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| flexible response strategy: The Nature and Practice of Flexible Response Ivo H. Daalder, 1991 |
| flexible response strategy: Never Ready Kenton White, 2021-11-15 Was Britain's implementation of NATO strategy credible? After the adoption of Flexible Response in 1967 NATO relied on conventional forces to defend the West. Britain had a central role in NATO's plans, but was British defense planning adequate for the task? How did the Government plan for the use of the conventional Armed Forces for the range of operations it was committed to? How were the Armed Forces to be mobilized, and what was the detail of the planning for mobilization? In 1967 MC14/3 was adopted as the overall strategic concept by NATO. It relied on an escalatory deterrence, from conventional through tactical nuclear strikes to strategic nuclear attack. This is commonly known as Flexible Response and replaced NATO's trip-wire response. The declared principal of the strategic concept was to reduce the chance of mistakenly starting a nuclear war, meeting force with like force, and raising the nuclear threshold in the event of actual war. By using newly available documents from British and other archives, this volume will show that far from being a flexible strategy, in the event of a war it was doomed to failure. The concept was compromised by the failure of the Alliance members to provide one of the main legs of the conventional deterrent - sustainability. This book analyses the paradox between the public face of defense policy and the practice. The book assesses whether the planning would have worked, and what would have happened in Europe if war had broken out. To answer this question the research looks at the conflicts in the Falklands and the Gulf to assess the feasibility of the plans in place. Elements upon which British defense depended were still being built more than twenty years after the new strategy was adopted. Defense policy in Britain was concerned less with the threats the country faced than with just how little could be spent on defense. |
| flexible response strategy: Origins of Flexible Response J. Stromseth, 1988-06-18 |
| flexible response strategy: Strategies of Containment John Lewis Gaddis, 2005-06-23 When Strategies of Containment was first published, the Soviet Union was still a superpower, Ronald Reagan was president of the United States, and the Berlin Wall was still standing. This updated edition of Gaddis' classic carries the history of containment through the end of the Cold War. Beginning with Franklin D. Roosevelt's postwar plans, Gaddis provides a thorough critical analysis of George F. Kennan's original strategy of containment, NSC-68, The Eisenhower-Dulles New Look, the Kennedy-Johnson flexible response strategy, the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of detente, and now a comprehensive assessment of how Reagan - and Gorbechev - completed the process of containment, thereby bringing the Cold War to an end. He concludes, provocatively, that Reagan more effectively than any other Cold War president drew upon the strengths of both approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. A must-read for anyone interested in Cold War history, grand strategy, and the origins of the post-Cold War world. |
| flexible response strategy: The Uncertain Trumpet Maxwell Davenport Taylor, 1974 |
| flexible response strategy: Nuclear Statecraft Francis J. Gavin, 2012-10-16 We are at a critical juncture in world politics. Nuclear strategy and policy have risen to the top of the global policy agenda, and issues ranging from a nuclear Iran to the global zero movement are generating sharp debate. The historical origins of our contemporary nuclear world are deeply consequential for contemporary policy, but it is crucial that decisions are made on the basis of fact rather than myth and misapprehension. In Nuclear Statecraft, Francis J. Gavin challenges key elements of the widely accepted narrative about the history of the atomic age and the consequences of the nuclear revolution. On the basis of recently declassified documents, Gavin reassesses the strategy of flexible response, the influence of nuclear weapons during the Berlin Crisis, the origins of and motivations for U.S. nuclear nonproliferation policy, and how to assess the nuclear dangers we face today. In case after case, he finds that we know far less than we think we do about our nuclear history. Archival evidence makes it clear that decision makers were more concerned about underlying geopolitical questions than about the strategic dynamic between two nuclear superpowers. Gavin's rigorous historical work not only tells us what happened in the past but also offers a powerful tool to explain how nuclear weapons influence international relations. Nuclear Statecraft provides a solid foundation for future policymaking. |
| flexible response strategy: The Nature and Practice of Flexible Response Ivo H. Daalder, 1990 |
| flexible response strategy: The Art and Practice of Military Strategy George Edward Thibault, 1984 |
| flexible response strategy: US Air Power, Key to Deterrence John E. Jordan (Jr.), 1981 |
| flexible response strategy: Conventional Forces and the NATO Strategy of Flexible Response Roger L. L. Facer, 1984 Concern has grown in recent years about Europe's dependence on nuclear weapons for its security. The credibility of the current NATO strategy of flexible response is being questioned. It is widely felt that NATO should strengthen its conventional force capability in order to raise the nuclear threshold. New developments in technology appear to offer hope that a main obstacle to an effective conventional defense against conventional attack, its cost, can at last be overcome. This report gives a wide overview of the implications of these developments. Concentrating on central Europe, it examines the question whether the continued maintenance of an effective strategy of deterrence requires a change in the relationship between the conventional and nuclear elements of it. It considers the adoption of a no-first-use policy buttressed by conventional force improvements large enough to create a permanent conventional force balance in Europe. The report concludes that improving conventional forces to the point of equivalence with the Warsaw Pact would risk decoupling the defense of Europe against conventional attack from the United States' nuclear umbrella and would thus reduce deterrence as well as damage the cohesion of the Alliance. |
| flexible response strategy: Strategic Theory for the 21st Century: The Little Book on Big Strategy Harry R. Yarger, 2006 |
| flexible response strategy: The Future Of Deterrence Robbin F Laird, Betsy Jacobs, 2019-07-11 The editors would like to express their thanks to a number of colleagues whose insights and comments contributed to the development of the book. Among those who were particularly helpful were Robert Nurick, Vic Utgoff, Mike Clarke, Jorg Baldouf, Jean Chabaud, John Roper, Edwina Moreton, Lawrence Freedman, Francois Heisbourg, and Harley Balzer. We are particularly grateful to General William Y. Smith, President of the Institute for Defense Analyses, for his intellectual encouragement. |
| flexible response strategy: Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy Robert J. McMahon, Thomas W. Zeiler, 2012-08-02 At no time in American history has an understanding of the role and the art of diplomacy in international relations been more essential than it is today. Both the history of U.S. diplomatic relations and the current U.S. foreign policy in the twenty-first century are major topics of study and interest across the nation and around the world. Spanning the entire history of American diplomacy—from the First Continental Congress to the war on terrorism to the foreign policy goals of the twenty-first century—Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy traces not only the growth and development of diplomatic policies and traditions but also the shifts in public opinion that shape diplomatic trends. This comprehensive, two-volume reference shows how the United States gained the strength of a giant and also analyzes key world events that have determined the United States’ changing relations with other nations. The two volumes’ structure makes the key concepts and issues accessible to researchers: The set is broken up into seven parts that feature 40 topical and historical chapters in which expert writers cover the diplomatic initiatives of the United States from colonial times through the present day. Volume II’s appendix showcases an A-to-Z handbook of diplomatic terms and concepts, organizations, events, and issues in American foreign policy. The appendix also includes a master bibliography and a list of presidents; secretaries of state, war, and defense; and national security advisers and their terms of service. This unique reference highlights the changes in U.S. diplomatic policy as government administrations and world events influenced national decisions. Topics include imperialism, economic diplomacy, environmental diplomacy, foreign aid, wartime negotiations, presidential influence, NATO and its role in the twenty-first century, and the response to terrorism. Additional featured topics include the influence of the American two-party system, the impact of U.S. elections, and the role of the United States in international organizations. Guide to U.S. Foreign Policy is the first comprehensive reference work in this field that is both historical and thematic. This work is of immense value for researchers, students, and others studying foreign policy, international relations, and U.S history. ABOUT THE EDITORS Robert J. McMahon is the Ralph D. Mershon Professor of History in the Mershon Center for International Security Studies at The Ohio State University. He is a leading historian of American diplomatic history and is author of several books on U.S. foreign relations. Thomas W. Zeiler is professor of history and international affairs at the University of Colorado at Boulder and is the executive editor of the journal Diplomatic History. |
| flexible response strategy: Strategies of Containment John Lewis Gaddis, 2005-06-23 When Strategies of Containment was first published, the Soviet Union was still a superpower, Ronald Reagan was president of the United States, and the Berlin Wall was still standing. This updated edition of Gaddis' classic carries the history of containment through the end of the Cold War. Beginning with Franklin D. Roosevelt's postwar plans, Gaddis provides a thorough critical analysis of George F. Kennan's original strategy of containment, NSC-68, The Eisenhower-Dulles New Look, the Kennedy-Johnson flexible response strategy, the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of detente, and now a comprehensive assessment of how Reagan - and Gorbechev - completed the process of containment, thereby bringing the Cold War to an end. He concludes, provocatively, that Reagan more effectively than any other Cold War president drew upon the strengths of both approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. A must-read for anyone interested in Cold War history, grand strategy, and the origins of the post-Cold War world. |
| flexible response strategy: Professional Journal of the United States Army , 1968 |
| flexible response strategy: Seapower in the Nuclear Age Joel J. Sokolsky, 2021-01-26 This book, first published in 1991, provides a major analysis of the prelude to the US’s Cold War maritime strategy, showing how NATO’s maritime forces were organised in the period. It examines how the United States Navy and allied navies, particularly the Royal Navy, were incorporated into the Alliance’s nuclear and conventional deterrent forces. It looks at the structure of the main naval commands, the growth of Soviet maritime forces and the impact of the flexible response strategy on NATO’s naval posture in the 1970s. Drawing upon many declassified documents, this account fills an important gap in postwar literature on American seapower and its relation to European security. It also addresses important aspects of NATO strategy and organisation. |
| flexible response strategy: Gold, Dollars, and Power Francis J. Gavin, 2004 Gavin demonstrates that Bretton Woods was in fact a highly politicized system that was prone to crisis and required constant intervention and controls to continue functioning. More important, postwar monetary relations were not a salve to political tensions, as is often contended. |
| flexible response strategy: The Nuclear Confrontation in Europe Jeffrey H. Boutwell, Paul Doty, Gregory F. Treverton, 2020-11-19 Originally published in 1985, this book explores the nuclear confrontation between East and West in Europe: where we stand, how we got there and what the future may hold. Its concluding chapter outlines the prospects for nuclear arms control in Europe, and it frames the debate over NATO strategy and the role of nuclear weapons in the years ahead. Can NATO reduce its reliance on nuclear weapons? Can it cope with the issues at all? The chapters on NATO theatre nuclear forces and doctrine provide a rich background to current policy issues. The public debate over NATO’s 1979 decision to deploy new American cruise and Pershing nuclear missiles in Europe was hardly unprecedented in NATO’s history: similar controversy surrounded NATO deliberations in the late 1950s and early 1960s. That debate, however, subsided in the mid-1960s; the nuclear question in Europe was relegated to the ‘wilderness’, though efforts – largely unavailing – continued within official circles to define more clearly the role of nuclear weapons in NATO’s defense. Against this backdrop, the nuclear debate emerged again in the 1970s. This title unravels the military and political considerations at play in that debate and maps the European politics surrounding it. Today it can be read in its historical context. |
| flexible response strategy: Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts United States. Central Intelligence Agency, 1966 |
| flexible response strategy: US Defence Strategy from Vietnam to Operation Iraqi Freedom Robert R. Tomes, 2006-12-13 This volume examines the thirty-year transformation in American military thought and defence strategy that spanned from 1973 through 2003. |
| flexible response strategy: Force and Guardianship: A Legacy of Aerial Defense Pasquale De Marco, 2025-04-22 The Force and Guardianship: A Legacy of Aerial Defense is the definitive history of the Strategic Air Command (SAC), the United States' first and only nuclear long-range bomber command. SAC was responsible for deterring nuclear war during the Cold War and for conducting long-range bombing missions in the event of a nuclear conflict. The book covers the history of SAC from its origins in 1946 to its disestablishment in 1992. The book also examines the role of SAC in the Cold War and its legacy in the post-Cold War era. The book is illustrated with over 800 color and black and white photographs, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the history of the Strategic Air Command. The Force and Guardianship: A Legacy of Aerial Defense is a comprehensive and authoritative look at one of the most important commands in the history of the United States Air Force. The book is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of the Cold War or the future of airpower. **Praise for Force and Guardianship: A Legacy of Aerial Defense** A definitive history of the Strategic Air Command, the United States' first and only nuclear long-range bomber command. - Pasquale De Marco A comprehensive and authoritative look at one of the most important commands in the history of the United States Air Force. - Pasquale De Marco A must-read for anyone interested in the history of the Cold War or the future of airpower. - Pasquale De Marco **About the Author** Pasquale De Marco is a historian and author specializing in the history of the United States Air Force. He has written several books on the subject, including Force and Guardianship: A Legacy of Aerial Defense. If you like this book, write a review on google books! |
| flexible response strategy: Analyses of Effects of Limited Nuclear Warfare United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Subcommittee on Arms Control, International Organizations, and Security Agreements, 1975 |
| flexible response strategy: Hearings, Reports and Prints of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, 1975 |
| flexible response strategy: Analyses of Effects of Limited Nuclear Warfare United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, 1975 |
| flexible response strategy: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) , 1986 |
| flexible response strategy: Can America Remain Committed? David G. Haglund, 2019-04-02 The twelve months that spanned the period between the early springtimes of 1991 and 1992 may well turn out to constitute the most important year for American foreign and security policy in half a century. Encasing the dawning of a new and different security era, like macabre parentheses, were two columns of black smoke-that of 1991 over the newly liberated Kuwait, and that of 1992 over the embattled district of South-Central Los Angeles. Within these acrid temporal brackets unfolded a set of developments of utmost significance for American foreign and security policy and for the very meaning of the country's external commitments. |
| flexible response strategy: The INF Treaty United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, 1988 |
| flexible response strategy: Doctrine, the Alliance and Arms Control Robert O'Neill, 1986-06-18 |
| flexible response strategy: Rethinking the Nuclear Weapons Dilemma in Europe P. Terrence Hopmann, Dr. Frank Barnaby, 1988-06-18 |
| flexible response strategy: Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1986 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services, 1985 |
| flexible response strategy: Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense, 1984 |
| flexible response strategy: Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1985: Budget overview United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Defense, 1984 |
| flexible response strategy: Routledge Handbook of NATO John Andreas Olsen, 2024-06-10 This handbook provides a comprehensive survey of the development and importance of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), its role in international relations and its influence on history. The volume examines the Alliance’s evolution in breadth, depth and context by analysing and explaining why and how NATO has endured and remained relevant since its creation. To present an inclusive study of the Alliance’s activities and milestone events and to offer a glimpse of future challenges, the book’s 29 chapters fall into six thematic sections that act as frameworks and allow the exploration of specific topics that pertain to the evolution of NATO: Part I: History of NATO, 1949–2024 Part II: Key Enduring Themes, 1949–2024 Part III: Military Operations, 1995–2024 Part IV: National Perspectives, 1949–2024 Part V: Regional Perspectives, 1949–2024 Part VI: Future Prospects, 2024– This handbook will be of much interest to students and researchers of NATO, strategic studies, defence studies and International Relations, as well as for staff and fellows at security- and defence-oriented think tanks and government officials, military personnel and other practitioners in the areas of foreign affairs and defence. |
| flexible response strategy: Procurement, [Wednesday, September 5, 1973 United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of Defense, 1973 |
| flexible response strategy: Procurement United States. Congress. House. Committee on Appropriations. Subcommittee on Department of Defense, 1973 |
| flexible response strategy: The North Atlantic Treaty Organization Bernard William Rogers, 1988 |
| flexible response strategy: The Soviet View of U.S. Strategic Doctrine Jonathan Samuel Lockwood, 1983-01-01 Soviet perceptions of American strategic doctrine have influenced then-use of military power in foreign policy. An understanding of how those perceptions are being derived at and of their specific contents is therefore essential to any reflection on direction that American defense policy should take. Particularly in the field of arms control and disarmament, Soviet perceptions carry severe implications for U.S. proposals as well as general behavior. Lockwood bases his examination on Soviet sources such as newspapers, periodicals, radio broadcasts, and books. He establishes that Soviet analysts tend to project their own notions of clear strategy onto U.S. doctrine and intentions. Starting from the premise that the Soviets mean what they say Lockwood is able to give a historical account of Soviet perceptions starting from massive retaliation up to and including Presidential Directive 59. In his final chapter, the author gives possible policy strategies to successfully counteract the Soviet military policy. |
| flexible response strategy: The INF Treaty: March 14, 16, 17, and 22, 1988 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations, 1988 |
| flexible response strategy: Ukraine and Beyond Janne Haaland Matlary, Tormod Heier, 2016-08-05 This book is the first full-spectrum analysis of Russian and European norms of political action, ranging from international law, ethics, and strategy, to the specific norms for the use of force. It brings together leading scholars from these various fields, examining the differences in norm understanding between Russia and Europe. In light of the 2014 occupation and annexation of Crimea by Russia, and its subsequent covert participation in the internal affairs of Ukraine, including aggressive flying and major military exercises, Russia seems to be a classical revisionist power, intent on changing the balance of power in Europe in particular. It also reaches beyond Europe, inserting itself as the key actor in the Syrian war. The book therefore considers how we should understand Russia. It also questions whether or not the West, in particular Europe, responds adequately in this delicate and dangerous new situation. The book concludes that at present Russia acts strategically and with considerable success whereas Europe is reactive in its response. |
| flexible response strategy: America’s Security in the 1980s Christoph Bertram, 1982-06-18 |
FLEXIBLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FLEXIBLE is capable of being flexed : pliant. How to use flexible in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Flexible.
FLEXIBLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
FLEXIBLE definition: 1. able to change or be changed easily according to the situation: 2. able to bend or to be bent…. Learn more.
FLEXIBLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Flexible definition: capable of being bent, usually without breaking; easily bent.. See examples of FLEXIBLE used in a sentence.
flexible adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage ...
Definition of flexible adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. (approving) able to change to suit new conditions or situations. Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for …
Flexible - definition of flexible by The Free Dictionary
Capable of being changed or adjusted to meet particular or varied needs: a job with flexible hours; a flexible definition of normality.
What does Flexible mean? - Definitions.net
Flexible refers to the ability or quality of easily adapting or adjusting to different conditions, changes, or situations without being negatively affected. It can also refer to something that is …
403 Synonyms & Antonyms for FLEXIBLE - Thesaurus.com
Find 403 different ways to say FLEXIBLE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
Flexible - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
The word flexible can refer to bendable physical objects or to intangibles like a person's mind, which can be changed. It can even refer to work environments that can adapt schedules and …
FLEXIBLE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Something or someone that is flexible is able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur.
Flexible Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
FLEXIBLE meaning: 1 : capable of bending or being bent; 2 : easily changed able to change or to do different things
FLEXIBLE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FLEXIBLE is capable of being flexed : pliant. How to use flexible in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Flexible.
FLEXIBLE | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
FLEXIBLE definition: 1. able to change or be changed easily according to the situation: 2. able to bend or to be bent…. Learn more.
FLEXIBLE Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Flexible definition: capable of being bent, usually without breaking; easily bent.. See examples of FLEXIBLE used in a sentence.
flexible adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage ...
Definition of flexible adjective from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. (approving) able to change to suit new conditions or situations. Our plans need to be flexible enough to cater for …
Flexible - definition of flexible by The Free Dictionary
Capable of being changed or adjusted to meet particular or varied needs: a job with flexible hours; a flexible definition of normality.
What does Flexible mean? - Definitions.net
Flexible refers to the ability or quality of easily adapting or adjusting to different conditions, changes, or situations without being negatively affected. It can also refer to something that is …
403 Synonyms & Antonyms for FLEXIBLE - Thesaurus.com
Find 403 different ways to say FLEXIBLE, along with antonyms, related words, and example sentences at Thesaurus.com.
Flexible - Definition, Meaning & Synonyms | Vocabulary.com
The word flexible can refer to bendable physical objects or to intangibles like a person's mind, which can be changed. It can even refer to work environments that can adapt schedules and …
FLEXIBLE definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Something or someone that is flexible is able to change easily and adapt to different conditions and circumstances as they occur.
Flexible Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary
FLEXIBLE meaning: 1 : capable of bending or being bent; 2 : easily changed able to change or to do different things
