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| great zimbabwe social structure: Great Zimbabwe Structure Benjamin Ramirez, AI, 2025-05-03 Great Zimbabwe Structure explores the remarkable architecture of Great Zimbabwe, a pre-colonial civilization in southern Africa, to reveal insights into its society, economy, and political organization. The book examines the site's layout and function, from the Hill Complex to the Great Enclosure and Valley Enclosures, demonstrating how these stone structures reflect social hierarchies and economic power. The study of Great Zimbabwe challenges Eurocentric narratives by highlighting pre-colonial African achievements. The book uniquely combines architectural analysis with social and economic history, moving beyond simple descriptions to uncover the deeper significance of the site's architecture. For example, monumental stone structures reinforced the authority of the ruling elite, managed economic activities, and facilitated religious practices. Drawing upon archaeological data, historical accounts, and analyses of material culture, the book provides a comprehensive understanding of Great Zimbabwe. The book progresses by first introducing the historical context of Great Zimbabweâs rise and decline, then transitions into a detailed look at the site's major architectural components. By exploring the spatial layout and material culture, this study contributes to discussions about urban development and cultural expression in pre-colonial societies, offering valuable insights for students, researchers, and anyone interested in African history and architecture. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Great Zimbabwe Peter S. Garlake, 1985 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Zimbabwe Culture Innocent Pikirayi, 2001 Since the monumental architecture of the Zimbabwe Plateau first became known to Westerners in the 16th century, speculation about the people that created it has been continuous and inventive. Tales of strongholds in the interior were taken home by the first Portuguese chroniclers of the Swahili coast, and their narratives became part of the geographic lore of the 17th and 18th centuries. In the mid-19th century, the lore was spun into fantastic and mysterious yarns about long-lost riches that lured adventurers and traders. Pikirayi (history, U. of Zimbabwe) aims to set the record straight by examining the growth of precolonial states on the plateau and adjacent regions, with a focus on the their historical and cultural development during the second millennium AD. c. Book News Inc. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Your Monument Our Shrine Webber Ndoro, 2001 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. III, Abridged Edition Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, 1992-11-03 The book first places Africa in the context of world history at the opening of the seventh century, before examining the general impact of Islamic penetration, the continuing expansion of the Bantu-speaking peoples, and the growth of civilizations in the Sudanic zones of West Africa--Back cover. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Great Zimbabwe Amelia Khatri, AI, 2025-03-19 Great Zimbabwe explores the fascinating history of a powerful medieval city in Southern Africa, revealing its sophisticated stone architecture, extensive trade networks, and complex social structures. This civilization thrived centuries before European contact, leaving behind monumental ruins that continue to inspire awe and spark debate among historians and archaeologists. The book delves into the intricate details of the city's construction, highlighting how skilled labor and innovative techniques allowed the creation of iconic stone enclosures. Archaeological evidence suggests the city's leaders controlled regional trade routes, accumulating wealth and influencing surrounding communities, demonstrating a sophisticated understanding of economic systems and political structures. The book examines Great Zimbabwe's political ideology, economic engine, and cultural expressions, providing a multifaceted understanding of this civilization. It draws upon archaeological excavations, oral histories, and historical documents to offer a nuanced perspective. The narrative progresses from introducing the geographical setting and history of research to exploring specific aspects of the city's life, such as its economy, political system, and artistic traditions. By emphasizing indigenous African agency and challenging Eurocentric narratives, Great Zimbabwe provides a valuable resource for anyone interested in African history and the achievements of its civilizations. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Silence of Great Zimbabwe Joost Fontein, 2016-06-03 This book examines the politics of landscape and heritage by focusing on the example of Great Zimbabwe National Monument in southern Zimbabwe. The controversy that surrounded the site in the early part of the 20th century, between colonial antiquarians and professional archaeologists, is well reported in the published literature. Based on long term ethnographic field work around Great Zimbabwe, as well as archival research in NMMZ, in the National Archives of Zimbabwe, and several months of research at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, this new book represents an important step beyond that controversy over origins, to focus on the site's position in local contests between, and among individuals within, the Nemanwa, Charumbira and Mugabe clans over land, power and authority. To justify their claims, chiefs, spirit mediums and elders of each clan make appeals to different, but related, constructions of the past. Emphasising the disappearance of the 'Voice' that used to speak there, these narratives also describe the destruction, alienation and desecration of Great Zimbabwe that occurred, and continues, through the international and national, archaeological and heritage processes and practices by which Great Zimbabwe has become a national and world heritage site today. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Sunbird Wilbur Smith, 2018-01-01 An action-packed archaeological adventure from global bestseller Wilbur Smith “You should know of the legend. At a time when the rocks were soft and the air was misty, there was an abomination and an evil in this place which was put down by our ancestors. They placed a death curse upon these hills and commanded that this evil be cleaned from the earth and from the minds of men, forever.” A lost civilisation. A curse reborn. Dr Ben Kazin has only a blurred photograph and a gut instinct that there is a lost city to uncover somewhere beneath the Botswana cliffs. Soon, a whispered curse and a chance encounter with a local tribe lead him to discover much more than city foundations. The curse, it seems, is real, and will link Ben, his oldest friend, and the woman they both love with a forgotten leader from two thousand years ago, in a city of glory and honour that subsequently disappeared without a trace. But what happened to that ancient civilisation? And what is it that connects that lost empire to Ben, and the violent dangers he must face in the present day? |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Pioneers, Settlers, Aliens, Exiles J. L. Fisher, 2010-03-01 What did the future hold for Rhodesia's white population at the end of a bloody armed conflict fought against settler colonialism? Would there be a place for them in newly independent Zimbabwe? PIONEERS, SETTLERS, ALIENS, EXILES sets out the terms offered by Robert Mugabe in 1980 to whites who opted to stay in the country they thought of as their home. The book traces over the next two decades their changing relationshipwith the country when the post-colonial government revised its symbolic and geographical landscape and reworked codes of membership. Particular attention is paid to colonial memories and white interpellation in the official account of the nation's rebirth and indigene discourses, in view of which their attachment to the place shifted and weakened. As the book describes the whites' trajectory from privileged citizens to persons of disputed membership and contested belonging, it provides valuable background information with regard to the land and governance crises that engulfed Zimbabwe at the start of the twenty-first century. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850 D. N. Beach, 1990 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Great Zimbabwe Shadreck Chirikure, 2020-11-29 Conditioned by local ways of knowing and doing, Great Zimbabwe develops a new interpretation of the famous World Heritage site of Great Zimbabwe. It combines archaeological knowledge, including recent material from the author’s excavations, with native concepts and philosophies. Working from a large data set has made it possible, for the first time, to develop an archaeology of Great Zimbabwe that is informed by finds and observations from the entire site and wider landscape. In so doing, the book strongly contributes towards decolonising African and world archaeology. Written in an accessible manner, the book is aimed at undergraduate students, graduate students, and practicing archaeologists both in Africa and across the globe. The book will also make contributions to the broader field such as African Studies, African History, and World Archaeology through its emphasis on developing synergies between local ways of knowing and the archaeology. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Our Continent, Our Future P. Thandika Mkandawire, Charles Chukwuma Soludo, 1998 Our Continent, Our Future presents the emerging African perspective on this complex issue. The authors use as background their own extensive experience and a collection of 30 individual studies, 25 of which were from African economists, to summarize this African perspective and articulate a path for the future. They underscore the need to be sensitive to each country's unique history and current condition. They argue for a broader policy agenda and for a much more active role for the state within what is largely a market economy. Finally, they stress that Africa must, and can, compete in an increasingly globalized world and, perhaps most importantly, that Africans must assume the leading role in defining the continent's development agenda. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Sculptors of Mapungubwe Zakes Mda, |
| great zimbabwe social structure: States and Social Revolutions Theda Skocpol, 2015-09-29 State structures, international forces, and class relations: Theda Skocpol shows how all three combine to explain the origins and accomplishments of social-revolutionary transformations. Social revolutions have been rare but undeniably of enormous importance in modern world history. States and Social Revolutions provides a new frame of reference for analyzing the causes, the conflicts, and the outcomes of such revolutions. It develops a rigorous, comparative historical analysis of three major cases: the French Revolution of 1787 through the early 1800s, the Russian Revolution of 1917 through the 1930s, and the Chinese Revolution of 1911 through the 1960s. Believing that existing theories of revolution, both Marxist and non-Marxist, are inadequate to explain the actual historical patterns of revolutions, Skocpol urges us to adopt fresh perspectives. Above all, she maintains that states conceived as administrative and coercive organizations potentially autonomous from class controls and interests must be made central to explanations of revolutions. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Beyond Digital Paul Leinwand, Mahadeva Matt Mani, 2022-01-04 Two world-renowned strategists detail the seven leadership imperatives for transforming companies in the new digital era. Digital transformation is critical. But winning in today's world requires more than digitization. It requires understanding that the nature of competitive advantage has shifted—and that being digital is not enough. In Beyond Digital, Paul Leinwand and Matt Mani from Strategy&, PwC's global strategy consulting business, take readers inside twelve companies and how they have navigated through this monumental shift: from Philips's reinvention from a broad conglomerate to a focused health technology player, to Cleveland Clinic's engagement with its broader ecosystem to improve and expand its leading patient care to more locations around the world, to Microsoft's overhaul of its global commercial business to drive customer outcomes. Other case studies include Adobe, Citigroup, Eli Lilly, Hitachi, Honeywell, Inditex, Komatsu, STC Pay, and Titan. Building on a major new body of research, the authors identify the seven imperatives that leaders must follow as the digital age continues to evolve: Reimagine your company's place in the world Embrace and create value via ecosystems Build a system of privileged insights with your customers Make your organization outcome-oriented Invert the focus of your leadership team Reinvent the social contract with your people Disrupt your own leadership approach Together, these seven imperatives comprise a playbook for how leaders can define a bolder purpose and transform their organizations. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Origin of Civilization Blake Carson, 2025-01-27 What led to the rise of civilizations from simple human settlements? This book examines the factors that enabled the development of complex societies, such as agriculture, urbanization, and social stratification. It explores early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China, discussing how these societies managed resources, governed themselves, and interacted with their environments. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Zimbabwe, a Country Study Howard Simson, 1979 Research report on economic and social development trends in rhodesia (Zimbabwe) - covers the historical and contemporary political system, economic system, economic development, industrial development, trade, balance of payments, social development (health services, educational development, etc.), The African national liberation movement, disusses problems and prospects relating to land reform, labour demand and alternative development policies. Bibliography, graphs and statistical tables. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Silence of Great Zimbabwe Joost Fontein, 2016-06-03 This book examines the politics of landscape and heritage by focusing on the example of Great Zimbabwe National Monument in southern Zimbabwe. The controversy that surrounded the site in the early part of the 20th century, between colonial antiquarians and professional archaeologists, is well reported in the published literature. Based on long term ethnographic field work around Great Zimbabwe, as well as archival research in NMMZ, in the National Archives of Zimbabwe, and several months of research at the World Heritage Centre in Paris, this new book represents an important step beyond that controversy over origins, to focus on the site's position in local contests between, and among individuals within, the Nemanwa, Charumbira and Mugabe clans over land, power and authority. To justify their claims, chiefs, spirit mediums and elders of each clan make appeals to different, but related, constructions of the past. Emphasising the disappearance of the 'Voice' that used to speak there, these narratives also describe the destruction, alienation and desecration of Great Zimbabwe that occurred, and continues, through the international and national, archaeological and heritage processes and practices by which Great Zimbabwe has become a national and world heritage site today. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Land Reform Under Structural Adjustment in Zimbabwe Sam Moyo, 2000 This study represents a first systematic effort to document Zimbabwe s new land uses during the years of economic crisis, the role of the state in promoting them, the differentiation associated with them, not only between black and white farmers, but also among them, and the implications of all these for the political economy of the Zimbabwean land question. The fact that some of the new land uses avoid redistribution of clearly under-utilised large scale commercial farms suggests that the Zimbabwean land question will remain a live political issue for a long time. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Early Art and Architecture of Africa Peter S. Garlake, 2002 This new history of over 5,000 years of African art reveals its true diversity for the first time. Challenging centuries of misconceptions that have obscured the sophisticated nature of African art, Garlake focuses on seven key regions--southern Africa, Nubia, Aksum, the Niger River, West Africa, Great Zimbabwe, and the East African coast--treating each in detail and setting them in their social and historical context. Garlake is long familiar with and has extensive practical experience of both the archaeology and the art history of Africa. Using the latest research and archaeological findings, he offers exciting new insights into the works native to these areas, and he also puts forth new interpretations of several key cultures and monuments. Acknowledging the universal allure of the African art object, this stunning book helps us to understand more about the ways in which this art was produced, used, and received. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Italy Before the Romans David Randall-MacIver, 1928 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Empires of Medieval West Africa David C. Conrad, 2009 While Europe experienced the early medieval period, a series of empires spread across West Africa, making advances in trade, language, culture, and economy. Beginning around 1200 CE , the Mali, Songhay, and Ghana empires spread their sequent |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Great Zimbabwe Joseph O. Vogel, 2019-08-22 First Published in 1994. This research guide was written as a comprehensive, though by no means exhaustive, survey of the literature pertinent to studying the indigenous complex societies of south central Africa. Although the paramount focus of the compilation was the archaeology of Great Zimbabwe, the author has drawn from a broad geographical area and a wider period of time than that usually associated with Zimbabwean culture in order to demonstrate the cultural background for the growth of monumental trading towns in south central Africa. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Ancient Civilizations of Africa Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa, 1981 V.1. Methodology and African prehistory -- v.2. Ancient civilizations of Africa -- v.3. Africa from the seventh to the eleventh century -- v.4. Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century -- v.5. Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century -- v.6. The nineteenth century until the 1880s -- v.7. Africa under foreign domination 1880-1935 -- v.8. Africa since 1935. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology Peter Mitchell, Paul Lane, 2013-07-04 Africa has the longest and arguably the most diverse archaeological record of any of the continents. It is where the human lineage first evolved and from where Homo sapiens spread across the rest of the world. Later, it witnessed novel experiments in food-production and unique trajectories to urbanism and the organisation of large communities that were not always structured along strictly hierarchical lines. Millennia of engagement with societies in other parts of the world confirm Africa's active participation in the construction of the modern world, while the richness of its history, ethnography, and linguistics provide unusually powerful opportunities for constructing interdisciplinary narratives of Africa's past. This Handbook provides a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis of African archaeology, covering the entirety of the continent's past from the beginnings of human evolution to the archaeological legacy of European colonialism. As well as covering almost all periods and regions of the continent, it includes a mixture of key methodological and theoretical issues and debates, and situates the subject's contemporary practice within the discipline's history and the infrastructural challenges now facing its practitioners. Bringing together essays on all these themes from over seventy contributors, many of them living and working in Africa, it offers a highly accessible, contemporary account of the subject for use by scholars and students of not only archaeology, but also history, anthropology, and other disciplines. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Artist Project Christopher Noey, Thomas P. Campbell, 2017-09-19 Artists have long been stimulated and motivated by the work of those who came before them—sometimes, centuries before them. Interviews with 120 international contemporary artists discussing works from The Metropolitan Museum of Art's collection that spark their imagination shed new light on art-making, museums, and the creative process. Images of works from The Met collection appear alongside images of the contemporary artists' work, allowing readers to discover a rich web of visual connections that spans cultures and millennia. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Political Legacy of Colonialism in Zimbabwe Everisto Benyera, 2024-11-18 This book investigates the political legacy of colonialism in contemporary African institutions. Using the case study of electoral and justice institutions in post-colonial Zimbabwe, the book explores how those in post-colonial states relate to and with institutions initially designed to oppress them and remain structurally and systematically colonial. The book argues that the colonial era colonised the land, knowledge, and minds of Africans, resulting in injustice and epistemicides. The book demonstrates how the critical institutions of elections and justice have been rendered anti-black and toxic. The book calls for Africa to invest in epistemic independence, unencumbered by Western political modernity, and then deploy that independence to build reconstituted institutions, structures, and systems that serve the interests of Africans. This book will be an important read for African policymakers and researchers working on African politics, governance, and international relations. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Ancient World Sarolta Anna Takacs, Eric H. Cline, 2015-07-17 Designed to meet the curriculum needs of students from grades 7-12, this five-volume encyclopedia explores the history and civilizations of the ancient world from prehistory to approximately 1000 CE. Organized alphabetically within geographical volumes on Africa, Europe, the Americas, Southwest Asia, and Asia and the Pacific, entries cover the social, political, scientific and technological, economic, and cultural events and developments that shaped the ancient world in all areas of the globe. Each volume explores significant civilizations, personalities, cultural and social developments, and scientific achievements in its geographical area. Boxed features include Link in Time, Link in Place, Ancient Weapons, Turning Points, and Great Lives. Each volume also includes maps, timelines and illustrations; and a glossary, bibliography and indexes complete the set. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Ancient Complex Societies Jennifer C. Ross, Sharon R. Steadman, 2017-01-06 Through a detailed examination of the archaeological evidence and written records, this comprehensive text aims to develop a common understanding of what complexity means to archaeologists, and the methods by which they identify and analyze it. In this first new undergraduate textbook on ancient complex societies in two decades, the authors use vivid writing, textboxes on key themes and sites, and a glossary to keep students thoroughly engaged. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Social Acceleration Hartmut Rosa, 2013-05-14 Hartmut Rosa advances an account of the temporal structure of society from the perspective of critical theory. He identifies in particular three categories of change in the tempo of modern social life: technological acceleration, evident in transportation, communication, and production; the acceleration of social change, reflected in cultural knowledge, social institutions, and personal relationships; and acceleration in the pace of life, which happens despite the expectation that technological change should increase an individual's free time. According to Rosa, both the structural and cultural aspects of our institutions and practices are marked by the shrinking of the present, a decreasing time period during which expectations based on past experience reliably match future results and events. When this phenomenon combines with technological acceleration and the increasing pace of life, time seems to flow ever faster, making our relationships to each other and the world fluid and problematic. It is as if we are standing on slipping slopes, a steep social terrain that is itself in motion and in turn demands faster lives and technology. As Rosa deftly shows, this self-reinforcing feedback loop fundamentally determines the character of modern life. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Cambridge History of Africa. Michael Crowder, 1984 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Dzimbahwe K. Nyamayaro Mufuka, K. Muzvidzwa, J. Nemerai, 1983 |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Field of Cultural Production Pierre Bourdieu, 1993 Analysis of art, literature and aesthetics |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Lost Ancient Cities Linda Hill, AI, 2025-04-03 Lost Ancient Cities explores the captivating histories of metropolises swallowed by time, revealing their stories through archaeology and historical accounts. The book examines the geographical, sociopolitical, and environmental elements that influenced these civilizations' rise and decline, offering insights into sustainable development and societal resilience. Discover how some cities were lost to natural disasters, like potential climate shifts that mirror current environmental concerns, while others succumbed to sociopolitical upheaval, such as wars or internal conflicts. The book is structured into three sections, beginning with an introduction to the concept of lost cities, then delving into specific case studies categorized by the reasons for their abandonment or concealment. Archaeological findings, ancient texts, and environmental data combine to illustrate each city's history and cultural significance. The book uniquely integrates these diverse sources, offering a comprehensive understanding of each city's trajectory. Ultimately, Lost Ancient Cities connects the past to the present, providing valuable lessons for contemporary society. The book uses varied historical examples to highlight recurring patterns of growth, innovation, and collapse across cultures. By studying these forgotten urban centers, readers can gain critical perspectives on urban sustainability, disaster preparedness, and the preservation of our collective cultural heritage. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: African Kingdoms Linda Hill, AI, 2025-03-19 African Kingdoms challenges conventional, often Eurocentric, views by exploring the sophisticated political, economic, and military systems of pre-colonial African societies. Delving into major kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe and the Ashanti Empire, the book reveals how these societies were active agents in shaping their own destinies and influencing global events. It highlights that many of these kingdoms possessed complex governance structures and extensive trade networks, demonstrating their significant contributions to global civilization, often overlooked in traditional histories. This exploration unfolds chapter by chapter, beginning with an introduction that sets the stage by addressing common misconceptions. Subsequent chapters provide case studies, analyzing each kingdom's political structure, economic systems, and military organization. The book's research relies on diverse sources, including archaeological evidence, oral traditions, and primary accounts, ensuring a balanced portrayal. By prioritizing African voices, African Kingdoms offers a unique and more accurate perspective on pre-colonial African history. The book culminates by synthesizing its findings to assess the overall impact of African kingdoms on regional and global history. It emphasizes their contributions to trade, diplomacy, and cultural exchange, promoting a more nuanced understanding of the African past and its relevance to global history. This approach provides valuable insights into alternative models of governance and development, challenging stereotypes and fostering a deeper appreciation of African heritage. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Handbook of Archaeological Theories R. Alexander Bentley, Herbert D. G. Maschner, Christopher Chippindale, 2008 This handbook, a companion to the authoritative Handbook of Archaeological Methods, gathers original, authoritative articles from leading archaeologists on all aspects of the latest thinking about archaeological theory. It is the definitive resource for understanding how to think about archaeology. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The Lost City of Solomon and Sheba Robin Brown-Lowe, 2003-04-03 In the heart of south-central Africa there are remains of monuments, ruined cities, temples, forts, irrigation terraces reminiscent of the classic civilizations of the Egyptians and Phoenicians. Yet despite having first been investigated by the Royal Geographical Society a century ago the Zimbabwe (stone courts) culture remains all but unknown to the world at large. This book reveals how the truth about the Zimbabwe culture has been radically influenced, indeed suppressed, throughout history by white and black political interests, struggling to redefine Zimbabwe's identity. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Colonial Situations George W. Stocking, 1991-10-01 As European colonies in Asia and Africa became independent nations, as the United States engaged in war in Southeast Asia and in covert operations in South America, anthropologists questioned their interactions with their subjects and worried about the political consequences of government-supported research. By 1970, some spoke of anthropology as “the child of Western imperialism” and as “scientific colonialism.” Ironically, as the link between anthropology and colonialism became more widely accepted within the discipline, serious interest in examining the history of anthropology in colonial contexts diminished. This volume is an effort to initiate a critical historical consideration of the varying “colonial situations” in which (and out of which) ethnographic knowledge essential to anthropology has been produced. The essays comment on ethnographic work from the middle of the nineteenth century to nearly the end of the twentieth, in regions from Oceania through southeast Asia, the Andaman Islands, and southern Africa to North and South America. The “colonial situations” also cover a broad range, from first contact through the establishment of colonial power, from District Officer administrations through white settler regimes, from internal colonialism to international mandates, from early “pacification” to wars of colonial liberation, from the expropriation of land to the defense of ecology. The motivations and responses of the anthropologists discussed are equally varied: the romantic resistance of Maclay and the complicity of Kubary in early colonialism; Malinowski’s salesmanship of academic anthropology; Speck’s advocacy of Indian land rights; Schneider’s grappling with the ambiguities of rapport; and Turner’s facilitation of Kaiapo cinematic activism. “Provides fresh insights for those who care about the history of science in general and that of anthropology in particular, and a valuable reference for professionals and graduate students.”—Choice “Among the most distinguished publications in anthropology, as well as in the history of social sciences.”—George Marcus, Anthropologica |
| great zimbabwe social structure: Records of South-Eastern Africa George M Theal, 2019-06-29 This book has been considered by academicians and scholars of great significance and value to literature. This forms a part of the knowledge base for future generations. We have represented this book in the same form as it was first published. Hence any marks seen are left intentionally to preserve its true nature. |
| great zimbabwe social structure: The History of Africa Molefi Kete Asante, 2012-08-21 This book provides a wide-ranging history of Africa from earliest prehistory to the present day – using the cultural, social, political, and economic lenses of Africa as instruments to illuminate the ordinary lives of Africans. The result is a fresh survey that includes a wealth of indigenous ideas, African concepts, and traditional outlooks that have escaped the writing of African history in the West. This straightforward, illustrated and factual text allows the reader to access the major developments, personalities and events on the African continent. Written by a world expert in African history, this ground-breaking survey is an indispensable guide. |
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