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free ebook chemical engineering: Unit Operations-II Ka Gavhane, 2014-11 Introduction - Conduction - Convection - Radiation - Heat Exchange Equipments - Evaporation - Diffusion - Distillation - Gas Absorption - Liquid Liquid Extraction - Crystallisation - Drying - Appendix I Try yourself - Appendix II Thermal conductivity data - Appendix III Steam tables |
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free ebook chemical engineering: Process Analysis and Simulation in Chemical Engineering Iván Darío Gil Chaves, Javier Ricardo Guevara López, José Luis García Zapata, Alexander Leguizamón Robayo, Gerardo Rodríguez Niño, 2015-11-27 This book offers a comprehensive coverage of process simulation and flowsheeting, useful for undergraduate students of Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering as theoretical and practical support in Process Design, Process Simulation, Process Engineering, Plant Design, and Process Control courses. The main concepts related to process simulation and application tools are presented and discussed in the framework of typical problems found in engineering design. The topics presented in the chapters are organized in an inductive way, starting from the more simplistic simulations up to some complex problems. |
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free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Reaction Engineering L.K. Doraiswamy, Deniz Uner, 2013-07-15 Filling a longstanding gap for graduate courses in the field, Chemical Reaction Engineering: Beyond the Fundamentals covers basic concepts as well as complexities of chemical reaction engineering, including novel techniques for process intensification. The book is divided into three parts: Fundamentals Revisited, Building on Fundamentals, and Beyon |
free ebook chemical engineering: Applied Chemistry: A Textbook for Engineers and Technologists H.D. Gesser, 2013-11-27 This book is the result of teaching a one semester course in Applied Chemistry (Chemistry 224) to second year engineering students for over 15 years. The contents of the course evolved as the interests and needs of both the students and Engineering Faculty changed. All the students had at least one semester of Introductory Chemistry and it has been assumed in this text that the students have been exposed to Thermodynamics, Chemical Kinetics, Solution Equilibrium, and Organic Chemistry. These topics must be discussed either before starting the Applied subjects or developed as required if the students are not familiar with these prerequisites. Engineering students often ask Why is another Chemistry course required for Non-Chemical Engineers? There are many answers to this question but foremost is that the Professional Engineer must know when to consult a Chemist and be able to communicate with him. When this is not done the consequences can be a disaster due to faulty design, poor choice of materials or inadequate safety factors. Examples of blunders abound and only a few will be described in an attempt to convince the student to take the subject matter seriously. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Thermodynamics G. Astarita, 2013-11-11 If a Writer would know how to behave himself with relation to Posterity; let him consider in old Books, what he finds, that he is glad to know; and what Omissions he most laments. Jonathan Swift This book emerges from a long story of teaching. I taught chemical engineering thermodynamics for about ten years at the University of Naples in the 1960s, and I still remember the awkwardness that I felt about any textbook I chose to consider-all of them seemed to be vague at best, and the standard of logical rigor seemed immensely inferior to what I could find in books on such other of the students in my first class subjects as calculus and fluid mechanics. One (who is now Prof. F. Gioia of the University of Naples) once asked me a question which I have used here as Example 4. 2-more than 20 years have gone by, and I am still waiting for a more intelligent question from one of my students. At the time, that question compelled me to answer in a way I didn't like, namely I'll think about it, and I hope I'll have the answer by the next time we meet. I didn't have it that soon, though I did manage to have it before the end of the course. |
free ebook chemical engineering: A TEXTBOOK OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS K. V. NARAYANAN, 2013-01-11 Designed as an undergraduate-level textbook in Chemical Engineering, this student-friendly, thoroughly class-room tested book, now in its second edition, continues to provide an in-depth analysis of chemical engineering thermodynamics. The book has been so organized that it gives comprehensive coverage of basic concepts and applications of the laws of thermodynamics in the initial chapters, while the later chapters focus at length on important areas of study falling under the realm of chemical thermodynamics. The reader is thus introduced to a thorough analysis of the fundamental laws of thermodynamics as well as their applications to practical situations. This is followed by a detailed discussion on relationships among thermodynamic properties and an exhaustive treatment on the thermodynamic properties of solutions. The role of phase equilibrium thermodynamics in design, analysis, and operation of chemical separation methods is also deftly dealt with. Finally, the chemical reaction equilibria are skillfully explained. Besides numerous illustrations, the book contains over 200 worked examples, over 400 exercise problems (all with answers) and several objective-type questions, which enable students to gain an in-depth understanding of the concepts and theory discussed. The book will also be a useful text for students pursuing courses in chemical engineering-related branches such as polymer engineering, petroleum engineering, and safety and environmental engineering. New to This Edition • More Example Problems and Exercise Questions in each chapter • Updated section on Vapour–Liquid Equilibrium in Chapter 8 to highlight the significance of equations of state approach • GATE Questions up to 2012 with answers |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Reaction Engineering Octave Levenspiel, 1998-09-01 Chemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. It's goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types. Simple ideas are treated first, and are then extended to the more complex. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Uche P. Nnaji, 2019-10-10 The field of chemical engineering is undergoing a global “renaissance,” with new processes, equipment, and sources changing literally every day. It is a dynamic, important area of study and the basis for some of the most lucrative and integral fields of science. Introduction to Chemical Engineering offers a comprehensive overview of the concept, principles and applications of chemical engineering. It explains the distinct chemical engineering knowledge which gave rise to a general-purpose technology and broadest engineering field. The book serves as a conduit between college education and the real-world chemical engineering practice. It answers many questions students and young engineers often ask which include: How is what I studied in the classroom being applied in the industrial setting? What steps do I need to take to become a professional chemical engineer? What are the career diversities in chemical engineering and the engineering knowledge required? How is chemical engineering design done in real-world? What are the chemical engineering computer tools and their applications? What are the prospects, present and future challenges of chemical engineering? And so on. It also provides the information new chemical engineering hires would need to excel and cross the critical novice engineer stage of their career. It is expected that this book will enhance students understanding and performance in the field and the development of the profession worldwide. Whether a new-hire engineer or a veteran in the field, this is a must—have volume for any chemical engineer’s library. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Engineering Process Simulation Dominic Foo, 2022-09-29 Chemical Engineering Process Simulation, Second Edition guides users through chemical processes and unit operations using the main simulation software used in the industrial sector. The book helps predict the characteristics of a process using mathematical models and computer-aided process simulation tools, as well as how to model and simulate process performance before detailed process design takes place. Content coverage includes steady-state and dynamic simulation, process design, control and optimization. In addition, readers will learn about the simulation of natural gas, biochemical, wastewater treatment and batch processes. - Provides an updated and expanded new edition that contains 60-70% new content - Guides readers through chemical processes and unit operations using the primary simulation software used in the industrial sector - Covers the fundamentals of process simulation, theory and advanced applications - Includes case studies of various difficulty levels for practice and for applying developed skills - Features step-by-step guides to using UniSim Design, SuperPro Designer, Symmetry, Aspen HYSYS and Aspen Plus for process simulation novices |
free ebook chemical engineering: Computer Methods in Chemical Engineering Nayef Ghasem, 2011-08-25 While various software packages have become quite useful for performing unit operations and other kinds of processes in chemical engineering, the fundamental theory and methods of calculation must also be understood in order to effectively test the validity of these packages and verify the results. Computer Methods in Chemical Engineering presents |
free ebook chemical engineering: Introduction to Chemical Engineering S. PUSHPAVANAM, 2012-05-09 This book is an outgrowth of the author’s teaching experience of a course on Introduction to Chemical Engineering to the first-year chemical engineering students of the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. The book serves to introduce the students to the role of a chemical engineer in society. In addition to the classical industries, the role of chemical engineers in several esoteric areas such as semiconductor processing and biomedical engineering is discussed. Besides highlighting the principles and processes of chemical engineering, the book shows how chemical engineering concepts from the basic sciences and economics are used to seek solutions to engineering problems. The book is rich in examples of innovative solutions found to problems faced in chemical industry. It includes a wide spectrum of topics, selected from the industrial interactions of the author. It encourages the student to see the similarities in the concepts which govern apparently dissimilar examples. It introduces various concepts, using both physical and mathematical bases, to facilitate the understanding of difficult processes such as the scale-up process. The book contains several case studies on safety, ethics and environ-mental issues in chemical process industries. |
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free ebook chemical engineering: Principles of Chemical Engineering William Hultz Walker, Warren Kendall Lewis, William Henry McAdams, Edwin Richard Gilliland, 1937 |
free ebook chemical engineering: Computational Methods in Chemical Engineering with Maple Ralph E. White, Venkat R. Subramanian, 2010-02-06 This book presents Maple solutions to a wide range of problems relevant to chemical engineers and others. Many of these solutions use Maple’s symbolic capability to help bridge the gap between analytical and numerical solutions. The readers are strongly encouraged to refer to the references included in the book for a better understanding of the physics involved, and for the mathematical analysis. This book was written for a senior undergraduate or a first year graduate student course in chemical engineering. Most of the examples in this book were done in Maple 10. However, the codes should run in the most recent version of Maple. We strongly encourage the readers to use the classic worksheet (*. mws) option in Maple as we believe it is more user-friendly and robust. In chapter one you will find an introduction to Maple which includes simple basics as a convenience for the reader such as plotting, solving linear and nonlinear equations, Laplace transformations, matrix operations, ‘do loop,’ and ‘while loop. ’ Chapter two presents linear ordinary differential equations in section 1 to include homogeneous and nonhomogeneous ODEs, solving systems of ODEs using the matrix exponential and Laplace transform method. In section two of chapter two, nonlinear ordinary differential equations are presented and include simultaneous series reactions, solving nonlinear ODEs with Maple’s ‘dsolve’ command, stop conditions, differential algebraic equations, and steady state solutions. Chapter three addresses boundary value problems. |
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free ebook chemical engineering: A Step by Step Approach to the Modeling of Chemical Engineering Processes Liliane Maria Ferrareso Lona, 2017-12-15 This book treats modeling and simulation in a simple way, that builds on the existing knowledge and intuition of students. They will learn how to build a model and solve it using Excel. Most chemical engineering students feel a shiver down the spine when they see a set of complex mathematical equations generated from the modeling of a chemical engineering system. This is because they usually do not understand how to achieve this mathematical model, or they do not know how to solve the equations system without spending a lot of time and effort. Trying to understand how to generate a set of mathematical equations to represent a physical system (to model) and solve these equations (to simulate) is not a simple task. A model, most of the time, takes into account all phenomena studied during a Chemical Engineering course. In the same way, there is a multitude of numerical methods that can be used to solve the same set of equations generated from the modeling, and many different computational languages can be adopted to implement the numerical methods. As a consequence of this comprehensiveness and combinatorial explosion of possibilities, most books that deal with this subject are very extensive and embracing, making need for a lot of time and effort to go through this subject. It is expected that with this book the chemical engineering student and the future chemical engineer feel motivated to solve different practical problems involving chemical processes, knowing they can do that in an easy and fast way, with no need of expensive software. |
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free ebook chemical engineering: MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING S. PUSHPAVANAM, 1998-01-01 This comprehensive, well organized and easy to read book presents concepts in a unified framework to establish a similarity in the methods of solutions and analysis of such diverse systems as algebraic equations, ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. The distin-guishing feature of the book is the clear focus on analytical methods of solving equations. The text explains how the methods meant to elucidate linear problems can be extended to analyse nonlinear problems. The book also discusses in detail modern concepts like bifurcation theory and chaos.To attract engineering students to applied mathematics, the author explains the concepts in a clear, concise and straightforward manner, with the help of examples and analysis. The significance of analytical methods and concepts for the engineer/scientist interested in numerical applications is clearly brought out.Intended as a textbook for the postgraduate students in engineering, the book could also be of great help to the research students. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Electrochemical Process Engineering F. Goodridge, K. Scott, 2013-06-29 As the subtitle indicates, the overriding intention of the authors has been to provide a practical guide to the design of electrolytic plant. We wanted to show that the procedures for the design and optimization of such a plant are essentially simple and can be performed by readers comparatively new to the electrochemical field. It was important to realize that electrochemical engineering should not be confused with applied electrochemistry but had to be based on the principles of chemical engineering. For this reason, reference is often made to standard chemical engineering texts. Since this is a practical guide rather than a textbook, we have included a large number of worked examples on the principle that a good worked example is worth many paragraphs of text. In some examples we have quoted costs, e.g., of chemicals, plant or services. These costs are merely illustrative; current values will have to be obtained from manufacturers or journals. If this is not possible, approximate methods are available for updating costs to present-day values (see Refs. 1 and 3, Chapter 6). |
free ebook chemical engineering: Process Engineering and Industrial Management Jean-Pierre Dal Pont, 2013-03-04 Process Engineering, the science and art of transforming raw materials and energy into a vast array of commercial materials, was conceived at the end of the 19th Century. Its history in the role of the Process Industries has been quite honorable, and techniques and products have contributed to improve health, welfare and quality of life. Today, industrial enterprises, which are still a major source of wealth, have to deal with new challenges in a global world. They need to reconsider their strategy taking into account environmental constraints, social requirements, profit, competition, and resource depletion. “Systems thinking” is a prerequisite from process development at the lab level to good project management. New manufacturing concepts have to be considered, taking into account LCA, supply chain management, recycling, plant flexibility, continuous development, process intensification and innovation. This book combines experience from academia and industry in the field of industrialization, i.e. in all processes involved in the conversion of research into successful operations. Enterprises are facing major challenges in a world of fierce competition and globalization. Process engineering techniques provide Process Industries with the necessary tools to cope with these issues. The chapters of this book give a new approach to the management of technology, projects and manufacturing. Contents Part 1: The Company as of Today 1. The Industrial Company: its Purpose, History, Context, and its Tomorrow?, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 2. The Two Modes of Operation of the Company – Operational and Entrepreneurial, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 3. The Strategic Management of the Company: Industrial Aspects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 2: Process Development and Industrialization 4. Chemical Engineering and Process Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 5. Foundations of Process Industrialization, Jean-François Joly. 6. The Industrialization Process: Preliminary Projects, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont and Michel Royer. 7. Lifecycle Analysis and Eco-Design: Innovation Tools for Sustainable Industrial Chemistry, Sylvain Caillol. 8. Methods for Design and Evaluation of Sustainable Processes and Industrial Systems, Catherine Azzaro-Pantel. 9. Project Management Techniques: Engineering, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. Part 3: The Necessary Adaptation of the Company for the Future 10. Japanese Methods, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 11. Innovation in Chemical Engineering Industries, Oliver Potier and Mauricio Camargo. 12. The Place of Intensified Processes in the Plant of the Future, Laurent Falk. 13. Change Management, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. 14. The Plant of the Future, Jean-Pierre Dal Pont. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Engineering for Non-Chemical Engineers Jack Hipple, 2017-01-05 Outlines the concepts of chemical engineering so that non-chemical engineers can interface with and understand basic chemical engineering concepts Overviews the difference between laboratory and industrial scale practice of chemistry, consequences of mistakes, and approaches needed to scale a lab reaction process to an operating scale Covers basics of chemical reaction eningeering, mass, energy, and fluid energy balances, how economics are scaled, and the nature of various types of flow sheets and how they are developed vs. time of a project Details the basics of fluid flow and transport, how fluid flow is characterized and explains the difference between positive displacement and centrifugal pumps along with their limitations and safety aspects of these differences Reviews the importance and approaches to controlling chemical processes and the safety aspects of controlling chemical processes, Reviews the important chemical engineering design aspects of unit operations including distillation, absorption and stripping, adsorption, evaporation and crystallization, drying and solids handling, polymer manufacture, and the basics of tank and agitation system design |
free ebook chemical engineering: A Handbook of Chemical Engineering George Edward Davis, 1901 |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering Ricardo Simpson, Sudhir K. Sastry, 2016-08-27 The goal of this textbook is to provide first-year engineering students with a firm grounding in the fundamentals of chemical and bioprocess engineering. However, instead of being a general overview of the two topics, Fundamentals of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering will identify and focus on specific areas in which attaining a solid competency is desired. This strategy is the direct result of studies showing that broad-based courses at the freshman level often leave students grappling with a lot of material, which results in a low rate of retention. Specifically, strong emphasis will be placed on the topic of material balances, with the intent that students exiting a course based upon this textbook will be significantly higher on Bloom’s Taxonomy (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis and synthesis, evaluation, creation) relating to material balances. In addition, this book also provides students with a highly developed ability to analyze problems from the material balances perspective, which leaves them with important skills for the future. The textbook consists of numerous exercises and their solutions. Problems are classified by their level of difficulty. Each chapter has references and selected web pages to vividly illustrate each example. In addition, to engage students and increase their comprehension and rate of retention, many examples involve real-world situations. |
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free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Engineering Economics D. E. Garrett, 2012-02-13 least, the author wishes to thank his constantly helpful wife Maggie and his secretary Pat Weimer; the former for her patience, encouragement, and for acting as a sounding-board, and the latter who toiled endlessly, cheerfully, and most competently on the book's preparation. CONTENTS Preface / iii 1. INTRODUCTION / 1 Frequently Used Economic Studies / 2 Basic Economic Subjects / 3 Priorities / 3 Problems / 6 Appendixes / 6 References / 6 2. EQUIPMENT COST ESTIMATING / 8 Manufacturers' Quotations / 8 Estimating Charts / 10 Size Factoring Exponents / 11 Inflation Cost Indexes / 13 Installation Factor / 16 Module Factor / 18 Estimating Accuracy / 19 Estimating Example / 19 References / 21 3. PLANT COST ESTIMATES / 22 Accuracy and Costs of Estimates / 22 Cost Overruns / 25 Plant Cost Estimating Factors / 26 Equipment Installation / 28 Instrumentation / 30 v vi CONTENTS Piping / 30 Insulation / 30 Electrical / 30 Buildings / 32 Environmental Control / 32 Painting, Fire Protection, Safety Miscellaneous / 32 Yard Improvements / 32 Utilities / 32 Land / 33 Construction and Engineering Expense, Contractor's Fee, Contingency / 33 Total Multiplier / 34 Complete Plant Estimating Charts / 34 Cost per Ton of Product / 35 Capital Ratio (Turnover Ratio) / 35 Factoring Exponents / 37 Plant Modifications / 38 Other Components of Total Capital Investment / 38 Off-Site Facilities / 38 Distribution Facilities / 39 Research and Development, Engineering, Licensing / 40 Working Capital / 40 |
free ebook chemical engineering: General Chemistry for Engineers Paul DiMilla, 2013 General Chemistry for Engineers is tailored for a one-semester freshman-level college course for students pursuing engineering degrees. The book offers a balance of conciseness, rigor, and depth needed to prepare students for more advanced coursework and careers in various engineering specialties, such as civil, environmental, electrical, computer, mechanical and industrial engineering, in addition to chemical engineering. This text leads students through the breadth of a typical two-semester sequence in general chemistry. It elucidates the key concepts and skills important for entering engineering students, including problem solving, qualitative and quantitative thinking, and importance of units. Examples are drawn from problems of interest to modern engineers, including alternative energy, advanced materials, and the environment. The book is the result of the author's unique experiences teaching approximately 2,500 freshman in chemistry and upper-level students in chemical and biological engineering, in addition to leading research and development teaching in the medical device and specialty pharmaceutical industries. The author received a variety of teaching awards at Northeastern honoring his work in making an intense, fast-pace course manageable and exciting. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Engineering John Metcalfe Coulson, John Francis Richardson, 1977 |
free ebook chemical engineering: Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd Edition 2005 Edition Integrated Media and Study Tools, with Student Workbook Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, 2005-02-02 This best selling text prepares students to formulate and solve material and energy balances in chemical process systems and lays the foundation for subsequent courses in chemical engineering. The text provides a realistic, informative, and positive introduction to the practice of chemical engineering. The Integrated Media Edition update provides a stronger link between the text, media supplements, and new student workbook. |
free ebook chemical engineering: Chemical Engineering Morton Denn, 2011-09-30 Chemical engineering is the field of applied science that employs physical, chemical, and biological rate processes for the betterment of humanity. This opening sentence of Chapter 1 has been the underlying paradigm of chemical engineering. Chemical Engineering: A New Introduction is designed to enable the student to explore the activities in which a modern chemical engineer is involved by focusing on mass and energy balances in liquid-phase processes. Problems explored include the design of a feedback level controller, membrane separation, hemodialysis, optimal design of a process with chemical reaction and separation, washout in a bioreactor, kinetic and mass transfer limits in a two-phase reactor, and the use of the membrane reactor to overcome equilibrium limits on conversion. Mathematics is employed as a language at the most elementary level. Professor Morton M. Denn incorporates design meaningfully; the design and analysis problems are realistic in format and scope. Students using this text will appreciate why they need the courses that follow in the core curriculum. |
free ebook chemical engineering: 化学工程 John Metcalfe Coulson, John Francis Richardson, J. H. Harker, J. R. Backhurst, 2008 本书内容包括:固体颗粒;颗粒尺寸的减小和增大;颗粒在流体中的运动;流体通过颗粒床层与填料塔的运动;沉降;液体过滤等。 |
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Aug 16, 2011 · Because free by itself can function as an adverb in the sense "at no cost," some critics reject the phrase for …
"Free of" vs. "Free from" - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Apr 15, 2017 · So free from is used to indicate protection from something problematic, and free of (which doesn't correspond neatly …
orthography - Free stuff - "swag" or "schwag"? - English Language ...
My company gives out free promotional items with the company name on it. Is this stuff called company swag or schwag? It seems …
How to ask about one's availability? "free/available/not busy"?
Saying free or available rather than busy may be considered a more "positive" enquiry. It may also simply mean that you expect the …
On Saturday afternoon or in the Saturday afternoon?
Sep 16, 2011 · The choice of prepositions depends upon the temporal context in which you're speaking. "On ~ afternoon" implies …
grammaticality - Is the phrase "for free" correct? - English …
Aug 16, 2011 · Because free by itself can function as an adverb in the sense "at no cost," some critics reject the phrase for free. A phrase such as for nothing, at no cost, or a similar …
"Free of" vs. "Free from" - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Apr 15, 2017 · So free from is used to indicate protection from something problematic, and free of (which doesn't correspond neatly to freedom of) is used to indicate the absence of something: …
orthography - Free stuff - "swag" or "schwag"? - English Language ...
My company gives out free promotional items with the company name on it. Is this stuff called company swag or schwag? It seems that both come up as common usages—Google …
How to ask about one's availability? "free/available/not busy"?
Saying free or available rather than busy may be considered a more "positive" enquiry. It may also simply mean that you expect the person to be busy rather than free, rather than the other way …
On Saturday afternoon or in the Saturday afternoon?
Sep 16, 2011 · The choice of prepositions depends upon the temporal context in which you're speaking. "On ~ afternoon" implies that the afternoon is a single point in time; thus, that …
"At/on (the) weekend (s)" - English Language & Usage Stack …
Stack Exchange Network. Stack Exchange network consists of 183 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their …
meaning - What is free-form data entry? - English Language
If you are creating a column for free-form data entry, such as a notes column to hold data about customer interactions with your company’s customer service department, then varchar will …
word choice - What is the neutral way of telling someone to "do ...
Feb 13, 2014 · You're free to choose....and more. The choice between these depends a little bit on context. If you're trying to convey that you want them to choose, but that you don't need a …
word choice - English Language & Usage Stack Exchange
Aug 5, 2018 · Items given away free, typically for promotional purposes, to people attending an event, using a service, etc. It’s especially common in reference to, e.g., the very nice “swag …
etymology - Origin of the phrase "free, white, and twenty-one ...
May 20, 2022 · Bartlett Whiting, Modern Proverbs and Proverbial Sayings (1989) cites instances of "free, white and twenty-one" as a proverbial phrase going back to 1932, in Cecil Gregg, The …