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| finland's war of choice: Finland's War of Choice Henrik O. Lunde, 2011-02-22 A selection of the Military Book Club: “A solid operational analysis” from “an established scholar of the Scandinavian theater” (Publishers Weekly). This book describes the odd coalition between Germany and Finland in World War II and their joint military operations from 1941 to 1945. In stark contrast to the numerous books on the shorter and less bloody Winter War, which represented a gallant fight of a democratic “David” against a totalitarian “Goliath” and caught the imagination of the world, the story of Finland fighting alongside a Goliath of its own has not brought pride to that nation and was a period many Finns would rather forget. A prologue brings the reader up to speed by briefly examining the difficult history of Finland, from its separation from the Soviet Union in 1917 to its isolation after being bludgeoned in 1939–40. It then examines both Finnish and German motives for forming a coalition against the USSR, and how—as logical as a common enemy would seem—the lack of true planning and preparation would doom the alliance. In this book, Henrik Lunde, a former US Special Operations colonel and author of Hitler’s Pre-emptive War: The Battle for Norway, 1940, once again fills a profound gap in our understanding of World War II. |
| finland's war of choice: A Frozen Hell William R. Trotter, 2013-06-13 In 1939, tiny Finland waged war-the kind of war that spawns legends-against the mighty Soviet Union, and yet their epic struggle has been largely ignored. Guerrillas on skis, heroic single-handed attacks on tanks, unfathomable endurance, and the charismatic leadership of one of this century's true military geniuses-these are the elements of both the Finnish victory and a gripping tale of war. |
| finland's war of choice: Finnish Military Effectiveness in the Winter War, 1939-1940 Pasi Tuunainen, 2016-06-25 This book analyzes the multi-faceted phenomenon of Finnish military effectiveness in the Winter War (1939–40). Drawing on a wide array of primary and secondary sources, Pasi Tuunainen shows how by focusing on their own strengths and pitting these against the weaknesses of their adversary, the Finns were able to inflict heavy casualties on the Red Army whilst minimizing their own losses. The Finns were able to use their resources for effective operational purposes, and perform almost to their full potential. The Finnish small-unit tactics utilized the terrain and Arctic conditions for which they had prepared themselves, as well as forming cohesive units of well-motivated and qualitatively better professional leaders and citizen soldiers who could innovate and adapt. The Finnish Army had highly effective logistics, support and supply systems that kept the troops fighting. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland at War Vesa Nenye, Peter Munter, Toni Wirtanen, Chris Birks, 2015-09-20 The story of the 'Winter War' between Finland and Soviet Russia is a dramatic David versus Goliath encounter. When close to half a million Soviet troops poured into Finland in 1939 it was expected that Finnish defences would collapse in a matter of weeks. But they held firm. The Finns not only survived the initial attacks but succeeded in inflicting devastating casualties before superior Russian numbers eventually forced a peace settlement. This is a rigorously detailed and utterly compelling guide to Finland's vital, but almost forgotten role in the cataclysmic World War II. It reveals the untold story of iron determination, unparalleled skill and utter mastery of winter warfare that characterised Finland's fight for survival on the hellish Eastern Front. Now publishing in paperback, Finland at War: The Winter War 1939–40 is the premiere English-language history of the fighting performance of the Finns, drawing on first-hand accounts and rare photographs to explain just how they were able to perform military feats that nearly defy belief. |
| finland's war of choice: Winter War Kurt Belcher, 2019-09-30 Winter War is about the 100 day war of Finland against the invading Soviet Union army at the dawn of World War II. Sniper Tero Toivanent answers the call from his homeland, Finland, when it's attacked by the USSR, which seeks a buffer zone against Nazi Germany. Although the Soviets anticipated a quick victory against the small Finnish army made up of largely citizen soldiers, the Finns used the advantage of their winter to hold off the Soviets for an amazing four months. In this fictionalized account, but based on real situations, Tero and his allies, Niklas and Manu, are deployed to southern Finland to stop the Russian division attacking over the frozen Lake Hirvasjärvi. Seeing plenty of death and destruction and the hopelessness a Finnish winter can bring, the three get a taste of the horrors of war. Will it be enough to freeze even their hearts, accustomed to the deepest cold? Collects complete comic book series issues 1-4. The stark black and white art is a perfect pairing for the story. - First Comic News War is not glorious, it is not honorable; it is bloody and violent and terrifying...a tremendous job of portraying that. - Cosmic Book News One of the better books I've read that really helps humanize war and soldiers. - Comixverse A Caliber Comics release. |
| finland's war of choice: The Diplomacy of the Winter War Max Jakobson, 1961 |
| finland's war of choice: The Winter War Eloise Engle, Lauri Paananen, 2014-02-01 Authoritative account of Finland's brave defense against the Soviet Union in World War II. • Focuses on the human side of one of World War II's toughest campaigns, fought in the frozen expanses of Finland • The Finns held out for 105 days against the Soviet juggernaut • Contains graphic descriptions of combat |
| finland's war of choice: Finland's Holocaust S. Muir, H. Worthen, 2013-06-13 Finland's Holocaust considers antisemitism and the figure of the Holocaust in today's Finland. Taking up a range of issues - from cultural history, folklore, and sports, to the interpretation of military and national history - this collection examines how the writing of history has engaged and evaded the figure of the Holocaust. |
| finland's war of choice: Finnish Lessons Pasi Sahlberg, 2014 It is now time to break down the ideology of exceptionalism in the United States and other Anglo-American nations if we are to develop reforms that will truly inspire our teachers to improve learning for all our studentsespecially those who struggle the most. In that essential quest, Pasi Sahlberg is undoubtedly one of the very best teachers of all. From the Foreword by Andy Hargreaves, Lynch School of Education, Boston College Finnish Lessons is a first-hand, comprehensive account of how Finland built a world-class education system during the past three decades. The author traces the evolution of education policies in Finland and highlights how they differ from the United States and other industrialized countries. He shows how rather than relying on competition, choice, and external testing of students, education reforms in Finland focus on professionalizing teachers work, developing instructional leadership in schools, and enhancing trust in teachers and schools. This book details the complexity of educational change and encourages educators and policymakers to develop effective solutions for their own districts and schools. |
| finland's war of choice: The Winter War Robert Edwards, 2009 Edwards recounts events, both shameful and heroic, with insight, conviction and considerable wit.--Publishers Weekly |
| finland's war of choice: The Winter War Philip Teir, 2015-07-24 On the surface, the Paul family are living the liberal, middle-class Scandinavian dream. Max Paul is a renowned sociologist and his wife Katriina has a well-paid job in the public sector. They live in an airy apartment in the centre of Helsinki. But look closer and the cracks start to show. As he approaches his sixtieth birthday, the certainties of Max's life begin to dissolve. He hasn't produced any work of note for decades. His wife no longer loves him. His grown-up daughters — one in London, one in Helsinki — have problems of their own. So when a former student turned journalist shows up and offers him a seductive lifeline, Max starts down a dangerous path from which he may never find a way back. Funny, sharp, and brilliantly truthful, Teir's debut has the feel of a big, contemporary, humane American novel, but with a distinctly Scandinavian edge. |
| finland's war of choice: Strangers in a Stranger Land John B. Simon, 2019-08-27 The history of Finland’s Jews, from their origin as conscripts in the Russian army to their survival as cobelligerents with Nazi troops in WWII, is unique. This novel tells their unusual story and that of their adopted country through the experiences of three generations of one family. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland at War 1939–45 Philip Jowett, Brent Snodgrass, 2012-07-20 In the face of Soviet invasion in 1939–40, and once again in 1941–44, the armies raised by Finland – a tiny nation of only 4 million people - astonished the world by their effective resistance. At the end of both these campaigns – the Winter War, and the Continuation War – the fiercely patriotic defiance of vastly stronger Soviet forces by Marshal Mannerheim's soldiers won their country a unique prize: although forced to accept harsh terms, Finland was never occupied by the Red Army, and retained its independence. This book explains and illustrates, for the first time in English, the organization, uniforms, equipment and tactics of Finland's defenders. |
| finland's war of choice: Defending Democracy in Cold War Finland Marek Fields, 2019-12-02 In Defending Democracy in Cold War Finland, Marek Fields offers a thorough account on the various informational and cultural strategies Britain and the United States used during the early Cold War decades in order to increase their influence and contain communism in Finland. The book shows that by using propaganda and cultural diplomacy in an exceptionally challenging environment, the two Western powers were able to achieve their main objectives in the region, i.e. to defend democracy and strengthen Finland’s attachment to the West, surprisingly well. Making use of a large variety of British, American and Finnish archives, Fields proves that the Western countries’ interest in Finland during the Cold War was stronger than it has previously been realised. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland’s Search for Security through Defence, 1944–89 Risto E.J. Penttila, 1991-06-18 Based on the author's doctoral dissertation at Oxford, this study examines with a historical perspective the national defence strategy of Finland 1944-1989. The author explores Finland's dilemma with respect to its geographic position and the Cold War politics between the US and the USSR. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland?s Relations with the Soviet Union 1944?84 Roy Allison, 1985 |
| finland's war of choice: Between a Rock and a Hard Place Oiva W. Saarinen, 2006-01-01 Where else can that well-known phrase be better applied than to a study of the Finns in Sudbury? “Rock” defines the physical reality of the Sudbury setting: rugged hills, mines, farms and forests set in the Precambrian Shield. “Hard” defines the human setting: Finnish immigrants having to contend with the problems and stresses of relocating to a new culture, with livelihoods that required great endurance as well as a tolerance for hazardous conditions. Since 1883 Finnish immigrants in Sudbury, men and women alike, have striven to improve their lot through the options available to them. Despite great obstacles, the Finns never flagged in their unwavering fight for workers’ rights and the union movement. And as agricultural settlers, labour reformers, builders of churches, halls, saunas and athletic fields, Finns left an indelible imprint on the physical and human landscape. In the process they have played an integral part in the transformation of Sudbury from a small struggling rail town to its present role as regional capital of northwestern Ontario. This penetrating study of the cultural geography of the Finns in the Sudbury region provides an international, national and local framework for analysis — a model for future studies of other cultural groups. |
| finland's war of choice: Mannerheim Jonathan Clements, 2012-12-11 Baron Gustaf Mannerheim was one of the greatest figures of the twentieth century, and the only man to be decorated by both sides in the Second World War. As a Finnish officer in Russian service, he witnessed the coronation of the last Tsar, and was both reprimanded for foolhardiness and decorated for bravery in the Russo-Japanese War. He spent two years undercover in Asia as an agent in the 'Great Game', posing as a Swedish anthropologist. He crossed China on horseback, stopping en route to teach the 13th Dalai Lama how to shoot with a pistol, and spying on the Japanese navy on his way home. He escaped the Bolsheviks by the skin of his teeth in 1917, arriving in the newly independent Finland just in time to lead the anti-Russian forces in the local revolt and civil war. During Finland's darkest hour, he lead the defence of his country against the impossible odds of the Winter War. This major new life of Gustaf Mannerheim, the first to be published for over a decade, includes new historical material on Mannerheim's time in China. |
| finland's war of choice: Comparing Post War Japanese and Finnish Economies and Societies Yasushi Tanaka, Toshiaki Tamaki, Jari Ojala, Jari Eloranta, 2014-11-13 This book compares two countries with striking parallels in economic and political outcomes, yet with some distinct features in terms of institutional structures, relative size, and culture. Therefore, this book forms a fruitful platform for the study of the similarities and differences in the economic and societal development of Japan and Finland. Despite their geographic distance from one another and the aforementioned differences, both countries experienced rather similar economic and societal development patterns after the Second World War. The study of these societies both individually and through commonalities will provide a unique perspective on the emergence of modern economies and institutions. The book provides comprehensive coverage on issues such as welfare state formation and society, security and military spending, education system, industrial development, international trade, governmental economic policies, energy solutions, and bubbles and their collapse; thus, issues typical for these countries, as well as most modern states, studied from a longitudinal perspective. The book aims to answer a fundamental question in social science: Why do there seem to be common trends and developmental paths among countries differing in size, culture, and economic structure? This book will provide insights for those seeking to decipher how the developments in their own countries came about and where they may be headed to. |
| finland's war of choice: The Winter War William R. Trotter, 2003 On 30 November 1939, Soviet bombers unloaded their bombs on Helsinki, theapital of Finland. Stalin's ultimatum, demanding the cession of huge tractsf territory as a buffer zone against Nazi Germany, had been rejected by theinnish government, and now a small Baltic republic was at war with the giantoviet military machine.;But this forgotten war, fought under brutal,ub-arctic conditions, often with great heroism on both sides, proved one ofhe most astonishing in military history. Using guerrilla fighters on skis,ven reindeer to haul supplies on sleds, heroic single-handed attacks onanks, and with unfathomable endurance and the charismatic leadership of onef the 20th century's true military geniuses, Finland not only kept at bayut won an epic, if short-lived, victory over the hapless Russian conscripts.ts surreal engagements included the legendary Sausage Battle, whentarving Soviet troops who had over-run a Finnish encampment couldn't resisthe cauldrons of hot sausage soup left behind by their opponents - and werembushed as they stopped to sup. Although by sheer attritional weight of |
| finland's war of choice: The Winter War: A Novel William Durbin, 2008-12-18 When the Soviet Union invades its tiny neighbor Finland in November 1939, Marko volunteers to help the war effort. Even though his leg was weakened by polio, he can ski well, and he becomes a messenger on the front line, skiing in white camouflage through the forests at night. The dark forest is terrifying, and so are the odds against the Finns: the Russians have 4 times as many soldiers and 30 times as many planes. They have 3000 tanks, while the Finns have 30. But a tank is no help in the snowy forest–a boy on skis is. And the Russians don’t know winter the way the Finns do, or what tough guerrilla warriors the Finns are. Marko teams up with another messenger, Karl. Gradually Marko learns that Karl’s whole family was killed by the Russians. And Karl has a secret–he’s really Kaari, a girl who joined up to get revenge for her family’s deaths. |
| finland's war of choice: Waking the Neighbour Keir Giles, Susanna Eskola, 2009 Because of both history and geography, the Finnish relationship with Russia is unique in Europe. At the same time the Finnish perception of Russia as a source of security challenges is acute. Finland is engaged in a debate over whether it would be desirable to seek membership of NATO in order to mitigate these challenges. A full and frank debate has been difficult because it is constrained by a range of political and societal taboos; nevertheless there are indicators that a move toward NATO is not impossible in the foreseeable future. If Finland were to opt for joining NATO, this would register in Russian defence and security thinking as a serious concern. Unlike the Baltic accession in 2004, the response from the newly assertive Russia could potentially be swift and damaging. This would also have implications for Russian relations with the EU, of which Finland has been a member since 1995. Many in Finland see the EU as a security provider, and there is confusion in the national debate between EU or Nordic security policy cooperation and an actual defensive alliance. Finland's NATO argument is a complex and multi-faceted one, made even more so by regional and cultural specifics; but it needs to be understood because its result could have a major impact on Russia's relationships with both NATO and the EU.--Page i. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland at War Vesa Nenye, Peter Munter, Toni Wirtanen, Chris Birks, 2016-03-24 In the aftermath of the Winter War Finland found itself drawing ever closer to Nazi Germany and eventually took part in Operation Barbarossa in 1941. For the Finns this was a chance to right the wrongs of the Winter War, and having reached suitable defensive positions, the army was ordered to halt. Years of uneasy trench warfare followed, known as the Continuation War, during which Finland desperately sought a way out, German dreams of victory were dashed and the Soviet Union built the strongest army in the world. In the summer of 1944, the whole might of the Red Army was launched against the Finnish defences on the narrow Karelian Isthmus. Over several weeks of fierce fighting, the Finns managed to halt the Soviet assault. With Stalin forced to divert his armies to the race to Berlin an armistice agreement was reached, the harsh terms of which forced the Finns to take on their erstwhile German allies in Lapland. Featuring never-before-seen photographs and first-hand accounts, this second volume of a two-part study details the high price Finland had to pay to retain its independence and freedom. |
| finland's war of choice: The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939–40 David Murphy, 2021-09-16 An informative study exploring the Soviet invasion of Finland, a fascinating David vs Goliath type struggle. On 23 August 1939, a secret protocol was appended to the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact; as part of this, Finland was assigned to the Soviet sphere of influence. On 30 November that year, in an effort to protect against renewed German aggression in the East, the Soviet Union attacked Finland, beginning what became known as the Finnish-Soviet Winter War. This long-awaited addition to the Campaign series explores the events of the war of November 1939 to March 1940. Set against the background of the developing global conflict, the conflict saw the Finnish Army thwart the plans of the sizeable Soviet forces assembled against it, before finally being forced to concede. The major battles of the war, which took place in harsh winter conditions, are covered in detail, including the Mannerheim Line, the fighting in Ladoga Karelia and Kollaa, and the clashes in Finnish Lapland. The invasion was expected to be swift and decisive. However, as Dr David Murphy details, a combination of difficulties caused by the weather, the terrain, the Mannerheim Line defences and Finnish tactics blunted the Soviet advance and inflicted high numbers of casualties. |
| finland's war of choice: Finland in World War II Tiina Kinnunen, Ville Kivimäki, 2011-11-25 Drawing on innovative scholarship on Finland in World War II, this volume offers a comprehensive narrative of politics and combat, well-argued analyses of the ideological, social and cultural aspects of a society at war, and novel interpretations of the memory of war. |
| finland's war of choice: A Concise History of Finland D. G. Kirby, 2011 |
| finland's war of choice: War Without Garlands Robert Kershaw, 2020-12-07 In the spring of 1941, having abandoned his plans to invade Great Britain, Hitler turned the might of his military forces on to Stalin's Soviet Russia. The German army quickly advanced far into Russian territory as the Soviet forces suffered defeat after defeat. With brutality and savagery displayed on both sides, the Eastern front was a campaign in which no quarter was given. Although Hitler's decision to launch 'Barbarossa' was one of the crucial turning points of the war, at first the early successes of the German army pointed to the continuing triumph of the Nazi state. As time wore on, however, the Eastern front became a byword for death for the Germans. In War Without Garlands, Robert Kershaw examines the campaign largely through the eyes of the German forces who were sent to fight and die for Hitler's grandiose plans. He draws on German war diaries, post-combat reports and secret SS files. This original material, much of which has never before been published in English, sheds new light on operation 'Barbarossa', including the extent to which the German soldiers were genuinely surprised at the decision to attack Russia, given the well-publicised non-aggression pact. Barbarossa was a brutal, ideologically driven campaign which decided the outcome of World War II. This seminal account will be required reading for all historians of World War II and all those interested in the course of the war. |
| finland's war of choice: Finnish Soldier Vs Soviet Soldier David Campbell, 2016-10-18 Focusing on three key battles of the epic David-and-Goliath Winter War, this illustrated study assesses the combat performance of Finnish and Soviet forces during this short but savage war. |
| finland's war of choice: The Face of War Martha Gellhorn, 2014-12-09 A collection of “first-rate frontline journalism” from the Spanish Civil War to US actions in Central America “by a woman singularly unafraid of guns” (Vanity Fair). For nearly sixty years, Martha Gellhorn’s fearless war correspondence made her a leading journalistic voice of her generation. From the Spanish Civil War in 1937 through the Central American wars of the mid-eighties, Gellhorn’s candid reporting reflected her deep empathy for people regardless of their political ideology. Collecting the best of Gellhorn’s writing on foreign conflicts, and now with a new introduction by Lauren Elkin, The Face of War is a classic of frontline journalism by “the premier war correspondent of the twentieth century” (Ward Just, The New York Times Magazine). Whether in Java, Finland, the Middle East, or Vietnam, she used the same vigorous approach. “I wrote very fast, as I had to,” she says, “afraid that I would forget the exact sound, smell, words, gestures, which were special to this moment and this place.” As Merle Rubin noted in his review of this volume for The Christian ScienceMonitor, “Martha Gellhorn’s courageous, independent-minded reportage breaks through geopolitical abstractions and ideological propaganda to take the reader straight to the scene of the event.” |
| finland's war of choice: Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War Chris Murray, 2019-01-10 Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts is a collection of chapters dealing with various overlooked aspects of the Second World War. The aim is to give greater depth and context to the war by introducing new stories about regions of the world and elements of the war rarely considered. These chapters represent new discussions on previously undeveloped narratives that help to expand our understanding of the interconnectedness of the war. It also provides an expanded view of the war as a mosaic of overlapping conflicts rather than a two-sided affair between massive alliance structures. The Second World War saw revolutions, civil wars, social upheaval, subversion, and major geopolitical policy shifts that do not fit neatly into the Allied vs. Axis 1939–1945 paradigm. This aim is to connect the unseen dots from around the globe that influenced the big turning points we think we know well but have really only a superficial understanding of and in so doing shed new light on the scope and influence of the war. |
| finland's war of choice: Dance of the Furies Michael S. Neiberg, 2011-04-25 By training his eye on the ways that people outside the halls of power reacted to the rapid onset and escalation of the fighting in 1914, Neiberg dispels the notion that Europeans were rabid nationalists intent on mass slaughter. He reveals instead a complex set of allegiances that cut across national boundaries. |
| finland's war of choice: Lived Nation as the History of Experiences and Emotions in Finland, 1800-2000 Ville Kivimäki, Sami Suodenjoki, Tanja Vahtikari, 2021-06-07 This open access book uses Finland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as an empirical case in order to study the emergence, shaping and renewal of a nation through histories of experience and emotions. It revolves around the following questions: What kinds of experiences have engendered national mobilization and feelings of national belonging? How have political and societal conflicts turned into new communities of experience and emotion? What kinds of experiences have been integrated into, or excluded from, the national context in different instances? How have people internalized or contested the nation as a context for their personal, family and minority-group experiences? In what ways has the nation entered and affected people’s intimate spheres of life? How have “national” experiences been transmitted to children in the renewal of the nation? This edited collection points to the histories of experience and emotions as a novel way of studying nations and nationalism. Building on current debates in nationalism studies, it offers a theoretical framework for analyzing the historical construction of “lived nations,” and introduces a number of new methodological approaches to understand the experiences of the nation, extending from the investigation of personal reminiscences and music records to the study of dreams and children’s drawings. |
| finland's war of choice: Hitler's Great Gamble James Ellman, 2019-09-20 On June 22, 1941, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, one of the turning points of World War II. Within six months, the invasion bogged down on the outskirts of Moscow, and the Eastern Front proved to be the decisive theater in the defeat of the Third Reich. Ever since, most historians have agreed that this was Hitler’s gravest mistake. In Hitler’s Great Gamble, James Ellman argues that while Barbarossa was a gamble and perverted by genocidal Nazi ideology, it was not doomed from the start. Rather it represented Hitler’s best chance to achieve his war aims for Germany which were remarkably similar to those of the Kaiser’s government in 1914. Other options, such as an invasion of England, or an offensive to seize the oil fields of the Middle East were considered and discarded as unlikely to lead to Axis victory. In Ellman’s recounting, Barbarossa did not fail because of flaws in the Axis invasion strategy, the size of the USSR, or the brutal cold of the Russian winter. Instead, German defeat was due to errors of Nazi diplomacy. Hitler chose not to coordinate his plans with his most militarily powerful allies, Finland and Japan, and ensure the seizure of the ports of Murmansk and Vladivostok. Had he done so, Germany might well have succeeded in defeating the Soviet Union and, perhaps, winning World War II. Drawing on a wealth of primary and secondary sources (including many recently released), Hitler’s Great Gamble is a provocative work that will appeal to a wide cross-section of World War II buffs, enthusiasts, and historians. |
| finland's war of choice: War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus Julie Fedor, Markku Kangaspuro, Jussi Lassila, Tatiana Zhurzhenko, 2017-12-05 This edited collection contributes to the current vivid multidisciplinary debate on East European memory politics and the post-communist instrumentalization and re-mythologization of World War II memories. The book focuses on the three Slavic countries of post-Soviet Eastern Europe – Russia, Ukraine and Belarus – the epicentre of Soviet war suffering, and the heartland of the Soviet war myth. The collection gives insight into the persistence of the Soviet commemorative culture and the myth of the Great Patriotic War in the post-Soviet space. It also demonstrates that for geopolitical, cultural, and historical reasons the political uses of World War II differ significantly across Ukraine, Russia and Belarus, with important ramifications for future developments in the region and beyond. The chapters 'Introduction: War and Memory in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus', ‘From the Trauma of Stalinism to the Triumph of Stalingrad: The Toponymic Dispute over Volgograd’ and 'The “Partisan Republic”: Colonial Myths and Memory Wars in Belarus' are published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license at link.springer.com. The chapter 'Memory, Kinship, and Mobilization of the Dead: The Russian State and the “Immortal Regiment” Movement' is published open access under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license at link.springer.com. |
| finland's war of choice: Beyond the Divide Simo Mikkonen, Pia Koivunen, 2015-10-01 Cold War history has emphasized the division of Europe into two warring camps with separate ideologies and little in common. This volume presents an alternative perspective by suggesting that there were transnational networks bridging the gap and connecting like-minded people on both sides of the divide. Long before the fall of the Berlin Wall, there were institutions, organizations, and individuals who brought people from the East and the West together, joined by shared professions, ideas, and sometimes even through marriage. The volume aims at proving that the post-WWII histories of Western and Eastern Europe were entangled by looking at cases involving France, Denmark, Poland, Romania, Switzerland, and others. |
| finland's war of choice: Stumbling Colossus David M. Glantz, 1998 Drawing on evidence never before seen in the West, including combat records of early engagements, David Glantz claims that in 1941 the Red Army was poorly trained, inadequately equipped, ineptly organized, and consequently incapable of engaging in large-scale military campaigns - and both Hitler and Stalin knew it. He provides a complete and convincing study of why the Soviets almost lost the war that summer, dispelling many of the myths about the Red Army that have persisted since the war and soundly refuting Viktor Suvorov's controversial thesis that Stalin was planning a preemptive strike against Germany. |
| finland's war of choice: The Mannerheim Line 1920–39 Bair Irincheev, 2013-05-20 In the wake of the bloody civil war that followed Finland's independence from Russia in 1917, the border between the two countries was established across the Karelian Isthmus, an area long fought over by Russia, Finland and Sweden in their attempts to dominate the northern tip of Europe. Neither the Soviets nor the Finnish were comfortable with such a divide which was only 32km from the military and industrial city of Petrograd. As such, both sides began an intensive period of fortification and defensive planning. As the Winter War broke out in November 1939, the complex and heavily defended Mannerheim Line suffered intense bombardment. The armistice of 1940 saw Finland cede control of the entire Karelian Isthmus to the USSR, and a propaganda war ensued. Through an analysis of the background, and operational history of the Mannerheim Line, Bair Irincheev attempts to dispel such myths and provide an accurate assessment of its huge historical importance. |
| finland's war of choice: Fokker D.XXI Aces of World War 2 Kari Stenman, Peter de Jong, 2013-04-20 The Dutch D.XXIs saw less than a week of action following the German invasion of the west on 10 May 1940, with many of the country's 28 fighters being destroyed on the ground. However, those that survived the initial onslaught inflicted losses on the Luftwaffe. By then, however, the D.XXI had found everlasting fame in Finland during the Winter War of 1939-40. Proving itself a real thorn in the side of the Soviets, the fighter, operating in primitive conditions and against vastly superior numbers, Finnish D.XXIs racked up an incredible score against the Red Air Force. The D.XXI also has the distinction of producing the first 'ace in a single mission' in World War 2, when then 1Lt Jorma Sarvanto shot down six Ilyushin DB-3 bombers on 6 January 1940. After spending a year providing home defence and flying coastal patrols during the early stages of the Continuation War in 1941, all surviving Finnish Fokker D.XXIs were relegated to the reconnaissance role, which they performed through to the end of hostilities in September 1944. |
| finland's war of choice: Finnish Colonial Encounters Raita Merivirta, Leila Koivunen, Timo Särkkä, 2022-01-01 Breaking new ground in the study of European colonialism, this book focuses on a nation historically positioned between the Western and Eastern Empires of Europe – Finland. Although Finland never had overseas colonies, the authors argue that the country was undeniably involved in the colonial world, with Finns adopting ideologies and identities that cannot easily be disentangled from colonialism. This book explores the concepts of ‘colonial complicity’ and ‘colonialism without colonies’ in relation to Finland, a nation that was oppressed, but also itself complicit in colonialism. It offers insights into European colonialism on the margins of the continent and within a nation that has traditionally declared its innocence and exceptionalism. The book shows that Finns were active participants in various colonial contexts, including Southern Africa and Sápmi in the North. Demonstrating that colonialism was a common practice shared by all European nations, with or without formal colonies, this book provides essential reading for anyone interested in European colonial history. Chapters 1, 7 and 8 are available open access under a via link.springer.com.> |
| finland's war of choice: The Little Book of Tom. Military Men Dian Hanson, 2016 Stand at attention with this pocket-sized army of free, proud, masculine fantasy men committed to pleasure and male camaraderie. With multi-panel comics and single-panel drawings and paintings, as well as personal photographs, sketches, and reference images, The Little Book of Tom: Military Men celebrates the artist's most iconic vision of... |
Finland - Wikipedia
Finland, [a] officially the Republic of Finland, [b][c] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of …
Finland | Geography, History, Maps, & Facts | Britannica
2 days ago · Finland, country in northern Europe. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries and is subject to a severe climate. Nearly two-thirds of …
Your Official Finland Travel Guide | Visit Finland
Dive into inspiring travel articles, practical tips, and local recommendations from across Finland. Whether you're chasing the northern lights, exploring vibrant cities, or soaking in a lakeside …
Finland - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Finland (Finnish: Suomi) is a country in Northern Europe and is a member state of the European Union. Finland is one of the Nordic countries and is also part of Fennoscandia. Finland is …
Finland Maps & Facts - World Atlas
Feb 24, 2021 · Finland is a Northern European sovereign nation. It is also one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries. Finland is positioned both in the Northern and …
Key facts about Finland
Apr 22, 2025 · Finland is a modern Nordic country known for its clean nature, good education system and high quality of life. This page contains basic facts about Finland.
Finland | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports
Jun 10, 2025 · Finland, the sixth largest country in Europe, occupies an area of 338,312 sq km (130,622 square miles) — about twice the size of the United Kingdom. Its coastline, excluding …
About Finland - Finland abroad: United States of America
About Finland. Finland is a Northern European country with a population of 5.6 million people. Finland’s capital Helsinki is located on the shore of the Baltic Sea. Finland is a member of the …
Finland Country Profile - National Geographic Kids
One of the world’s northernmost nations, Finland is the most densely forested country in Europe. Finland is part of Scandinavia, a geographical region in northern Europe, and shares land...
Finland - The World Factbook
Dec 19, 2023 · Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete …
Finland - Wikipedia
Finland, [a] officially the Republic of Finland, [b][c] is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It borders Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of …
Finland | Geography, History, Maps, & Facts | Britannica
2 days ago · Finland, country in northern Europe. Finland is one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries and is subject to a severe climate. Nearly two-thirds of …
Your Official Finland Travel Guide | Visit Finland
Dive into inspiring travel articles, practical tips, and local recommendations from across Finland. Whether you're chasing the northern lights, exploring vibrant cities, or soaking in a lakeside …
Finland - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Finland (Finnish: Suomi) is a country in Northern Europe and is a member state of the European Union. Finland is one of the Nordic countries and is also part of Fennoscandia. Finland is …
Finland Maps & Facts - World Atlas
Feb 24, 2021 · Finland is a Northern European sovereign nation. It is also one of the world’s most northern and geographically remote countries. Finland is positioned both in the Northern and …
Key facts about Finland
Apr 22, 2025 · Finland is a modern Nordic country known for its clean nature, good education system and high quality of life. This page contains basic facts about Finland.
Finland | Culture, Facts & Travel | - CountryReports
Jun 10, 2025 · Finland, the sixth largest country in Europe, occupies an area of 338,312 sq km (130,622 square miles) — about twice the size of the United Kingdom. Its coastline, excluding …
About Finland - Finland abroad: United States of America
About Finland. Finland is a Northern European country with a population of 5.6 million people. Finland’s capital Helsinki is located on the shore of the Baltic Sea. Finland is a member of the …
Finland Country Profile - National Geographic Kids
One of the world’s northernmost nations, Finland is the most densely forested country in Europe. Finland is part of Scandinavia, a geographical region in northern Europe, and shares land...
Finland - The World Factbook
Dec 19, 2023 · Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries, and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete …
