisciplinary book brings the results of the research in the areas of humanities and social science. Various aspects of sacrifice are considered and connected. The book is an important contribution to the formation of a culture of sacrifice and offering, appropriate for the modern world. Professor Robert Petkovsek is the Dean of the Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana. Research Professor Bojan Zalec is the Head of the Institute of Philosophy and Social Ethics at the Faculty of Theology, University of Ljubljana. |
| girardian scapegoat: Intensities Katharine Sarah Moody, 2016-05-23 Is the affirmation or intensification of life a value in itself? Can life itself be thought? This book breaks new ground in religious and philosophical thinking on the concept of life. It captures a moment in which such thinking is regaining its force and attraction for scholars, and the relevance of thought to social, cultural, political and religious dilemmas about how and why to live. Bringing together original contributions by highly distinguished authors in the field of Continental philosophy of religion, including John D. Caputo, Pamela Sue Anderson, Philip Goodchild, Alison Martin and Don Cupitt, this book has a distinctiveness based on its refusal to sit easily within either secular philosophical or theological approaches. The concept of life mobilizes a thinking that crosses narrow disciplinary boundaries, whilst retaining philosophical rigour. Three sections explore the various dimensions of the question of life: The Politics of Life'; 'Life and the Limits of Thinking'; and 'Life and Spirituality'. This book will be of interest to a broad range of readers in the humanities, particularly to philosophers, theologians, cultural theorists and all those interested in philosophical or theological debates on the concept of life. |
| girardian scapegoat: For René Girard Sandor Goodhart, Jorgen Jorgensen, Tom Ryba, James Williams, 2012-01-01 In his explorations of the relations between the sacred and violence, René Girard has hit upon the origin of culture—the way culture began, the way it continues to organize itself. The way communities of human beings structure themselves in a manner that is different from that of other species on the planet. Like Albert Einstein, Sigmund Freud, Émile Durkheim, Martin Buber, or others who have changed the way we think in the humanities or in the human sciences, Girard has put forth a set of ideas that have altered our perceptions of the world in which we function. We will never be able to think the same way again about mimetic desire, about the scapegoat mechanism, and about the role of Jewish and Christian scripture in explaining sacrifice, violence, and the crises from which our culture has been born. The contributions fall into roughly four areas of interpretive work: religion and religious study; literary study; the philosophy of social science; and psychological studies. The essays presented here are offered as essays in the older French sense of attempts (essayer) or trials of ideas, as indeed Girard has tried out ideas with us. With a conscious echo of Montaigne, then, this hommage volume is titled Essays in Friendship and in Truth. |
| girardian scapegoat: Oedipus Unbound René Girard, 2022 Did Oedipus really kill his father and marry his mother? Or is he nothing but a scapegoat, set up to take the blame for a crisis afflicting Thebes? For René Girard, the mythic accusations of patricide and incest are symptomatic of a plague-stricken community's hunt for a culprit to punish, and Girard succeeds in making us see an age-old myth in a wholly new light. The hard-to-find writings assembled here include three major early essays, never before available in English, which afford a behind-the-scenes glimpse at the emergence of Girard's scapegoat theory from his pioneering analysis of rivalry and desire. Girard unbinds the Oedipal triangle from its Freudian moorings, replacing desire for the mother with desire for anyone--or anything--a rival desires. In a wide-ranging and provocative introduction, Mark R. Anspach presents fresh evidence for Girard's hypotheses from classical studies, literature, anthropology, and the life of Freud himself. |
| girardian scapegoat: Violence, Desire, and the Sacred, Volume 2 Scott Cowdell, Chris Fleming, Joel Hodge, 2015-07-30 State of the art interpretations of Rene Girard's theory and its relation to fields as diverse as politics, national literature, pastoral care and peace-making |
| girardian scapegoat: The First Shall Be The Last: Rethinking Antisemitism Adam Katz, Eric Gans, 2015-12-22 At a time when there is an evident socio-economic, political and cultural structural shift in the processes and practices associated with contemporary manifestations of antisemitism globally, it is important to explore its origins and examine whether the circumstances of its genesis can shed light on its longevity and adaptability. Few scholars are more qualified to undertake such a task than the authors of this volume, who have done so much to develop and advance the discipline of generative anthropology. In this study their groundbreaking hypothesis on the singular event that gave rise to human language and by extension human culture finds a fascinating parallel in the Jewish people's discovery/invention of monotheism, giving rise to historical resentments and hostility. The volume will be of interest to scholars working in the field of anti-discrimination and antisemtitism, as well as human rights scholars and cultural historians in general. |
| girardian scapegoat: Problems with Atonement Stephen Finlan, 2005 Examines the origins and outcomes of the Christian doctrine of atonement : its biblical foundations, development, and theological questions surrounding it, including questions about its relationship to the Incarnation--Provided by publisher. |
| girardian scapegoat: Desire in René Girard and Jesus William L. Newell, 2012-03-22 Desire in René Girard and Jesus presents a comprehensive analysis of René Girard’s work on the origins of culture and the depths of human desire. Girard’s hypothesis of mimesis discloses the lack of originality in human desire even as it offers a scientific method for handling religion after two centuries of its absence in the social science. |
| girardian scapegoat: René Girard and Secular Modernity Scott Cowdell, 2015-11-30 In René Girard and Secular Modernity: Christ, Culture, and Crisis, Scott Cowdell provides the first systematic interpretation of René Girard’s controversial approach to secular modernity. Cowdell identifies the scope, development, and implications of Girard’s thought, the centrality of Christ in Girard's thinking, and, in particular, Girard's distinctive take on the uniqueness and finality of Christ in terms of his impact on Western culture. In Girard’s singular vision, according to Cowdell, secular modernity has emerged thanks to the Bible’s exposure of the cathartic violence that is at the root of religious prohibitions, myths, and rituals. In the literature, the psychology, and most recently the military history of modernity, Girard discerns a consistent slide into an apocalypse that challenges modern ideas of romanticism, individualism, and progressivism. In the first three chapters, Cowdell examines the three elements of Girard’s basic intellectual vision (mimesis, sacrifice, biblical hermeneutics) and brings this vision to a constructive interpretation of “secularization” and “modernity,” as these terms are understood in the broadest sense today. Chapter 4 focuses on modern institutions, chiefly the nation state and the market, that function to restrain the outbreak of violence. And finally, Cowdell discusses the apocalyptic dimension of Girard's theory in relation to modern warfare and terrorism. Here, Cowdell engages with the most recent writings of Girard (particularly his Battling to the End) and applies them to further conversations in cultural theology, political science, and philosophy. Cowdell takes up and extends Girard’s own warning concerning an alternative to a future apocalypse: “What sort of conversion must humans undergo, before it is too late?” |
| girardian scapegoat: Rene Girard and Myth Richard Golsan, 2014-06-11 In this comprehensive introduction to the work of contemporary French critic Rene Girard, Richard Golsan focuses on Girard's theory of myth and its connections to his broader exploration of the origins of suffering and violence in Western culture. Golsan highlights two of Girard's primary concepts--mimetic desire and the scapegoat--and employs the concepts to illustrate the ways Girardian analysis of violence in biblical, classical, and folk myths has influenced recent work in theology, psychology, literary studies, and anthropology. The book concludes with an interview between Golsan and Girard, who offers his own analysis of the appropriation (and criticism) of his work by a politically and intellectually diverse company of scholars. |
| girardian scapegoat: Handbook on Postconservative Theological Interpretation Ronald T. Michener, Mark A. Lamport, 2024-10-24 Postconservative theology may be said to parallel with “postliberal theology” at its best. Orthodox, biblical, but open to new insights about how to interpret Scripture. But the new insights must be faithful as well as fresh. Postconservative theology is not the same as progressive theology,” which tends to lean toward indeterminant faith expressions, whereas “postconservative” allows for particular faith commitments and expressions but understands that the constructive task of theology is never finished. Authors emphasize various interpretive theological lenses used for doing theology among various postconservative theologians, rather than emphasizing the philosophical background to hermeneutical theory present in other works, such as past influential thinkers (including Gadamer, Grondin, Ricoeur, Heidegger, etc.). This resource could also function as a companion to Evangelical Theological Method: Five Views (2018). This emphasis of the chapters will not be on the nuts and bolts of “how to” interpret, but rather on the theological impulses that govern various lenses (Bible, cultural context, etc.) for doing theology and the way Scripture functions with respect to the practice of interpretation. |
| girardian scapegoat: God & the Gothic Alison Milbank, 2018-11-10 God and the Gothic: Romance and Reality in the English Literary Tradition provides a complete reimagining of the Gothic literary canon to examine its engagement with theological ideas, tracing its origins to the apocalyptic critique of the Reformation female martyrs, and to the Dissolution of the monasteries, now seen as usurping authorities. A double gesture of repudiation and regret is evident in the consequent search for political, aesthetic, and religious mediation, which characterizes the aftermath of the Glorious Revolution and Whig Providential discourse. Part one interprets eighteenth-century Gothic novels in terms of this Whig debate about the true heir, culminating in Ann Radcliffe's melancholic theology which uses distance and loss to enable a new mediation. Part two traces the origins of the doppelgänger in Calvinist anthropology and establishes that its employment by a range of Scottish writers offers a productive mode of subjectivity, necessary in a culture equally concerned with historical continuity. In part three, Irish Gothic is shown to be seeking ways to mediate between Catholic and Protestant identities through models of sacrifice and ecumenism, while in part four nineteenth-century Gothic is read as increasingly theological, responding to materialism by a project of re-enchantment. Ghost story writers assert the metaphysical priority of the supernatural to establish the material world. Arthur Machen and other Order of the Golden Dawn members explore the double and other Gothic tropes as modes of mystical ascent, while raising the physical to the spiritual through magical control, and the M. R. James circle restore the sacramental and psychical efficacy of objects. |
| girardian scapegoat: The Politicization of Trans Identity Loren Cannon, 2022-02-25 The politicization of trans identity—also affecting gender non-binary and gender non-conforming persons—is a form of backlash to the Obergefell ruling (legalizing same sex marriage) and increased LGBTQ equality. This book provides a conceptual analysis and application of the notions of backlash, scapegoating, dog whistling, and virtue signaling. |
| girardian scapegoat: Space, Identity and Discourse in Anglophone Studies Attila Dósa, Ágnes Maguczné Godó, Anett Schäffer, Robin Lee Nagano, 2024-02-20 This book explores the dynamic intersections where cultures, languages and spaces converge, shaping identities and creating new forms of expression. The authors attempt to unravel the complexity of narrative and imaginative spaces by examining cultural identities in global contexts. The essays on literary representations consider abstract border crossings through rewriting and reappropriation in various genres, while also looking at immigrant fiction, post-Anthropocene narratives and hybrid spaces through a postcolonial lens. The essays on history and politics critically examine identity conflicts in the United States, while the contributions on applied linguistics and language pedagogy offer insights into online teaching experiences during COVID-19, sociocultural aspects of language use and the formation of bilingual identities. Employing innovative methods in reinterpreting literary works, political narratives and different types of discourse, past and present, this collection contributes to ongoing scholarly dialogues on the multifaceted challenges associated with identity construction through border crossings. |
| girardian scapegoat: East Timor, René Girard and Neocolonial Violence Susan Connelly, 2022-01-13 In a new historical interpretation of the relationship between Australia and East Timor, Susan Connelly draws on the mimetic theory of René Girard to show how the East Timorese people were scapegoated by Australian foreign policy during the 20th century. Charting key developments in East Timor's history and applying three aspects of Girard's framework – the scapegoat, texts of persecution and conversion – Connelly reveals Australia's mimetic dependence on Indonesia and other nations for security. She argues that Australia's complicity in the Indonesian invasion and occupation of East Timor perpetuated the sacrifice of the Timorese people as victims, thus calling into question the traditional Australian values of egalitarianism and fairness. Connelly also examines the embryonic conversion process apparent in levels of recognition of the innocent victim and of the Australian role in East Timor's suffering, as well as the consequent effects on Australian self-perception. Emphasising Girardian considerations of fear, suffering, forgiveness and conversion, this book offers a fresh perspective on Australian and Timorese relations that in turn sheds light on the origins and operations of human violence. |
| girardian scapegoat: Resisting Violence and Victimisation Joel Hodge, 2016-03-23 The reality and nature of religious faith raises difficult questions for the modern world; questions that re-present themselves when faith has grown under the most challenging circumstances. In East Timor widespread Christian faith emerged when suffering and violence were inflicted on the people by the state. This book seeks a deeper understanding of faith and violence, exploring how Christian faith and solidarity affected the hope and resistance of the East Timorese under Indonesian occupation in their response to state-sanctioned violence. Joel Hodge argues for an understanding of Christian faith as a relational phenomenon that provides personal and collective tools to resist violence. Grounded in the work of mimetic theorist René Girard, Hodge contends that the experience of victimisation in East Timor led to an important identification with Jesus Christ as self-giving victim and formed a distinctive communal and ecclesial solidarity. The Catholic Church opened spaces of resistance and communion that allowed the Timorese to imagine and live beyond the violence and death perpetrated by the Indonesian regime. Presenting the East Timorese stories under occupation and Girard's insights in dialogue, this book offers fresh perspectives on the Christian Church's ecclesiology and mission. |
| girardian scapegoat: The Bloomsbury Handbook to the Medical-Environmental Humanities Scott Slovic, Swarnalatha Rangarajan, Vidya Sarveswaran, 2022-07-28 Bringing together two parallel and occasionally intersecting disciplines - the environmental and medical humanities - this field-defining handbook reveals our ecological predicament to be a simultaneous threat to human health. The book: · Represents the first collection to bring the environmental humanities and medical humanities into conversation in a systematic way · Features contributions from a wide range of interdisciplinary perspectives including literary studies, environmental ethics and philosophy, cultural history and sociology · Adopts a truly global approach, examining contexts including, but not limited to, North America, the UK, Africa, Latin America, South Asia, Turkey and East Asia · Touches on issues and approaches such as narrative medicine, ecoprecarity, toxicity, mental health, and contaminated environments. Showcasing and surveying a rich spectrum of issues and methodologies, this book looks not only at where research currently is at the intersection of these two important fields, but also at where it is going. |
| girardian scapegoat: How We Became Human Pierpaolo Antonello, Paul Gifford, 2015-10-01 From his groundbreaking Violence and the Sacred and Things Hidden since the Foundation of the World, René Girard’s mimetic theory is presented as elucidating “the origins of culture.” He posits that archaic religion (or “the sacred”), particularly in its dynamics of sacrifice and ritual, is a neglected and major key to unlocking the enigma of “how we became human.” French philosopher of science Michel Serres states that Girard’s theory provides a Darwinian theory of culture because it “proposes a dynamic, shows an evolution and gives a universal explanation.” This major claim has, however, remained underscrutinized by scholars working on Girard’s theory, and it is mostly overlooked within the natural and social sciences. Joining disciplinary worlds, this book aims to explore this ambitious claim, invoking viewpoints as diverse as evolutionary culture theory, cultural anthropology, archaeology, cognitive psychology, ethology, and philosophy. The contributors provide major evidence in favor of Girard’s hypothesis. Equally, Girard’s theory is presented as having the potential to become for the human and social sciences something akin to the integrating framework that present-day biological science owes to Darwin—something compatible with it and complementary to it in accounting for the still remarkably little understood phenomenon of human emergence. |
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