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| formal domains of english usage in kenya: The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language David Crystal, 2003-08-25 Rarely has a book so packed with accurate and well researched factual information been so widely read and popularly acclaimed. This Second Edition of The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language has been fully revised for a new generation of language-lovers. The book is longer and includes extensive new material on world English and Internet English, in addition to completely updated statistics, further reading suggestions and other references. First Edition Hb (1995): 0-521-40179-8 First Edition Pb (1997): 0-521-59655-6 David Crystal is a leading authority on language, and author of many books, including most recently Shakespeare's Words (Penguin, 2002), Language and the Internet (Cambridge, 2001) and Language Death (Cambridge, 2000). An internationally renowned writer, journal editor, lecturer and broadcaster, he received an Order of the British Empire in 1995 for his services to the English language. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: New Language Bearings in Africa Margaret Jepkirui Muthwii, Angelina Nduku Kioko, 2004-01-01 The collection of papers in this special volume discuss issues and challenges that are pertinent in understanding present-day moves and tendencies in the use of languages in the African contexts. The volume's major asset lies in the diversity of topics, the range of languages and the African geographical areas covered. Not only do the contributors come from different nations in Africa but also many of them are established scholars who interact with and interpret the unique situations in their nations on a daily basis. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Ugandan English Christiane Meierkord, Bebwa Isingoma, Saudah Namyalo, 2016-10-20 Ugandan English is a variety that has scarcely been noticed in past research. This timely volume brings together African and European scholars in a first-ever collection of articles that offer comprehensive discussions of the historical and present-day sociolinguistics of English in Uganda and fine-grained analyses of the structural characteristics of and attitudes to this hitherto largely unknown variety. Using rich archive, corpus, and interview data as well as ethnographic and observational methods, the various contributions paint a comprehensive picture of Ugandan English as distinct from other East African Englishes and as characterized by nativisation despite a still strong exonormative orientation, reflecting the modern nation’s status as a post-protectorate under the influence of globalisation. Apart from advancing our understanding of Ugandan English itself, the individual chapters contribute to theoretical debates on language contact and variation as regards the influence of substrate languages, founder populations, language ideologies and socio-economic factors. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Simplicity and Typological Effects in the Emergence of New Englishes Thomas Brunner, 2017-07-24 The book is based on a detailed corpus-based investigation of the structure of noun phrases (NPs) in Singaporean English and Kenyan English with the aim of detecting, on the one hand, typological effects from substrate languages and, on the other hand, simplification patterns known to play a role in such varieties. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: English Around the World Edgar W. Schneider, 2010-12-20 The global spread of English has had widespread linguistic, social and cultural implications, affecting the lives of millions of people around the world. This textbook provides a lively and accessible introduction to world Englishes, describing varieties used in places as broad-ranging as America, Jamaica, Australia, Africa and Asia, and setting them within their historical and social contexts. Students are guided through the material with chapter previews and summaries, maps, timelines, lists of key terms, discussion questions and exercises, and a comprehensive glossary, helping them to understand, analyse and compare different varieties of English, and apply descriptive terminology. The book is accompanied by a useful web site, containing textual and audio examples of the varieties introduced in the text, and links to related sources of interest. Providing essential knowledge and skills for those embarking on the study of world Englishes, this is set to become the leading introduction to the subject. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Indigenous Languages and Indigenous Knowledge in East Africa Esther Mukewa Lisanza, Catherine Mwihaki Ndungo, 2024-09-11 In Indigenous Languages and Indigenous Knowledge in East Africa: Swahili, Kikuyu, and Kamba, Esther Mukewa Lisanza and Catherine Mwihaki Ndungo argue that African languages and indigenous knowledge forms are the tools which have made African communities such as Swahili, Kikuyu, and Kamba thrive for generations. Using interviews and research data, this book investigates the following questions: what is the nature and role of multilingualism in East Africa?; what role do herbs and indigenous foods play in Swahili, Kamba, and Kikuyu communities?; how are the communities governed indigenously?; and what is the connection between indigenous languages and knowledge? The findings presented within this study have demonstrated that multilingualism is a great resource in East Africa as many have prided themselves on their multilingual abilities within their education, careers, and cultures. Although these languages have been identified as carriers of indigenous governance, judiciary, and herbal medicine that have survived for generations, Lisanza and Ndungo advocate for policies and education systems to recenter these indigenous languages and their accompanying indigenous knowledge forms and practices once the older generations have passed on. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: English in Business and Commerce Tamah Sherman, Jiri Nekvapil, 2018-05-07 This volume fills an important gap in exploring English in the domains of business and commerce through the prism of sociolinguistics and the sociology of language, as opposed to analyzing business genres or taking a linguodidactic approach. It expands the regional coverage of English in Europe, with several studies based in Central Europe, and also considers contexts which interact with Europe even though they are physically outside of it (Asia, Africa). It addresses English as just one of several languages at play in the ecology of the countries. It focuses not only on the position of languages as declared in documents of various organizations, that is, language policy, but also everyday linguistic practices as observed in business contexts, that is, interactions. The studies are divided into three thematic areas: ideologies and discourses on English in the business sphere, the management of English in business and organizational contexts, and English and other languages on local and international labor markets. It will be of interest to readers concerned with multilingualism in the economic sphere and the workplace and the interplay between macro and micro levels during the management of communication in organizations. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Sheng Chege J. Githiora, 2018 The city of Nairobi is a rich context for the study of sociolinguistic phenomena. The coexistence of speakers of many different languages, further differentiated by socio-economic status, age and ethnicity provide conditions for the development of a mixed code such as Sheng, an urban variety of Kenyan Swahili which has morphed from a youth language into a vernacular of wider use. Sheng is a unique phenomenon in the study of linguistic change and innovation in an African context, a reflection of the ethnolinguistic diversity of Kenya, and language asymmetry created by socio-economic disparities. It also provides a window into understanding the processes of urban multilingualism, within the specific space structuring of Nairobi city. This book is a detailed account of the rise and development of Sheng, its linguistic structure, social functions, and possible future directions. The author's analysis of its presence in newspapers, TV, radio and online, makes it clear that Sheng functions as a particularly useful lens through which to explore contemporary Kenya. Chege Githiora is Professor of Linguistics, African Languages and Literatures at the University of London's School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), and is author of Afro-Mexicans: Discourse of race and identity in the African Diaspora. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: A Handbook on Legal Languages and the Quest for Linguistic Equality in South Africa and Beyond Zakeera Docrat, Russell H Kaschula , Monwabisi K Ralarala, 2021-06-02 A Handbook on Legal Languages and the Quest for Linguistic Equality in South Africa and Beyond is an interdisciplinary publication located in the discipline of forensic linguistics/ language and law. This handbook includes varying comparative African and global case studies on the use of language(s) in courtroom discourse and higher education institutions: Kenya; Morocco; Nigeria; Australia; Belgium Canada and India. These African and global case studies form the backdrop for the critique of the monolingual English language of record policy for South African courts, the core of this handbook, discussed in relation to case law and the beleaguered legal interpretation profession. This handbook argues that linguistic transformation and decolonisation of South Africa’s legal and higher education systems needs to be undertaken where legal practitioners are linguistically equipped to litigate in a bilingual/ multilingual courtroom that enables access to justice for the majority of African language speaking litigants, enforcing their constitutional language rights. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Introducing Global Englishes Nicola Galloway, Heath Rose, 2015-01-09 Introducing Global Englishes provides comprehensive coverage of relevant research in the fields of World Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, and English as an International Language. The book introduces students to the current sociolinguistic uses of the English language, using a range of engaging and accessible examples from newspapers (Observer, Independent, Wall Street Journal), advertisements, and television shows. The book: Explains key concepts connected to the historical and contemporary spread of English. Explores the social, economic, educational, and political implications of English’s rise as a world language. Includes comprehensive classroom-based activities, case studies, research tasks, assessment prompts, and extensive online resources. Introducing Global Englishes is essential reading for students coming to this subject for the first time. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Language and National Identity in Africa Andrew Simpson, 2008-02-07 This book focuses on language, culture, and identity in nineteen countries in Africa. Leading specialists, mainly from Africa, describe national linguistic and political histories, assess the status of majority and minority languages, and consider the role of language in ethnic conflict. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Genre in World Englishes Susanne Mühleisen, 2022-08-15 World Englishes and English in postcolonial contexts have been curiously neglected in an otherwise abundant research literature on text types and genres in English. This volume looks at the adaptation, transformation and emergence of genres in the particular cultural context of the Anglophone Caribbean. A comprehensive framework for the investigation of text production in postcolonial and global English communities is followed by empirically based case studies on specific text formats such as recipes, death notices and obituaries, letters to the editor, newspaper advice columns, radio phone-in programmes, online forums and the music genre calypso. Influences from oral versus literate culture as well as status and function of English versus Creole are considered by highlighting written, spoken and digital genres. All chapters present surveys from a historical and cross-cultural perspective before exploring specific linguistic and cultural features in the Caribbean texts. This volume will be highly relevant for researchers in World Englishes and Caribbean studies, postcolonial pragmatics, genre and media studies as well as linguistic anthropology. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: World Englishes Gunnel Melchers, Philip Shaw, Peter Sundkvist, 2019-06-05 The third edition of World Englishes provides an engaging overview of the global variations in vocabulary, grammar, phonology and pragmatics of English as it is used worldwide. This book introduces the principles of linguistic variation and provides coverage on the roots of English, the spread of English, variations of English as a second language and trends for the future. Thoroughly updated throughout in line with recent research, this third edition now also includes: 43 audio examples of speakers of native (17) and of non-native (26) English reflecting the global variety of the language, available to download from www.routledge.com/9781138487659; descriptions of selected twenty-first century developing varieties including Chinese English, Russian English and Vietnamese English; greater linguistic detail on second-language English in many areas; improved and updated descriptions of first-language varieties; a new framework for describing lexical variation; full discussion throughout of English in social media. Offering a thorough and detailed descriptive account of all the main varieties of English across the globe, World Englishes provides a balanced discussion of political issues and the sociolinguistic background to variation in English spoken and written, face-to-face, on paper and online, in the twenty-first century. This book is essential reading for students approaching this topic for the first time. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Globalising Sociolinguistics Dick Smakman, Patrick Heinrich, 2015-05-15 This book challenges the predominance of mainstream sociolinguistic theories by focusing on lesser known sociolinguistic systems, from regions of Africa, Asia, the Caribbean, South America, the European Mediterranean, and Slavic regions as well as specific speech communities such as those speaking Nivkh, Jamaican Creole, North Saami, and Central Yup’ik. In nineteen chapters, the specialist authors look at key sociolinguistic aspects of each region or speech community, such as gender, politeness strategies, speech patterns and the effects of social hierarchy on language, concentrating on the differences from mainstream models. The volume, introduced by Miriam Meyerhoff, has been written by the leading expert of each specific region or community and includes contributions by Rajend Mesthrie, Marc Greenberg and Daming Xu. This publication draws together connections across regions/communities and considers how mainstream sociolinguistics is incomplete or lacking. It reveals how lesser-known cultures can play an important role in the building of theory in sociolinguistics. Globalising Sociolinguistics is essential reading for any researcher in sociolinguistics and language variation and will be a key reference for advanced sociolinguistics courses. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) 1992: Language, Communication, and Social Meaning James E. Alatis, 1993-10-01 This volume, based on the forty-third annual Georgetown University Round Table, covers a variety of topics ranging from the relationship of language and philosophy; through language policy; to discourse analysis. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Africa, South and Southeast Asia Rajend Mesthrie, 2008-12-10 This volume gives a detailed overview of the varieties of English spoken in Africa, South and Southeast Asia, including L1 varieties (such as White South African or St Helena English), L2 varieties (such as Cameroon, Pakistani, or Malaysian English) as well as pidgins and creoles (such as Nigerian or Ghanaian Pidgin). The chapters, written by widely acclaimed specialists, provide concise and comprehensive information on the phonological, morphological and syntactic characteristics of each variety discussed. The articles are followed by exercises and study questions. The exercises are geared towards students and can be used for classroom assignments as well as for self study in preparation for exams. Instructors can use the exercises, sound samples and interactive maps to enhance their classroom presentations and to highlight important language features. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teaching Graham Hall, 2016-05-12 The Routledge Handbook of English Language Teaching is the definitive reference volume for postgraduate and advanced undergraduate students of Applied Linguistics, ELT/TESOL, and Language Teacher Education, and for ELT professionals engaged in in-service teacher development and/or undertaking academic study. Progressing from ‘broader’ contextual issues to a ‘narrower’ focus on classrooms and classroom discourse, the volume’s inter-related themes focus on: ELT in the world: contexts and goals planning and organising ELT: curriculum, resources and settings methods and methodology: perspectives and practices second language learning and learners teaching language: knowledge, skills and pedagogy understanding the language classroom. The Handbook’s 39 chapters are written by leading figures in ELT from around the world. Mindful of the diverse pedagogical, institutional and social contexts for ELT, they convincingly present the key issues, areas of debate and dispute, and likely future developments in ELT from an applied linguistics perspective. Throughout the volume, readers are encouraged to develop their own thinking and practice in contextually appropriate ways, assisted by discussion questions and suggestions for further reading that accompany every chapter. Advisory board: Guy Cook, Diane Larsen-Freeman, Amy Tsui, and Steve Walsh |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Language in Contemporary African Cultures and Societies Timothy T. Ajani, 2018-12-03 Language in Contemporary African Cultures and Societies examines the central role that African languages play in Africa's contemporary societies. This book focuses on Africa and the diaspora where African languages and literatures continue to spread. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Multilingualism and Education in Africa Ruth W. Ndung’u, Martin C. Njoroge, Daniel O. Orwenjo, 2014-10-16 This book is a must-read for every language teaching professional and researcher working in a multilingual context. Multilingualism and Education in Africa: The State of the State of the Art is an up-to-date exploration and wide-ranging review of the symbiotic relationship between multilingualism and education in Africa. The African continent is rich in languages. Most of her inhabitants are multilingual and many of the nations have embraced multilingual education. This book examines multilingualism in education from three broad perspectives: multilingualism and language in education policy in Africa; multilingualism as an educational resource in Africa; and attitudes and challenges of multilingualism and education in Africa. The book’s nineteen chapters discuss these three perspectives from East, West, Central and South Africa. All the contributors are leading authorities in multilingualism and education. The chapters combine a wide range of viewpoints based on theoretical, empirical and personal experiences. The reader is left with a deeper understanding of the unique features of multilingualism and education in Africa that have seldom been addressed by those who experience them first-hand. The book demonstrates successful practices in multilingualism and education; showing how African nations have determined what works for them without ignoring challenges such as policies on paper, attitudes towards African languages and limited resources. The benefits of multilingual education override the challenges. The book’s extensive coverage makes it an important resource for scholars and policy makers in the field of multilingualism and education. Overall, this book represents an important contribution to an important subject in education globally. The editors have provided an introductory overview to the book and commentaries on the three sections. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: The Palgrave Handbook of Language Policies in Africa Esther Mukewa Lisanza, Leonard Muaka, 2024-07-08 This handbook explores language policies and their impacts in Africa, examining the different language policies in each country from pre-colonial to post-colonial times. Most African countries are multilingual, apart from a handful which are said to be quasi-monolingual. The authors in this handbook investigate language policy in education, media, legal courts, government documents and other public domains, and show how these policies shape learning and delivery of services to the citizens. The volume also pays special attention to the roles assigned to minority languages in Africa, most of which are endangered. The contributions also investigate how these language policies are influenced by the history of colonialism and language attitudes emanating from colonial rule. This handbook will be of interest to a diverse audience of readers, including those interested in African languages, language planning and policy, and African history and education. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Nominal Pluralization and Countability in African Varieties of English Susanne Mohr, 2021-10-28 This book is the first comprehensive analysis of nominal plural marking, its morphosyntax and semantics, across different African varieties of English. Mohr explores the rich diversity in the varieties and how different conceptualizations of the number category are realized across different cultures. The investigation of unstandardized noun plurals in Kenyan, Tanzanian, Ghanaian and Nigerian Englishes is based on a mixed methods design drawing on corpus linguistics, acceptability questionnaires and psycholinguistic experiments. In this vein, the book not only contributes to the description of each of these four varieties, but also sheds light on standardization processes and language change in New Englishes. Importantly, it is a plea for the triangulation of data and mixed methods approaches in World Englishes research, as the combination of these methods grants insight into unforeseen areas of language structures and use. This volume is a useful reference work for students and researchers in World Englishes, varieties of English and African Studies, as well as those interested in linguistic anthropology. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Postcolonial English Edgar W. Schneider, 2007-05-17 The global spread of English has resulted in the emergence of a diverse range of postcolonial varieties around the world. Postcolonial English provides a clear and original account of the evolution of these varieties, exploring the historical, social and ecological factors that have shaped all levels of their structure. It argues that while these Englishes have developed new and unique properties which differ greatly from one location to another, their spread and diversification can in fact be explained by a single underlying process, which builds upon the constant relationships and communication needs of the colonizers, the colonized, and other parties. Outlining the stages and characteristics of this process, it applies them in detail to English in sixteen different countries across all continents as well as, in a separate chapter, to a history of American English. Of key interest to sociolinguists, dialectologists, historical linguists and syntacticians alike, this book provides a fascinating new picture of the growth and evolution of English around the globe. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Assessing Internet development in Kenya Kenya ICT Action Network, UNESCO, 2020-10-27 |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Linguistics: An Introduction William B. McGregor, 2015-04-09 This is the new edition of Linguistics: An Introduction. It is a bestselling introductory textbook for all students of linguistics and language studies. This reworked edition features: -new chapters on sign languages, writing, and text and discourse -coverage of writing in electronic media -revised and updated chapters on languages of the world and psycholinguistics Firmly based around taught courses and catering to student needs, it addresses all the topics that a student will need in their study of language. With key terms, further reading, questions at the end of each chapter, exercises and key paragraphs in stand-out boxes, this is a firmly pedagogic text that takes difficult concepts and explains them in an easy to understand way. It features examples taken from a range of languages across the world. Global in its scope and comprehensive in its coverage, this is the textbook of choice for linguistics students. The book comes with a large Companion Website, also extensively revised and expanded. For lecturers and instructors, a comprehensive Answer Book is also available to go along with the questions throughout the chapters. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: World Englishes Ee Ling Low, Anne Pakir, 2017-10-31 In this book, leading scholars in the field of World Englishes (WE) offer fresh perspectives in re-thinking issues on the use of English as a global language in an interconnected world. Established as a legitimate field of study, WE offers a conceptual framework which has influenced scholarship in many related disciplines: contact linguistics, postcolonial Englishes, English as a lingua franca, English as an international language, and applied linguistics. This seminal volume will have an excellent balance between theoretical and empirical works focusing on scholarship that has arisen in relation to the Kachruvian Three Concentric Circles model. This book covers topics such as state-of-the-art review of WE, WE and contact linguistics, post-colonial Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, English as an International Language, WE and applied linguistics, language measurement and testing in WE, language policy and management, language education and dynamic ecologies, language typology, WE as a new canon, WE and corpus linguistics, WE and multimodalities, and makes predictions about the future of WE. It contains a comprehensive and up-to-date bibliography of major works published in the field. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education Colin Baker, Sylvia Prys Jones, 1998 This encyclopedia is divided into three sections: individual bilingualism; bilingualism in society and bilingual education. It includes many pictures, graphs, maps and diagrams. The book concludes with a comprehensive bibliography on bilingualism. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: African Languages and Literatures in the 21st Century Esther Mukewa Lisanza, Leonard Muaka, 2019-08-02 This edited book examines the crucial role still played by African languages in pedagogy and literatures in the 21st century, generating insights into how they effectively serve cultural needs across the African continent and beyond. Boldly positioning African languages as key resources in the 21st century, chapters focus on themes such as language revolt by marginalized groups at grassroots level, the experience of American students learning African languages, female empowerment through the use of African languages in music, film and literary works, and immigration issues. The contributions are written by scholars of language, literature, education and linguistics, and the book will be of interest to students and scholars in these and related areas. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: English Around the World Jenny Cheshire, 1991-04-26 The social development of English as a world language emerges from a comprehensive account of our current knowledge of it as well as the gaps in understanding which future research can remedy. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: The Power of Babel Ali A. Mazrui, Alamin M. Mazrui, Alamin Mazrui, 1998-08-03 Linguists estimate that there are currently nearly 2,000 languages in Africa, a staggering figure that is belied by the relatively few national languages. While African national politics, economics, and law are all conducted primarily in the colonial languages, the cultural life of the majority of citizens is conducted in a bewildering Babel of local and regional dialects, making language itself the center of debates over multiculturalism, gender studies, and social theory. In The Power of Babel, the noted Africanist scholar Ali Mazrui and linguist Alamin Mazrui explore this vast territory of African language. The Power of Babel is one of the first comprehensive studies of the complex linguistic constellations of Africa. It draws on Ali Mazrui's earlier work in its examination of the triple heritage of African culture, in which indigenous, Islamic, and Western traditions compete for influence. In bringing the idea of the triple heritage to language, the Mazruis unravel issues of power, culture, and modernity as they are embedded in African linguistic life. The first section of the book takes a global perspective, exploring such issues as the Eurocentrism of much linguistic scholarship on Africa; part two takes an African perspective on a variety of issues from the linguistically disadvantaged position of women in Africa to the relation of language policy and democratic development; the third section presents a set of regional studies, centering on the Swahili language's exemplification of the triple heritage.The Power of Babel unites empirical information with theories of nationalism and pluralism—among others—to offer the richest contextual account of African languages to date. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Language and Politics in Africa John Obiero Ogone, Daniel Ochieng Orwenjo, 2020-05-15 Language and Politics in Africa is a fine collection of both empirically and theoretically based articles from across the African continent and beyond, but all focusing on the twin issues of Language and Politics in post colonial African countries. The authors offer critical perspectives on contemporary theoretical, empirical and policy issues related to language and how such issues manifest themselves at the inevitable interface with politics in a number of African countries. Coming at a time when most African countries are still grappling with language policy and planning issues while others are increasingly having to contend with the political outcomes of linguistically and ethnically heterogeneous nation-states, the present volume is a must read for scholars and students who are interested on the twin issues of language and politics since it represents one of the first attempts at documenting how language and politics affect each other in a number of African countries. The volume is divided into two sections dealing with the politics of language and the language of politics in African countries. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Sociolinguistics Around the World Martin J Ball, 2009-12-16 Offers a survey of research trends in sociolinguistics around the world. This work focuses on traditional variationist sociolinguistics and on the areas of bi- and multilingualism together with diglossia and code-switching, language and culture, language and power and language planning. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics , 1993 |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics (GURT) 1989: Language Teaching, Testing, and Technology James E. Alatis, 1989-10 Welcoming RemarksJames E. Alatis On behalf of the Center for Applied LinguisticsCharles A. Ferguson On behalf of the Georgetown University BicentennialCharles L. Currie, S.J. Presentation of Bicentennial Medals to Henry and Renée KahaneJames E. Alatis The last forty years: Real progress or not: Sir John Lyons, LittD., F.B.A. Language teaching The integration of language and content instruction for language minority and language majority studentsG. Richard Tucker and JoAnn Crandall Practice makes less imperfect: Users' needs and their influence on machine translation developmentVeronica Lawson Acquisition vs. learning in reading pronunciation by adult EFL studentsRobert Lado Discourse and text: A narrative view of the foreign language lessonClaire J. Kramsch Language teaching and theories of languageCharles A. Ferguson Cohesion and coherence in the presentation of machine translation productsMuriel Vasconcellos Second language acquisition: do we really want a unified theory?Richard Lutz Less commonly taught languages: The current situationKarin C. Ryding Towards a rationale for language teaching technologyPeter Strevens ESL program evaluation: Realities and perspectivesAli Hajjaj and Balkees Al-Najjar Discourse frames and the cycle of instructionFrederick Bosco and Anna De Meo Teaching language and culture: Old problems, new approachesRoss Steele The role of language in the immigrant's lifeHenry Kahane New trends in foreign language teaching: Teaching English in the Italian medical school curriculumMaria Ibba Lexical search strategies in L2: A developmental analysisIrene Thompson Interaction and communication in the language class in an age of technologyWilga M. Rivers Language Testing Technological, methodological, and assessment challenges: Can the foreign language teacher survive? Ray T. Clifford Multipurpose language tests: Is a conceptual and operational synthesis possible?John L. D. Clark Testing English as a world language: Issues in assessing nonnative proficiencyPeter H. Lowenberg Oral proficiency in the less commonly taught languages: What do we know about it?Richard T. Thompson Language proficiency testing with limited English-proficient studentsJ. Michael O'Malley 'Passages': Life, the universe and language proficiency assessmentThea C. Bruhn Language testing in the secondary schools: Past experience and new directionsRebecca M. Valette Who is in charge in the learner-curriculum-testing connection? Heidi Byrnes Language technology Assessment, articulation, accountability: New roles for the language labSue K. Otto The synergism of technology and theory in classroom second language acquisition researchNina Garrett Semantic subclasses of temporal nounsMichael Zarechnak From wire recorder to satellite dish: The impact of technology on language teachingProtase E. Woodford Challenging teachers and harnessing technologyJune K. Phillips Building on the past: New directions in CAI/ILFrank Otto Language learning, cultural understanding, and the computer Judith G. Frommer New developments in knowledge-based machine translationSergei Nirenberg Culture in the language class: Videos to bridge the gapRicardo M. Paiva Using unification grammars for analysis and synthesisMargaret King Testing and technology in Germany revisited: What is left? What can be hoped for?Reinhold Freudenstein New directions of machine translationMakato Nagao Machine translation: Achievements, problems, promiseWinfred P. Lehmann Language teaching technology: A low-tech viewStephen Krashen Appendix: Three historical notesG. Richard Tucker and Michael Zarechnak |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Exoticism in English Tag Questions Blasius Achiri-Taboh, 2020-10-15 For the last 400 years, since the birth of the Stuart Dynasty in England with James VI in the early 17th century, when the contraction of negative forms of the English sentence began in earnest, (canonical) tag questions have been a great fascination to many users of English. Within the last sixty years, beginning with the birth of the generative paradigm, tag questions have equally been of particular interest to many scholars of linguistics from a variety of perspectives, especially those concerned with the syntax-semantics and socio-pragmatics of the English sentence. With the spread of English to other countries and the emergence of new Englishes in the post-colonial context of the non-native varieties spoken in former British colonies, it is particularly interesting to see how and why tag questions have evolved over time in daily usage in both form and function in different English speech communities around the world. The essays gathered here focus on this evolutionary trend of English tag questions, with special attention on the exoticisms that characterize current usage. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: International Handbook of English Language Teaching Jim Cummins, Chris Davison, 2007-12-31 This two-volume handbook provides a comprehensive examination of policy, practice, research, and theory related to English language teaching (ELT) in international contexts. Nearly 70 chapters highlight the research foundation for the best practices, frameworks for policy decisions, and areas of consensus and controversy in the teaching and development of English as a second and/or additional language for kindergarten through to adult speakers of languages other than English. In doing so it problematizes traditional dichotomies and challenges the very terms that provide the traditional foundations of the field. A wide range of terms has been used to refer to the key players involved in the teaching and learning of the English language and to the enterprise of English language teaching as a whole. At various times and in different contexts, the following labels have been used in countries where English is the dominant language to describe programs, learners, or teachers of Enghsh: English as a second language (ESL), English as an additional language (EAL), limited English proficient (LEP), and English language learners (ELL). In contexts where EngUsh is not the dominant language, the following terms have been used: English as a foreign language (EFL), English as an international language (EIL), and English as a lingua franca (ELF). |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Status Change of Languages Ulrich Ammon, Marlis Hellinger, 2013-03-12 No detailed description available for Status Change of Languages. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: 2024-25 NTA UGC-NET/JRF English Solved Papers YCT Expert Team , 2024-25 NTA UGC-NET/JRF English Solved Papers |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Multilingual Development Peter Siemund, 2023-01-05 Explores the multilingual upbringing and development of individuals in their respective societies, focusing on English as a global language. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: Papers on Language and Culture: an African Perspective Mary Nyambura Muchiri, 2009-05-19 Most of the papers reproduced here have either been presented at a national or international conference, and some have been published elsewhere. I have obtained permission to republish because I think it is important to have them all together. The idea came to me when I was asked, during an interview, why I wrote on such different topics as part of my scholarship. The question was based on the different publications in which the person asking had found them. I had to explain that they are all on language and culture, two areas that are closely interrelated. It occurred to me that having all the papers published in one volume would help show how they relate to one another, and thereby provide a more meaningful dialogue on the general topic. I therefore hope that although each paper stands alone, use of cross-referencing will provide a cumulative effect that is impossible when the papers are read as separate publications. The last chapter is not a paper in the traditional sense, in that it is just a list of words. However, it adds to the readers understanding of the Kikuyu language. The semantic domains are a people groups way of understanding, categorizing and labeling the world around them. I hope it will be especially important as a source for future scholars who will want to analyze the culture and thought processes of their ancestors. |
| formal domains of english usage in kenya: NTA/UGC-NET/JRF English YCT Expert Team , NTA/UGC-NET/JRF English Chapter-wise Solved Papers with Notes |
FORMAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FORMAL is belonging to or constituting the form or essence of a thing. How to use formal in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Formal.
FORMAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
FORMAL definition: 1. public or official: 2. in appearance or by name only: 3. Formal language, clothes, and…. Learn more.
Formal - definition of formal by The Free Dictionary
formal - (of spoken and written language) adhering to traditional standards of correctness and without casual, contracted, and colloquial forms; "the paper was written in formal English"
formal adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and ...
Definition of formal adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.
What does Formal mean? - Definitions.net
What does Formal mean? This dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word Formal. Jenny took Sam to her Year 12 formal. …
FORMAL Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com
Formal definition: being in accordance with the usual requirements, customs, etc.; conventional.. See examples of FORMAL used in a sentence.
formal - WordReference.com Dictionary of English
Clothing designed for wear or use at occasions or events marked by elaborate ceremony or prescribed social observance: The formal attire included tuxedos and full-length gowns. …
FORMAL definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary
Formal speech or behaviour is very correct and serious rather than relaxed and friendly, and is used especially in official situations.
FORMAL Synonyms: 221 Similar and Opposite Words | Merriam ...
Synonyms for FORMAL: ceremonial, ceremonious, conventional, official, regular, orthodox, proper, routine; Antonyms of FORMAL: informal, casual, unconventional, irregular, …
FORMAL | definition in the Cambridge Learner’s Dictionary
FORMAL meaning: 1. used about clothes, language, and behaviour that are serious and not friendly or relaxed: 2…. Learn more.
FORMAL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
The meaning of FORMAL is belonging to or constituting the form or essence of a thing. How to use formal in a sentence. Synonym Discussion of Formal.
FORMAL | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
FORMAL definition: 1. public or official: 2. in appearance or by name only: 3. Formal language, clothes, and…. Learn …
Formal - definition of formal by The Free Dictionary
formal - (of spoken and written language) adhering to traditional standards of correctness and without casual, contracted, and colloquial …
formal adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and ...
Definition of formal adjective in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, …
What does Formal mean? - Definitions.net
What does Formal mean? This dictionary definitions page includes all the possible meanings, example usage and translations of the word Formal. …
