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| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus Murphy, 2018 A condensed version of the best-selling Plant Physiology and Development, this fundamentals version is intended for courses that focus on plant physiology with little or no coverage of development. Concise yet comprehensive, this is a distillation of the most important principles and empiricalfindings of plant physiology. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology and Development Lincoln (University of California Taiz, Santa Cruz), Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo (University of California Zeiger, Los Angeles), Eduardo Zeiger, Ian M. (Aarhus University Moller, Denmark), Angus (University of Maryland) Murphy, 2018-03 Published by Sinauer Associates, an imprint of Oxford University Press. Throughout its twenty-two year history, the authors of Plant Physiology and Development have continually updated the book to incorporate the latest advances in plant biology and implement pedagogical improvements requested by adopters. This has made Plant Physiology and Development the most authoritative, comprehensive, and widely-used upper-division plant biology textbook. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, 2010 This fifth edition provides the basics for introductory courses on plant physiology without sacrificing the more challenging material sought by upper division and graduate level students. Many new or revised figures and photographs, study questions and a glossary of key terms have been added. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology Hans Mohr, Peter Schopfer, 2012-12-06 In this comprehensive and stimulating text and reference, the authors have succeeded in combining experimental data with current hypotheses and theories to explain the complex physiological functions of plants. For every student, teacher and researcher in the plant sciences it offers a solid basis for an in-depth understanding of the entire subject area, underpinning up-to-date research in plant physiology. The authors vividly explain current research by references to experiments, they cite original literature in figures and tables, and, at the end of each chapter, list recent references that are relevant for a deeper analysis of the topic. In addition, an abundance of detailed and informative illustrations complement the text. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Physiology and Behaviour of Plants Peter Scott, 2013-04-29 Physiology and Behaviour of Plants looks at plants and how they sense and respond to their environment. It takes the traditional plant physiology book into a new dimension by demonstrating how the biochemical observations underlie the behaviour of the plant. In many ways the book parallels courses studied at university on animal physiology and behaviour. The plant has to meet the same challenges as an animal to survive, but overcomes these challenges in very different ways. Students learn to think of plants not only as dynamic organisms, but aggressive, territorial organisms capable of long-range communication. Hallmark features include: Based on a successful course that the author has run for several years at Sussex University, UK Relates plant biochemistry to plant function Printed in four colour throughout Includes a wealth of illustrations and photographs that engages the reader's attention and reinforce key concepts explored within the text Presents material in a modern 'topic' based approach, with many relevant and exciting examples to inspire the student An accompanying web site will include teaching supplements This innovative textbook is the ultimate resource for all students in biology, horticulture, forestry and agriculture. Companion website for this title is available at www.wiley.com/go/scott/plants |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Environmental Plant Physiology Neil Willey, 2015-12-09 Environmental Plant Physiology focuses on the physiology of plant-environment interactions, revealing plants as the key terrestrial intersection of the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and geosphere. It provides a contemporary understanding of the topic by focusing on some of humankind's fundamental biological, agricultural and environmental challenges. Its chapters identify thirteen key environmental variables, grouping them into resources, stressors and pollutants, and leading the reader through how they challenge plants and how plants respond at molecular, physiological, whole plant and ecological levels. The importance of taking account of spatial and temporal dimensions of environmental change in order to understand plant function is emphasised. The book uses a mixture of ecological, environmental and agricultural examples throughout in order to provide a holistic view of the topic suitable for a contemporary student audience. Each chapter uses a novel stress response hierarchy to integrate plant responses across spatial and temporal scales in an easily digestible framework. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiological Ecology Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin III, Thijs L. Pons, 2013-04-17 The individual is engaged in a struggle for existence (Darwin). That struggle may be of two kinds:The acquisition of the resources needed for establishment and growth from a sometimes hostile and meager environment and the struggle with competingneighbors of the same or different species. In some ways, we can define physiology and ecology in terms of these two kinds of struggles. Plant ecology, or plant sociology, is centered on the relationships and interactions of species within communities and the way in which populations of a species are adapted to a characteristic range of environments. Plant physiology is mostly concerned with the individual and its struggle with its environment. At the outset of this book, the authors give their definition of ecophysiology, arriving at the conclusion that it is a point of view about physiology. A point of view that is informed, perhaps, by knowledge of the real world outside the laboratory win dow. A world in which, shall we say, the light intensity is much greater than the 2s 1 200 to 500llmoi photons m- - used in too many environment chambers, and one in which a constant 20°C day and night is a great rarity. The standard conditions used in the laboratory are usually regarded as treatments. Of course, there is nothing wrong with this in principle; one always needs a baseline when making comparisons. The idea, however, that the laboratory control is the norm is false and can lead to misunderstanding and poor predictions of behavior. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology: Theory and Applications S. L. Kochhar, Sukhbir Kaur Gujral, 2020-12-03 This edition provides a comprehensive overview of the rapidly advancing field of plant physiology, supplemented with experimental exercises. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques M. J. Reigosa Roger, 2007-05-08 The Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques you have now in your hands is the result of several combined events and efforts. The birth of this handbook can be traced as far as 1997, when our Plant Ecophysiology lab at the University of Vigo hosted a practical course on Plant Ecophysiology Techniques. That course showed us how much useful a handbook presenting a bunch of techniques would be for the scientists beginning to work on Plant Ecophysiology. In fact, we wrote a short handbook explaining the basics of the techniques taught in that 1997 course: Flow cytometry to measure ploidy levels, Use of a Steady-State porometer to measure transpiration, In vivo measure of fluorescence, HPLC analysis of low molecular weight phenolics, Spectrophotometric determinations of free proline and soluble proteins, TLC polyamines contents measures, Isoenzymatic electrophoresis, Use of IRGA and oxygen electrode. That modest handbook, written in Spanish, was very helpful, both for the people who attended the course and for other who have used it for beginning to work in Plant Ecophysiology. The present Handbook is much more ambitious, and it includes more techniques. But we have also had in mind the young scientists beginning to work on Plant Ecophysiology. In 1999 François Pellissier leaded a proposal presented to the European Commission in the Fifth Framework Program in the High Level * Scientific Conferences, including three EuroLab Courses about lab and field techniques useful to improve allelopathic research. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Introduction to Plant Physiology William G. Hopkins, Norman P. A. Hüner, 2004 Cells, tissues, and organs: the architecture of plants; The plant cell building blocks: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates; Lipids are a class of molecules that includes fats, oils, sterols, and pigments; Proteins playa central role in the biochemistry of cells and are responsible for virtually all the properties of life as we know it; Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of biological molecules; Biological membranes; The membrane lipid forms a bilayer, a highly fluid but very stable structure; Membranes contain significantamounts of protein; Cellular organelles; Most mature plant cells contain a large, central vacuole; The nucleus is the information center of the cell; The endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus are centers of membrane biosynthesis and secretory activities; The mitochondrion is the principal site of cellular respiration; Plastids are a family of organelles with a variety of functions; Microbodies are metabolically very active; Cytoskeleton the extracellular matrix; The primary cell wall is a flexible n etwork of cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans; The cellulose-glycan lattice is embedded in a matrix of pectin and protein; Cellulose microfibrils are assembled at the plasma membrane as they are extruded into the cell wall; The secondary cell wall is deposited on the inside of the primary wall in maturing cells; Plasmadesmata are cytoplasmic channels extend through the wall to connect the protoplasts of adjacent cells; Tissues and organs; Tissues are groups of cells that form organized, functional unit; Meristems are regions of perpetually dividing cells; Parenchyma is the most abundant living tissue in plants; Supporting tissues are distributed throughout the primary and secondary plant bodies; Vascular tissues are the principal conducting tissues for water and nutrients ; Epidermis is a superficial tissue that f orms a continuous layer over the surface of the primary; Plant body; Plant organs; Roots anchor the plant and absorb water and minerais from the soil. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism Satish C. Bhatla, Manju A. Lal, 2023-12-04 This textbook is second edition of popular textbook of plant physiology and metabolism. The first edition of this book gained noteworthy acceptance (more than 4.9 Million downloads) among graduate and masters level students and faculty world over, with many Universities recommending it as a preferred reading in their syllabi. The second edition provides up to date and latest information on all the topics covered while also including the basic concepts. The text is supported with clear, easy to understand Figures, Tables, Box items, summaries, perspectives, thought-provoking multiple-choice questions, latest references for further reading, glossary and a detailed subject index. Authors have also added a number of key concepts, discoveries in the form of boxed- items in each chapter. Plant physiology deals with understanding the various processes, functioning, growth, development and survival of plants in normal and stressful conditions. The studyinvolves analysis of the above-stated processes at molecular, sub-cellular, cellular, tissue and plant level in relation with its surrounding environment. Plant physiology is an experimental science, and its concepts are very rapidly changing through applications from chemical biology, cytochemical, fluorometric, biochemical and molecular techniques, and metabolomic and proteomic analysis. Consequently, this branch of modern plant biology has experienced significant generation of new information in most areas. The newer concepts so derived are being also rapidly put into applications in crop physiology. Novel molecules, such nanourea, nitric oxide, gaseous signalling molecules like hydrogen sulphide, are rapidly finding significant applications among crop plants. This textbook, therefore, brings forth an inclusive coverage of the field contained in 35 chapters, divided into five major units. It serves as essential reading material for post-graduate and undergraduate students of botany, plant sciences, plant physiology, agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil science, and environmental sciences. This textbook is also of interest to teachers, researchers, scientists, and policymakers. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology Irwin P. Ting, 1982 Structure and function of plant cells and tissues; Biophysical process: exchanges with the physical environment; Biochemical constituents of plants; Metabolic process of plants; Growth and development: integrative process. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Experiments in Plant Physiology Dayananda Bajracharya, 1999-01-01 Suitable for college and university teachers, particularly in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America, this book presents 96 technically feasible, didactically well selected and described experiments covering nearly all areas of classical and modern plant physiology. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science Shouichi Yoshida, 1981 Growth and development of the rice plant. Climatic environments and its influence. Mineral nutrition of rice. Nutritional disorders. Photosynthesis and respiration. Rice plant characters in relation to yielding ability. Physiological analysis of rice yield. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Introductory Plant Physiology G. Ray Noggle, George J. Fritz, 1992 |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Stress Physiology Esha Rami, 2020-11 The recent past has seen a lot of environmental changes and climate changes that have been very evident. These changes have gone on to create a lot of stress on the various kinds of plants, which has impacted in the way they now grow and breed as compared to the previous times. The book 'Plant stress physiology' deals with this exact subject and informs the readers about the various ways in which the plants adapt themselves to survive the changing environment and climate conditions. It also emphasizes on the common methods used by plants to do so in drastically changing environments. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Flora Unveiled Lincoln Taiz, Lee Taiz, 2017 This book focuses on how the the scientific discovery of plant sex unfolded due to cultural biases, beliefs, and perceptions about plant reproduction. Flora Unveiled is a deep history of perceptions about plant gender and sexuality, from the Paleolithic to the nineteenth century. The evidence suggests that a plants-as-female gender bias both prevented the discovery of two sexes in plants until the late 17th century, and delayed its acceptance for another 150 years. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology 2nd Edition Taiz, 2023-10-15 |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Introduction to Plant Physiology William G. Hopkins, Norman P. A. Hüner, 2009 Textbook, concepts, experimental data. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Progress in Botany K. Esser, J. W. Kadereit, U. Lüttge, M. Runge, 1999-11-12 With one volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of the plant sciences. The present volume includes reviews on genetics, cell biology, and vegetation science. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plants, Genes, and Agriculture Maarten Chrispeels, 2017-12-15 What needs to happen if we are going to feed almost 10 billion people by the year 2050 in a sustainable way? Written for first- and second-year university students, this interdisciplinary textbook addresses this challenging question, presenting biological, economic, and sociocultural issues at an introductory level. Presenting and integrating information from many disciplines, this book invites readers to consider the complexity of feeding humanity and increasing food production sustainably. Topics covered include: the development, physiology, and nutrition of plants human nutrition and food safety photosynthesis and energy transformations genetics, molecular biology, and genomics, including the techniques of genetic transformation (gene silencing, gene editing with CRISPR) used in modern crop breeding crop domestication and plant breeding soil ecosystems The applications of modern biotechnology to agriculture extend far beyond GMOs, and include crop improvements that rely on knowledge of the plant’s genomes and its analysis by bioinformatics. Challenging and controversial topics such as the safety of pesticides and GMOs, the increasing demand foranimal products and the stresses this puts on agricultural output, organic farming and foods, and patenting new crop varieties are dealt with in a balanced way, inviting teachers and students to consider all the implications of these serious questions. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiological Ecology Hans Lambers, F. Stuart Chapin, III, Thijs L. Pons, 2014-09-01 |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Ecology Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Erwin Beck, Klaus Müller-Hohenstein, 2005-02-18 This textbook covers Plant Ecology from the molecular to the global level. It covers the following areas in unprecedented breadth and depth: - Molecular ecophysiology (stress physiology: light, temperature, oxygen deficiency, drought, salt, heavy metals, xenobiotica and biotic stress factors) - Autecology (whole plant ecology: thermal balance, water, nutrient, carbon relations) - Ecosystem ecology (plants as part of ecosystems, element cycles, biodiversity) - Synecology (development of vegetation in time and space, interactions between vegetation and the abiotic and biotic environment) - Global aspects of plant ecology (global change, global biogeochemical cycles, land use, international conventions, socio-economic interactions) The book is carefully structured and well written: complex issues are elegantly presented and easily understandable. It contains more than 500 photographs and drawings, mostly in colour, illustrating the fascinating subject. The book is primarily aimed at graduate students of biology but will also be of interest to post-graduate students and researchers in botany, geosciences and landscape ecology. Further, it provides a sound basis for those dealing with agriculture, forestry, land use, and landscape management. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Biotechnology Adrian Slater, Nigel Scott, Mark Fowler, 2008-03-27 Plant Biotechnology presents a balanced, objective exploration of the technology behind genetic manipulation, and its application to the growth and cultivation of plants. The book describes the techniques underpinning genetic manipulation and makes extensive use of case studies to illustrate how this influential tool is used in practice. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Structure and Function of Plants Jennifer W. MacAdam, 2009-02-02 Plant anatomy and physiology and a broad understanding of basic plant processes are of primary importance to a basic understanding of plant science. These areas serve as the first important building blocks in a variety of fields of study, including botany, plant biology, and horticulture. Structure and Function of Plants will serve as a text aimed at undergraduates in the plant sciences that will provide an accurate overview of complex plant processes as well as details essential to a basic understanding of plant anatomy and physiology. Presented in an engaging style with full-color illustrations, Structure and Function of Plants will appeal to undergraduates, faculty, extension faculty, and members of Master Gardener programs. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Biology of the Invertebrates Jan Pechenik, 2014-02-11 This textbook is the most concise and readable invertebrates book in terms of detail and pedagogy (other texts do not offer boxed readings, a second color, end of chapter questions, or pronunciation guides). All phyla of invertebrates are covered (comprehensive) with an emphasis on unifying characteristics of each group. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Anatomy and Embryology Pandey S.N. & Chadha A., 2009-11 The book, by virtue of its authoritative coverage, should be most suitable to undergraduate as well as postgraduate students of all universities and also to those appearing for various competitive examinations such as CPMT, DME, DCS and IAS. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Water Relations of Plants Paul J Kramer, 1983-05-28 Water: its funtions; and properties; Cell water relations; Soil and water; Transpiration; Factors affecting the absorption. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Breeding Jack Brown, Peter Caligari, Hugo Campos, 2014-11-17 This book, Plant Breeding, has it bases in an earlier text entitled An Introduction to Plant Breeding by Jack Brown and Peter Caligari, first published in 2008. The challenges facing today’s plant breeders have never been more overwhelming, yet the prospects to contribute significantly to global food security and farmers’ quality of life have never been more exciting and fulfilling. Despite this there has been a worrying decline in public funding for plant breeding-related research and support for international centers of germplasm development and crop improvement. In part, this has resulted in a serious reduction in the number of young people interested in devoting their professional careers to plant breeding as well as the number of universities offering plant breeding courses or conducting relevant research in plant breeding. The authors’ aim in writing this book is to provide an integrated and updated view of the current scientific progress related to diverse plant breeding disciplines, within the context of applied breeding programs. This excellent new book will encourage a new generation of students to pursue careers related to plant breeding and will assist a wider audience of agricultural students, agronomists, policy makers and those with an interest in agriculture in gaining insight about the issues affecting plant breeding and its key role in improving the quality of life of people and in securing sufficient food, at the quality required and at an affordable price. With comprehensive coverage including questions designed for students, and an accompanying website containing additional material to help in the study of the subject, Plant Breeding is an ideal text for all those studying plant and crop sciences, and a convenient reference source for professionals working in the area. All libraries within universities and research establishments where biological and agricultural sciences are studied and taught should have multiple copies of this book. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology Randy Joe Nelson, 2005-01-01 The Third Edition of An Introduction to Behavioral Endocrinology retains all the features of the bestselling prior editions, and provides an updated, integrated presentation of the study of hormone- behaviour interactions. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Mineral Nutrition for Plants Principles and Perspectives E. Epstein, 1986 |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Physiology S. N. Pandey, B. K. Sinha, 1993 |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Libra Lincoln Taiz, 2002 In this charming book, a space explorer cat from the planet Gatos becomes marooned in Los Gotos, California, a suburb of Silicon Valley, and learns to hor horror that not cats, but weird furless aliens are Earth's dominant spaces. Or are they? Who better than cats to go nose to nose with Silicon Valley's evil Dogma Computers? The story tracks the adventures of commander Libra Shimagrimicka and her intelligent on-board computer, Voca, as they attempt to obtain a vital component to repair Voca's damaged circuits. Along the way Libra befriends two earthling cats who play key roles in Libra's eventual triumph. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology, 20th Edition Jain V.K., 2022-01-03 This new edition of Fundamentals of Plant Physiology continues to provide a comprehensive coverage on the basic principles of the subject with its focus on the concepts of plant physiological form, functions and its behaviour. While this new edition includes several contemporary topics to keep students abreast with the new ongoing research in the field, it also includes 11 new experiments to further strengthen the scientific outlook of the reader. Besides fulfilling the needs of undergraduate students, this book would also be useful for postgraduate students as well as aspirants of various competitive examinations. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Plant Systematics Walter S. Judd, 2002 Incorporating phylogenetic principles and methods throughout, this text moves from the careful explanation of phylogenetic methods and principles to the taxonomic survey of vascular plant families. A much expanded CD-ROM is included, containing over 2,200 colour photos illustrating the diagnostic characters of plant families covered in the text. Appropriate for any course devoted to the systematics of plants, this text assumes no prerequisites other than introductory botany or biology. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Weed Science Robert L. Zimdahl, 1999 Fundamentals of Weed Science, 2nd Edition, includes new developments in weed science as well as relevant aspects of the discipline's historical development. The focus is on weed biology and ecology, but coverage of herbicides and chemical weed control is also included. This is a book on the principles of weed science and not a weed control handbook. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Fundamentals of Plant Physiology Lincoln Taiz, Eduardo Zeiger, Ian Max Møller, Angus S. Murphy, 2023 This text covers plant and cell architecture. It also focuses on water and plant cells, water balance of plants, mineral nutrition, assimilation of inorganic nutrients, and solute transport. The text also looks at photosynthesis, translocation in the phloem, respiration and lipid metabolism, signals and signal transduction, signals from sunlight, and embryogenesis. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Physiology of Crop Plants Franklin Pierce Gardner, Robert Brent Pearce, Roger L. Mitchell, 1985 Offers a complete description of all growth processes of plants |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: Energy from Organic Materials (Biomass) Martin Kaltschmitt, 2018-07-21 This comprehensive reference is a state-of-the-art survey of biomass as an energy carrier for the provision of heat, electricity, and transportation fuel, considering technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects. On a global scale, biomass contributes roughly 12 to 16 % of the energy needed to cover the overall primary energy consumption. Thus far, it is humanity’s most important source of renewable energy, used on practically all continents and growing in importance even in industrialized nations. With detailed coverage of the production of solid, gaseous and liquid fuels, as well as a final energy provision, this volume serves as an introduction for readers just entering the field, but also offers new insights, up-to-date information, as well as latest findings for advanced researchers, industry experts, and decision makers. |
| fundamentals of plant physiology taiz: EBOOK Biology Bruce Knox, Pauline Ladiges, Barbara Evans, Robert Saint, 2015-03-06 Biology: An Australian focus reflects on worldwide biological research and knowledge to provide a global outlook with Australian examples and cases woven throughout. Students are able to connect with what they're learning and better understand Australian flora/fauna and most importantly ecology & ecosystems, using this accessible and engaging learning resource. The rich pedagogical layout layout of this text adds to the accessibility of the Biology: An Australian focus learning package. As well as Concept Checks to provide students with the essential takeaway points for each section and help with exam revision, this edition also includes; Self-Assessment and Review and Analysis to test the students' understanding; Evaluation and Application to develop and test critical evaluation skills; and boxed case studies separated into Research, Application, Hot Topics and Focus features, to delve deeper into topics. Biology: An Australian focus offers a complete learning package for all Australian biology students. |
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The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Diction…
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
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noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the …
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Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the …
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The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to …
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FUNDAMENTAL is serving as a basis supporting existence or determining essential structure or function : basic. How to use fundamental in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of …
FUNDAMENTALS | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
The fundamentals include modularity, anticipation of change, generality and an incremental approach.
FUNDAMENTAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
noun a basic principle, rule, law, or the like, that serves as the groundwork of a system; essential part. to master the fundamentals of a trade.
Fundamentals - definition of fundamentals by The Free Dictionary
Fundamentals (See also ESSENCE.) down to bedrock Down to basics or fundamentals; down to the essentials. Bedrock is literally a hard, solid layer of rock underlying the upper strata of soil or …
FUNDAMENTALS definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
The fundamentals of something are its simplest, most important elements, ideas, or principles, in contrast to more complicated or detailed ones.
fundamental - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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What does Fundamentals mean? - Definitions.net
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FUNDAMENTALS definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
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